1
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Watanabe J, Kotani K, Iwazu Y, Gugliucci A. Paraoxonase 1 Activity and Renal Replacement Therapy for Chronic Renal Failure: A Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5123. [PMID: 37568524 PMCID: PMC10419928 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12155123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic renal failure (CRF) is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), an antioxidant enzyme, shows cardioprotective properties and has been proposed as a therapeutic marker for CRF. A systematic analysis of the literature assessing the association between PON1 activity and renal replacement therapy (RRT) of CRF is currently lacking. Therefore, we set out to perform a meta-analysis of the available data on PON1 in RRT of CRF. We searched three electronic databases for studies on PON1 activity in CRF patients with RRT such as hemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD), or renal transplantation (RTx), published before June 2023. A random-effects and network meta-analysis were performed. A total of 53 studies were eligibly identified. Compared to CRF patients without RRT, RTx patients had higher paraoxonase activity (standard mean difference (SMD), 1.76, 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.76-2.75), followed by HD (SMD, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.02-1.45) and PD patients. Likewise, RTx patients had higher arylesterase activity (SMD, 1.84, 95% CI, 0.18-3.50), followed by HD and PD patients. Also, paraoxonase activity was increased after HD (SMD, 0.59, 95% CI, 0.16-1.03). In conclusion, the overall data demonstrated that PON1 activity is higher in CRF patients with RRT, particularly RTx, followed by that of HD and PD. Measuring PON1 activity can also be included to the paraclinical toolbox for the management of RRT, in addition to the understanding of CRF-related pathophysiology. Regarding the selection of RRT types and their potential to prevent CVD, more research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Watanabe
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan;
| | - Kazuhiko Kotani
- Division of Community and Family Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan;
| | - Yoshitaka Iwazu
- Division of Anti-Aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan;
| | - Alejandro Gugliucci
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA 94592, USA
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2
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Vyletelová V, Nováková M, Pašková Ľ. Alterations of HDL's to piHDL's Proteome in Patients with Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, and HDL-Targeted Therapies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1278. [PMID: 36297390 PMCID: PMC9611871 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, steatohepatitis, periodontitis, chronic kidney disease, and others are associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, which persists even after accounting for traditional cardiac risk factors. The common factor linking these diseases to accelerated atherosclerosis is chronic systemic low-grade inflammation triggering changes in lipoprotein structure and metabolism. HDL, an independent marker of cardiovascular risk, is a lipoprotein particle with numerous important anti-atherogenic properties. Besides the essential role in reverse cholesterol transport, HDL possesses antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, and antithrombotic properties. Inflammation and inflammation-associated pathologies can cause modifications in HDL's proteome and lipidome, transforming HDL from atheroprotective into a pro-atherosclerotic lipoprotein. Therefore, a simple increase in HDL concentration in patients with inflammatory diseases has not led to the desired anti-atherogenic outcome. In this review, the functions of individual protein components of HDL, rendering them either anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory are described in detail. Alterations of HDL proteome (such as replacing atheroprotective proteins by pro-inflammatory proteins, or posttranslational modifications) in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases and their impact on cardiovascular health are discussed. Finally, molecular, and clinical aspects of HDL-targeted therapies, including those used in therapeutical practice, drugs in clinical trials, and experimental drugs are comprehensively summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ľudmila Pašková
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia
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3
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Zhou T, Li H, Zhong H, Zhong Z, Lin S. Association of apoE gene polymorphisms with lipid metabolism in renal diseases. Afr Health Sci 2020; 20:1368-1381. [PMID: 33402986 PMCID: PMC7751546 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v20i3.