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Coperchini F, De Marco G, Croce L, Denegri M, Greco A, Magri F, Tonacchera M, Imbriani M, Rotondi M, Chiovato L. PFOA, PFHxA and C6O4 differently modulate the expression of CXCL8 in normal thyroid cells and in thyroid cancer cell lines. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:63522-63534. [PMID: 37052835 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26797-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Industrial chemical PFAS are persistent pollutants. Long chain PFAS were taken out of production due to their risk for human health, however, new congeners PFAS have been introduced. The in vitro effects of the long-chain PFOA, the short-chain PFHxA and the new-generation C6O4 were evaluated in normal and in thyroid cancer cell lines in terms of cell viability and proliferation, and secretion of a pro-tumorigenic chemokine (CXCL8), both at the mRNA and at the protein level. The Nthy-ory 3-1 normal-thyroid cell line, the TPC-1 and the 8505C (RET/PTC rearranged and BRAFV600e mutated, respectively) thyroid-cancer cell lines were exposed to increasing concentrations of each PFAS in a time-course. We evaluated viability using WST-1 (confirmed by AnnexinV/PI) and proliferation using the cristal-violet test. To evaluate CXCL8 mRNA we used RT-PCR and measured CXCL8 in the supernatants by ELISA. The exposure to none PFAS did not affect thyroid cells viability (except for a reduction of 8505C cells viability after 144 h) or proliferation. Individual PFAS differently modulated CXCL8 mRNA and protein level. PFOA increased CXCL8 both at mRNA and protein level in the three cell lines; PFHxA increased CXCL8 mRNA in the three cell lines, but increased the protein only in TPC-1 cells; C6O4 increased the CXCL8 mRNA only in thyroid cancer cell lines, but never increased the CXCL8 protein. The results of the present study indicate that the in vitro exposure to different PFAS may modulate both at the mRNA and secreted protein levels of CXCL8 in normal and cancer thyroid cells. Strikingly different effects emerged according to the specific cell type and to the targeted analyte (CXCL8 mRNA or protein).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Coperchini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy
| | - Giuseppina De Marco
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Pisa (PI), via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Croce
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo (PA), 90133, Italy
| | - Marco Denegri
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Molecular Cardiology, 27100, Pavia (PV), Italy
| | - Alessia Greco
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy
| | - Flavia Magri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy
| | - Massimo Tonacchera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit, University of Pisa (PI), via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marcello Imbriani
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100, Pavia (PV), Italy
| | - Mario Rotondi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo (PA), 90133, Italy
| | - Luca Chiovato
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia (PV), 27100, Italy.
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Martins MB, de Assis Batista F, Bufalo NE, Peres KC, Meneghetti M, da Assumpção LVM, Ward LS. Polymorphisms of IL-4 and IL-4R are associated to some demographic characteristics of differentiated thyroid cancer patients but are not determinants of risk in the Brazilian population. Endocrine 2021; 72:470-478. [PMID: 32902809 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02486-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-4 is known to present abnormal expression in thyroid tumors and SNPs in the IL-4 and its receptor IL-4R genes are associated to risk and mortality of various types of cancer. METHODS In order to evaluate their role in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), we investigated genetic frequencies of two IL-4 promoter SNPs (rs2070874 C>T, rs2243250 C>T) and four non-synonymous SNPs of the IL-4R gene (rs1805010 A>G, rs1805012 C>T, rs1805013 C>T, rs1801275 A>G) in 300 DTC patients matched to 300 controls. All patients were managed according to current guidelines and followed-up for a period of 12-252 months (69.20 ± 52.70 months). RESULTS Although none of the six investigated SNPs showed association with risk of DTC, rs1805010 was associated with age of diagnosis and the SNPs rs1805012 and rs1801275 were associated to gender. Further, in-silico analysis showed that all these three SNPs were able to cause decreased stability of the protein. We were not able to demonstrate any other association to clinical features of aggressiveness or to patients' prognosis. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that although genetic variants in IL-4 and IL-4R do not influence the risk or outcome of DTC patients, their influence on the behavior of thyroid tumors deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Bonjiorno Martins
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernando de Assis Batista
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Natassia Elena Bufalo
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Colombera Peres
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Murilo Meneghetti
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ligia Vera Montali da Assumpção
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences-University of Campinas (Unicamp), 251, Vital Brazil St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura Sterian Ward
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics, School of Medical Sciences (FCM), University of Campinas (Unicamp), 126, Tessália Vieira de Camargo St., Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Thyroid Cancer Stem-Like Cells: From Microenvironmental Niches to Therapeutic Strategies. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10071455. [PMID: 33916320 PMCID: PMC8037626 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10071455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. Recent progress in thyroid cancer biology revealed a certain degree of intratumoral heterogeneity, highlighting the coexistence of cellular subpopulations with distinct proliferative capacities and differentiation abilities. Among those subpopulations, cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) are hypothesized to drive TC heterogeneity, contributing to its metastatic potential and therapy resistance. CSCs principally exist in tumor areas with specific microenvironmental conditions, the so-called stem cell niches. In particular, in thyroid cancer, CSCs' survival is enhanced in the hypoxic niche, the immune niche, and some areas with specific extracellular matrix composition. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about thyroid CSCs, the tumoral niches that allow their survival, and the implications for TC therapy.
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Ramadan RA, Ragab W, Assaad RS, Shaaban AE, Fayad AI. Identification of serum biomarker panel to differentiate malignant from benign thyroid nodules using multiplex bead assay. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst 2020; 32:35. [PMID: 32885338 DOI: 10.1186/s43046-020-00046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The challenging target in the workup of thyroid nodule(s) is to exclude or diagnose thyroid cancer efficiently prior to surgical intervention. The present work studied a panel of eight serum biomarkers to differentiate benign from malignant thyroid nodules, aiming at reducing unnecessary thyroidectomy performed for inconclusive preoperative fine needle aspiration cytology. Serum interleukin-5 (IL-5), interleukin-8 (IL-8), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), angiopietin (Ang1), nonokine induced by interferon gamma (MIG), galectin (Gal-3), and vitamin D-binding protein (VDRP) were quantified by multiplex bead assay using Luminex xMAP technology. The study was conducted on 60 subjects of three groups (20 each; healthy controls, benign thyroid nodule, and malignant thyroid nodule). RESULTS Significant increase of the following biomarkers in the malignant group compared to the benign group was found; IL-8: 29.7 vs 8.75 pg/ml, p < 0.001, EGF: 128.7 vs 6.72 pg/ml, p < 0.001, HGF: 173.2 vs 112.2 pg/ml, p = 0.012, MIG: 776.7 vs 438 pg/ml, p = 0.023, and Ang-1: 95016 vs 33327.5 pg/ml, p = 0.014. No significant differences were detected for IL-5, Gal-3, and VDBP. Serum IL-8 and EGF showed the highest diagnostic performance individually with area under the curve (AUC) 0.849 and 0.848, respectively. The combined biomarker panels of IL-8 and EGF and IL-8, EGF, and MIG have reached a sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 65%, respectively, with a negative predictive value of 92.9%. CONCLUSIONS Serum IL-8 and EGF individually or the combined biomarker panel of IL-8, EGF, and MIG are promising tests that can help to exclude malignancy in thyroid nodule workup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragaa Abdelkader Ramadan
- Chemical Pathology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Wafaa Ragab
- Chemical Pathology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ramy Samir Assaad
- Chemical Pathology Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Elsayed Shaaban
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Amira Ibrahim Fayad
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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DA SILVA JAIROGOMES, DE MORAIS RAFAELMARTINS, DA SILVA IZABELCRISTINARODRIGUES, ADIMY MOSTAFA, DE ARRUDA MANCERA PAULOFERNANDO. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR TREATMENT OF PAPILLARY THYROID CANCER USING THE ALLEE EFFECT. J BIOL SYST 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s0218339020500138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of thyroid cancer is rising all over the world, and the papillary subtype (PTC) is the primary factor for this increase. The presence of thyroid tumors is commonly associated with increased levels of cytokines, such as interleukin 6 (IL-6). Considering PTC patients treated with thyroidectomy and radioactive iodine [Formula: see text]I (RAI), we propose an ordinary differential system using four variables: the RAI activity, the number of cancer cells and the serum concentrations of IL-6 and thyroglobulin (Tg). Our objective is to study the efficacy of different therapeutic doses of RAI in the treatment of thyroid cancer. The Allee effect is taken into account when modeling cancer cells growth under the influence of IL-6. From the results obtained, the main factors and conditions correlated with successful treatment, such as the RAI activity used and the tumor response are addressed. The detection of minimal doses of RAI that can cause tumor extinction is performed, though this has also meant longer periods for tumor cell elimination. The critical number of tumor cells due to the Allee effect is analyzed and linked to the immune system or biological factors that can slow the progression of the tumor but are insufficient after thyroid resection surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- JAIRO GOMES DA SILVA
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em, Biometria, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Botucatu, SP 18618-689, Brazil
| | | | | | - MOSTAFA ADIMY