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays a central role in the metabolism and homeostasis of lipids. ApoE gene encodes three major isoforms: ε2, ε3 a nd ε4 forming six phenotypes: E2E2, E2E3, E2E4, E3E3, E3E3 and E4E4. Disorders of the lipid metabolism and the homeostasis are frequently coexist in renal diseases. The association between gene polymorphisms of apoE and lipid metabolism were not consistent. This meta-analysis was performed to assess the association between gene polymorphisms of apoE and lipid metabolism in renal diseases. METHODS A pre-defined literatures search and selection of eligible relevant investigations were performed to extract and collect data from electronic databases. RESULTS Sixteen articles were enrolled for the analysis of association between apoE gene polymorphisms and lipid metabolism. Subjects with E3E4 had a higher total cholesterol (TC) than those with E3E3, and subjects with E2E3 had a lower TC than those with E3E3. Subjects with ε2, had a lower TC than those with ε3 or ε4, and subjects with ε4 had a higher TC than those with, ε3. Subjects with E2E2, E2E3 or E4E4 had a higher triglyceride (TG) than those with E3E3. Subjects with ε4 had a higher TG than those with ε3. Subjects with ε2, had a higher level of TG than those with non-ε2. Subjects with E3E4 had a slightly lower high-density lipoprotein (HDL) than those with E3E3. E3E4 appeared to be associated with lower levels of HDL. Subjects with E2E2, E2E3 had a notably lower low-density lipoprotein (LDL) than those with E3E3. Subjects with ε2, had a lower LDL than those with ε3 or ε4 ApoE gene polymorphisms were not associated with very low-density lipoprotein, and lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)]. Subjects with E2E3 or E2E4 had higher apoE levels than those with E3E3, and subjects with E4E4 had lower apoE levels than those with E3E3. CONCLUSION ApoE gene polymorphisms are associated with the expression of TC, TG HDL, LDL, Lp(a) or apoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbiao Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 515041, Shantou, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongzhen Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 515041, Shantou, China
| | - Zhiqing Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 515041, Shantou, China
| | - Shujun Lin
- Department of Nephrology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 515041, Shantou, China
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4
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Rubinow KB, Henderson CM, Robinson-Cohen C, Himmelfarb J, de Boer IH, Vaisar T, Kestenbaum B, Hoofnagle AN. Kidney function is associated with an altered protein composition of high-density lipoprotein. Kidney Int 2017; 92:1526-1535. [PMID: 28754556 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit a myriad of metabolic derangements, including dyslipidemia characterized by low plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-associated cholesterol. However, the effects of kidney disease on HDL composition have not been comprehensively determined. Here we used a targeted mass spectrometric approach to quantify 38 proteins contained in the HDL particles within a CKD cohort of 509 participants with a broad range of estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) (CKD stages I-V, and a mean eGFR of 45.5 mL/min/1.73m2). After adjusting for multiple testing, demographics, comorbidities, medications, and other characteristics, eGFR was significantly associated with differences in four HDL proteins. Compared to participants with an eGFR of 60 mL/min/1.73m2 or more, those with an eGFR under 15 mL/min/1.73m2 exhibited 1.89-fold higher retinol-binding protein 4 (95% confidence interval 1.34-2.67), 1.52-fold higher apolipoprotein C-III (1.25-1.84), 0.70-fold lower apolipoprotein L1 (0.55-0.92), and 0.64-fold lower vitronectin (0.48-0.85). Although the HDL apolipoprotein L1 was slightly lower among African Americans than among Caucasian individuals, the relationship to eGFR did not differ by race. After adjustment, no HDL-associated proteins associated with albuminuria. Thus, modest changes in the HDL proteome provide preliminary evidence for an association between HDL proteins and declining kidney function, but this needs to be replicated. Future analyses will determine if HDL proteomics is indeed a clinical predictor of declining kidney function or cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katya B Rubinow
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Clark M Henderson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Cassianne Robinson-Cohen
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ian H de Boer
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Bryan Kestenbaum
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew N Hoofnagle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA; Kidney Research Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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5
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Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Study Makes High-Density Lipoprotein a Biomarker for Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:164846. [PMID: 26090384 PMCID: PMC4450224 DOI: 10.1155/2015/164846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a lipid and protein complex that consists of apolipoproteins and lower level HDL-associated enzymes. HDL dysfunction is a factor in atherosclerosis and decreases patient survival. Mass spectrometry- (MS-) based proteomics provides a high throughput approach for analyzing the composition and modifications of complex HDL proteins in diseases. HDL can be separated according to size, surface charge, electronegativity, or apoprotein composition. MS-based proteomics on subfractionated HDL then allows investigation of lipoprotein roles in diseases. Herein, we review recent developments in MS-based quantitative proteomic techniques, HDL proteomics and lipoprotein modifications in diseases, and HDL subfractionation studies. We also discuss future directions and perspectives in MS-based proteomics on HDL.