- Inria, Univ Lyon, Université de Lyon 1, Institute Camille Jordan, 43 Bd. du 11 novembre 1918, F-69200 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Zhao J, Wen J, Wang S, Yao J, Liao L, Dong J. Association between adipokines and thyroid carcinoma: a meta-analysis of case-control studies. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:788. [PMID: 32819324 PMCID: PMC7441682 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The incidence of thyroid carcinoma is increasing all over the world. Some studies have suggested that the change of adipokines expression can induce thyroid carcinoma. However, other studies have come to the opposite conclusion. Therefore, we studied the relationship between adipokines and thyroid carcinoma. Methods Databases—PubMed, Cochrane Library, SinoMed, CNKI, Wanfang, and clinical trial registries were searched. A meta-analysis was then performed through a fixed or random-effects model to calculate I values for heterogeneity analysis. Results Twenty-nine articles were finally included for analysis. The level of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) [standardized mean difference (SMD) =1.31, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.35 to 2.28, I2 = 98%, P = 0.008] and the ratio of TNF-α immunoreactivity in tissues [odds ratios (OR) =6.36, 95% CI: 1.92 to 21.05, I2 = 66%, P = 0.002] in thyroid carcinoma are significantly higher than those in control. The serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) in patients with thyroid carcinoma is higher than that in control (SMD = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.40 to 1.67, I2 = 96%, P = 0.001). There is no significant difference of the ratio of IL-6 immunoreactivity in tissues between carcinoma and control (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 0.62 to 2.43, I2 = 86%, P = 0.55). The ratio of leptin immunoreactivity in tissues is significantly associated with the risk of thyroid carcinoma (OR = 12.21, 95% CI: 3.36 to 44.40, I2 = 85%, P < 0.00001). However, after analyzing the expression level of serum adiponectin in three studies, no significant difference is found between thyroid carcinoma and the control (P = 0.81). Conclusions Adipokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and leptin) show a strong relationship between elevated concentrations (in serum and/or tissue) and thyroid carcinoma. However, the association between adiponectin and thyroid carcinoma needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Ji-nan, 250014, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250014, China
| | - Jing Wen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Ji-nan, 250000, China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Ji-nan, 250014, China
| | - Jinming Yao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Ji-nan, 250014, China.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250014, China
| | - Lin Liao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Ji-nan, 250014, China. .,Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250014, China.
| | - Jianjun Dong
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji-nan, 250012, China.
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Prognosis of Macrophage Density in the Absence of Neutrophils in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. J Surg Res 2020; 256:458-467. [PMID: 32798993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2020.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the advances in treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), predicting prognosis remains a challenge. Immune cells in the tumor microenvironment may provide an insight to predicting recurrence. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the association of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) with recurrence in DTC and to identify serum cytokines that correlate with the presence of these immune cells in the tumor. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-two DTC tissues from our institutional neoplasia repository were stained for immunohistochemistry markers for TAMs and TANs. In addition, cytokine levels were analyzed from these patients from preoperative blood samples. TAM and TAN staining were compared with clinical data and serum cytokine levels. RESULTS Neither TAM nor TAN scores alone correlated with tumor size, the presence of lymph node metastases, multifocal tumors, lymphovascular or capsular invasion, or the presence of BRAFV600E mutation (all P > 0.05). There was no association with recurrence-free survival (RFS) in TAN density (mean RFS, 169.1 versus 148.1 mo, P = 0.23) or TAM density alone (mean RFS, 121.3 versus 205.2 mo, P = 0.54). However, when scoring from both markers were combined, patients with high TAM density and TAN negative scores had significantly lower RFS (mean RFS, 50.7 versus 187.3 mo, P = 0.04) compared with the remaining cohort. Patients with high TAM/negative TAN tumors had significantly lower serum levels of interleukin 12p70, interleukin 8, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and tumor necrosis factor beta. CONCLUSIONS In DTCs, high density of TAMs in the absence of TANs is associated with worse outcome. Assessment of multiple immune cell types and serum cytokines may predict outcomes in DTC.
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Wang W, Chang J, Jia B, Liu J. The Blood Biomarkers of Thyroid Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:5431-5438. [PMID: 32753960 PMCID: PMC7351621 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s261170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction With the gradual increase in the incidence of thyroid cancer, people’s attention to thyroid cancer has also gradually increased. Although the prognosis of thyroid cancer is rather mild compared to other cancers, it will still bring a heavy psychological burden on people who have been diagnosed. At present, the diagnosis of thyroid cancer mainly depends on ultrasound and percutaneous fine needle aspiration (pFNA). Due to the unsatisfactory accuracy of the diagnosis methods we use now, there are still some thyroid nodules that cannot be clearly diagnosed before surgery. Methods In this article, we have searched for relevant research on blood markers of thyroid cancer in the past five years and categoried them into four groups. Discussion Though we have not found a biomarker which can diagnose thyroid cancer both sensitively and specifically, we do found many substances that are related to it, and have the potential to recognize it and help the diagnosis. And perhaps combined models can do it better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Wang
- First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, General Surgery Department, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingtao Chang
- First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, General Surgery Department, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Baosong Jia
- First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, General Surgery Department, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, General Surgery Department, Taiyuan, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
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Xi C, Zhang GQ, Sun ZK, Song HJ, Shen CT, Chen XY, Sun JW, Qiu ZL, Luo QY. Interleukins in Thyroid Cancer: From Basic Researches to Applications in Clinical Practice. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1124. [PMID: 32655554 PMCID: PMC7325887 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is crucial to tumorigenesis and progression of many cancers. Inflammatory molecules in tumor microenvironment exert pro- or anti-tumor effects. Among them, interleukin, mainly produced by CD3+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes, is a class of small molecule proteins which play an important role in intercellular communication. Numerous studies have confirmed that interleukins are closely related to thyroid cancer. Interleukins regulate the proliferation and migration of thyroid cancer cells and they have prospects in discriminating benign and malignant thyroid diseases, predicting the risk of tumorigenesis, evaluating the prognosis and monitoring the recurrence of thyroid cancer. Besides, the effective application of interleukins in treatment of thyroid cancer has been confirmed by some cell and animal researches. The present review will introduce the potential mechanisms of interleukins in thyroid cancer and focus on the applications of interleukins in clinical practice of thyroid cancer, which will help update understanding of the progress of interleukins researches in thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Xi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Kui Sun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Jun Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Tian Shen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yue Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Wen Sun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhong-Ling Qiu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan-Yong Luo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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Zhang GQ, Shen CT, Song HJ, Qiu ZL, Luo QY. High Expression of Interleukin-12A and Its Association with the Clinicopathology and Prognosis of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. Eur Thyroid J 2020; 9:139-147. [PMID: 32523890 PMCID: PMC7265709 DOI: 10.1159/000505811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammatory microenvironment is closely related to the occurrence and development of cancer. Members of the interleukin-12 (IL-12) cytokine family play synergistic or antagonistic roles in the tumor microenvironment, in the form of classic heterodimers or newly discovered monomers or homodimers. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between IL-12A and the clinicopathology and prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). METHODS A total of 101 pathologically confirmed DTC patients were included in this study. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess IL-12A expression in DTC and corresponding paracancerous tissues. The associations of IL-12A with clinicopathology and prognosis were evaluated. RESULTS IL-12A was expressed in both normal thyroid tissues and DTC, but its expression level was significantly higher in DTC than in normal thyroid tissues (p < 0.001). IL-12A was positively correlated with tumor size (p = 0.027), risk stratification (p = 0.020), and TNM (Tumor-Node-Metastasis) stage (p = 0.024), but not with age, sex, pathological type, multifocality, extrathyroid extension, lymph node metastasis, and distant metastasis (all p > 0.05). Lymphocytic thyroiditis was found in 26/101 patients (25.7%), which was negatively associated with IL-12A expression (p = 0.018). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that risk stratification was the significant independent predictor of IL-12A expression. The rate of disease persistence or recurrence (P&R) was 13/101 (12.9%), and a positive relationship was found between IL-12A expression and P&R (p = 0.020). Disease-free survival was affected by factors such as tumor size, extrathyroid extension, tumor stage (T stage), and IL-12A expression, with p values of 0.006, 0.048, 0.002, and 0.012, respectively. Multivariate Cox proportional-hazards analysis showed that tumor size ≥2 cm (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.041 [95% CI: 1.144-14.274], p = 0.031) and high IL-12A expression (HR = 4.027 [95% CI 1.014-15.994], p = 0.049) were independent predictors of prognosis of DTC patients. CONCLUSIONS IL-12A is highly expressed in DTC and is associated with disease aggressiveness. In addition, IL-12A is an independent predictor of the outcome of DTC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Quan-Yong Luo