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6
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Cacciagiú L, González AI, Elbert A, De'Marziani G, Machida T, Murakami M, López GI, Wikinski R, Nakajima K, Schreier L. Do Insulin Resistance Conditions Further Impair the Lipid and Inflammatory Profile in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients on Hemodialysis? Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2014; 12:220-6. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2013.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Cacciagiú
- Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoproteins, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, INFIBIOC, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana I. González
- Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoproteins, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, INFIBIOC, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Elbert
- Kidney Disease Center and Arterial Hypertension (CEREHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Tetsuo Machida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Masami Murakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, Japan
| | - Graciela I. López
- Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoproteins, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, INFIBIOC, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Regina Wikinski
- Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoproteins, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, INFIBIOC, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Laura Schreier
- Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoproteins, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, INFIBIOC, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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7
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Gugliucci A, Kinugasa E, Ogata H, Caccavello R, Kimura S. Activation of paraoxonase 1 after hemodialysis is associated with HDL remodeling and its increase in the HDL2 fraction and VLDL. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 430:9-14. [PMID: 24384301 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity is lower in renal failure patients. We hypothesize that part of the salutatory effect of hemodialysis on PON1 activity that we have previously found is due to HDL remodeling and shift of PON1 among HDL particles. METHODS A total of 42 patients (18 females and 24 males, 63 ± 12 yr) on long-term HD, with a mean dialysis course of 6.4 yr (range 1-19 yr), were recruited. PON1 arylesterase and lactonase activities, PON1 and apolipoprotein distribution in HDL subclasses were measured by gel gradient electrophoresis and western blotting. RESULTS The 3 different activities of PON1 we measured were significantly lower in patients as compared to control subjects; lactonase by 11%, triesterase by 19% and arylesterase by 20%, p<0.01. HDL increased slightly by 4.6%. LDL increased by 13% and VLDL decreased by 30%. These data are compatible with enhanced lipolysis of VLDL that is transformed into LDL. VLDL-PON1 activity increases significantly by 60%. PON1 activity increases by 16% in HDL2 whereas by this approach we could determine a 10% increase in the total area under the curve corresponding to total HDL. Changes in total lactonase activity were associated with changes in VLDL-PON1 and HDL2. In parallel with PON1 activation and shifts among particles, there are significant changes in apoE which increases notably in HDL2, paralleling the changes in PON1. No significant changes in apoAI or apoA-II the main structural HDL apolipoproteins were apparent after dialysis. CONCLUSIONS HD produces an activation of PON1 that can be predicted in part (30%) by efficiency of dialysis and in part (25%) by PON1 shifts to HDL2or VLDL (p<0.01). The removal of inhibitors and the change in the environment of PON1 in the micro-heterogeneity of HDL subclasses optimizes PON1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gugliucci
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Department of Research, Touro University California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA.
| | - Eriko Kinugasa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama City, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ogata
- Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama City, Japan
| | - Russell Caccavello
- Glycation, Oxidation and Disease Laboratory, Department of Research, Touro University California College of Osteopathic Medicine, Vallejo, CA, USA
| | - Satoshi Kimura
- Central Clinical Laboratory, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama City, Japan
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8
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Daud ZAM, Tubie B, Sheyman M, Osia R, Adams J, Tubie S, Khosla P. Vitamin E tocotrienol supplementation improves lipid profiles in chronic hemodialysis patients. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2013; 9:747-61. [PMID: 24348043 PMCID: PMC3849001 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s51710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Chronic hemodialysis patients experience accelerated atherosclerosis contributed to by dyslipidemia, inflammation, and an impaired antioxidant system. Vitamin E tocotrienols possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, the impact of dietary intervention with Vitamin E tocotrienols is unknown in this population. PATIENTS AND METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel trial was conducted in 81 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Subjects were provided daily with capsules containing either vitamin E tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) (180 mg tocotrienols, 40 mg tocopherols) or placebo (0.48 mg tocotrienols, 0.88 mg tocopherols). Endpoints included measurements of inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein and interleukin 6), oxidative status (total antioxidant power and malondialdehyde), lipid profiles (plasma total cholesterol, triacylglycerols, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), as well as cholesteryl-ester transfer protein activity and apolipoprotein A1. RESULTS TRF supplementation did not impact any nutritional, inflammatory, or oxidative status biomarkers over time when compared with the baseline within the group (one-way repeated measures analysis of variance) or when compared with the placebo group at a particular time point (independent t-test). However, the TRF supplemented group showed improvement in lipid profiles after 12 and 16 weeks of intervention when compared with placebo at the respective time points. Normalized plasma triacylglycerols (cf baseline) in the TRF group were reduced by 33 mg/dL (P=0.032) and 36 mg/dL (P=0.072) after 12 and 16 weeks of intervention but no significant improvement was seen in the placebo group. Similarly, normalized plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher (P<0.05) in the TRF group as compared with placebo at both week 12 and week 16. The changes in the TRF group at week 12 and week 16 were associated with higher plasma apolipoprotein A1 concentration (P<0.02) and lower cholesteryl-ester transfer protein activity (P<0.001). CONCLUSION TRF supplementation improved lipid profiles in this study of maintenance hemodialysis patients. A multi-centered trial is warranted to confirm these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfitri A Mat Daud
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Robert Osia
- Great Lake Dialysis Clinic, LLC, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Judy Adams
- Great Lake Dialysis Clinic, LLC, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sharon Tubie
- Great Lake Dialysis Clinic, LLC, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Pramod Khosla
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
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9
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Miksztowicz V, McCoy MG, Schreier L, Cacciagiú L, Elbert A, Gonzalez AI, Billheimer J, Eacho P, Rader DJ, Berg G. Endothelial Lipase Activity Predicts High-Density Lipoprotein Catabolism in Hemodialysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:3033-40. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
A novel phospholipase assay was used to measure for the first time the behavior of endothelial and hepatic phospholipase activities in postheparin human plasma of hemodialyzed patients and its relationship with atherogenic and antiatherogenic lipoprotein levels.
Methods and Results—
Endothelial and hepatic phospholipase activity was assessed in a total SN1-specific phospholipase assay, using (1-decanoylthio-1-deoxy-2-decanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoryl) ethylene glycol as the substrate. Hemodialyzed patients presented lower values of total and hepatic phospholipase activity than controls: 4.4 (1.9–9.0) versus 7.5 (3.6–18.0) and 2.6 (0.7–6.2) versus 6.6 (1.3–15.2) μmol of fatty acid released per milliliter of postheparin plasma per hour, respectively (
P
<0.001); however, endothelial lipase (EL) phospholipase activity was increased in patients: 1.7 (0.8–3.0) versus 1.1 (0.1–2.7) μmol of fatty acid released per milliliter of postheparin plasma per hour (
P
=0.008). EL was negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (
r
=–0.427;
P
=0.001), and apolipoprotein A-I levels, total phospholipase, and hepatic lipase activity were directly associated with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B. The association of EL and HDL-cholesterol remained significant when adjusting for waist circumference (β=–0.26;
P
=0.05), and the effect of hepatic lipase on low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol continued after adjusting for age (β=0.46;
P
= 0.001).
Conclusion—
Our results support the hypothesis that EL is the predominant enzyme responsible for lipolytic catabolism of HDLs in hemodialyzed patients and resolve the apparent paradox observed between low hepatic lipase activity and decreased HDL-cholesterol levels observed in these patients. In addition, the ability to assess total hepatic lipase and EL phospholipase activity in plasma will increase our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in controlling HDL levels and cardiovascular risk in hemodialyzed patients, as well as other populations with low levels of HDL-cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Miksztowicz
- From the Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoproteins, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (V.M., L.S., L.C., A.I.G., G.B.); Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.M., J.B., D.J.R.); Kidney Disease Center and Arterial Hypertension (CEREHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina (A.E.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company,
| | - Mary G. McCoy
- From the Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoproteins, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (V.M., L.S., L.C., A.I.G., G.B.); Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.M., J.B., D.J.R.); Kidney Disease Center and Arterial Hypertension (CEREHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina (A.E.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company,
| | - Laura Schreier
- From the Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoproteins, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (V.M., L.S., L.C., A.I.G., G.B.); Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.M., J.B., D.J.R.); Kidney Disease Center and Arterial Hypertension (CEREHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina (A.E.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company,
| | - Leonardo Cacciagiú
- From the Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoproteins, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (V.M., L.S., L.C., A.I.G., G.B.); Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.M., J.B., D.J.R.); Kidney Disease Center and Arterial Hypertension (CEREHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina (A.E.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company,
| | - Alicia Elbert
- From the Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoproteins, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (V.M., L.S., L.C., A.I.G., G.B.); Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.M., J.B., D.J.R.); Kidney Disease Center and Arterial Hypertension (CEREHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina (A.E.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company,
| | - Ana Inés Gonzalez
- From the Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoproteins, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (V.M., L.S., L.C., A.I.G., G.B.); Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.M., J.B., D.J.R.); Kidney Disease Center and Arterial Hypertension (CEREHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina (A.E.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company,
| | - Jeffrey Billheimer
- From the Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoproteins, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (V.M., L.S., L.C., A.I.G., G.B.); Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.M., J.B., D.J.R.); Kidney Disease Center and Arterial Hypertension (CEREHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina (A.E.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company,
| | - Patrick Eacho
- From the Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoproteins, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (V.M., L.S., L.C., A.I.G., G.B.); Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.M., J.B., D.J.R.); Kidney Disease Center and Arterial Hypertension (CEREHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina (A.E.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company,
| | - Daniel J. Rader
- From the Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoproteins, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (V.M., L.S., L.C., A.I.G., G.B.); Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.M., J.B., D.J.R.); Kidney Disease Center and Arterial Hypertension (CEREHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina (A.E.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company,
| | - Gabriela Berg
- From the Laboratory of Lipids and Lipoproteins, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina (V.M., L.S., L.C., A.I.G., G.B.); Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (M.G.M., J.B., D.J.R.); Kidney Disease Center and Arterial Hypertension (CEREHA), Buenos Aires, Argentina (A.E.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company,
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