- *Dr. Quan-Yong Luo or Dr. Zhong-Ling Qiu, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233 (China), or
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Bhalla S, Kaur H, Kaur R, Sharma S, Raghava GPS. Expression based biomarkers and models to classify early and late-stage samples of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231629. [PMID: 32324757 PMCID: PMC7179925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recently, the rise in the incidences of thyroid cancer worldwide renders it to be the sixth most common cancer among women. Commonly, Fine Needle Aspiration biopsy predominantly facilitates the diagnosis of the nature of thyroid nodules. However, it is inconsiderable in determining the tumor's state, i.e., benign or malignant. This study aims to identify the key RNA transcripts that can segregate the early and late-stage samples of Thyroid Carcinoma (THCA) using RNA expression profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we used the THCA RNA-Seq dataset of The Cancer Genome Atlas, consisting of 500 cancer and 58 normal (adjacent non-tumorous) samples obtained from the Genomics Data Commons (GDC) data portal. This dataset was dissected to identify key RNA expression features using various feature selection techniques. Subsequently, samples were classified based on selected features employing different machine learning algorithms. RESULTS Single gene ranking based on the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (AUROC) curve identified the DCN transcript that can classify the early-stage samples from late-stage samples with 0.66 AUROC. To further improve the performance, we identified a panel of 36 RNA transcripts that achieved F1 score of 0.75 with 0.73 AUROC (95% CI: 0.62-0.84) on the validation dataset. Moreover, prediction models based on 18-features from this panel correctly predicted 75% of the samples of the external validation dataset. In addition, the multiclass model classified normal, early, and late-stage samples with AUROC of 0.95 (95% CI: 0.84-1), 0.76 (95% CI: 0.66-0.85) and 0.72 (95% CI: 0.61-0.83) on the validation dataset. Besides, a five protein-coding transcripts panel was also recognized, which segregated cancer and normal samples in the validation dataset with F1 score of 0.97 and 0.99 AUROC (95% CI: 0.91-1). CONCLUSION We identified 36 important RNA transcripts whose expression segregated early and late-stage samples with reasonable accuracy. The models and dataset used in this study are available from the webserver CancerTSP (http://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/cancertsp/).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry Bhalla
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
- Centre for Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Harpreet Kaur
- Bioinformatics Centre, CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rishemjit Kaur
- CSIR-Central Scientific Instruments Organization, Chandigarh, India
| | - Suresh Sharma
- Centre for Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Gajendra P. S. Raghava
- Department of Computational Biology, Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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Polymorphisms in IL-2 and IL-6R increase serum levels of the respective interleukins in differentiated thyroid cancer. Meta Gene 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2019.100621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Varricchi G, Loffredo S, Marone G, Modestino L, Fallahi P, Ferrari SM, de Paulis A, Antonelli A, Galdiero MR. The Immune Landscape of Thyroid Cancer in the Context of Immune Checkpoint Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3934. [PMID: 31412566 PMCID: PMC6720642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells play critical roles in tumor prevention as well as initiation and progression. However, immune-resistant cancer cells can evade the immune system and proceed to form tumors. The normal microenvironment (immune cells, fibroblasts, blood and lymphatic vessels, and interstitial extracellular matrix (ECM)) maintains tissue homeostasis and prevents tumor initiation. Inflammatory mediators, reactive oxygen species, cytokines, and chemokines from an altered microenvironment promote tumor growth. During the last decade, thyroid cancer, the most frequent cancer of the endocrine system, has emerged as the fifth most incident cancer in the United States (USA), and its incidence is steadily growing. Inflammation has long been associated with thyroid cancer, raising critical questions about the role of immune cells in its pathogenesis. A plethora of immune cells and their mediators are present in the thyroid cancer ecosystem. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting immune checkpoints, such as mAbs anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (anti-CTLA-4) and anti-programmed cell death protein-1/programmed cell death ligand-1 (anti-PD-1/PD-L1), have revolutionized the treatment of many malignancies, but they induce thyroid dysfunction in up to 10% of patients, presumably by enhancing autoimmunity. Combination strategies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with tyrosine kinase (TK) or serine/threonine protein kinase B-raf (BRAF) inhibitors are showing considerable promise in the treatment of advanced thyroid cancer. This review illustrates how different immune cells contribute to thyroid cancer development and the rationale for the antitumor effects of ICIs in combination with BRAF/TK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilda Varricchi
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, 80131 Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, 80131 Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Marone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Modestino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Poupak Fallahi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, School of Medicine, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Martina Ferrari
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, School of Medicine, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Amato de Paulis
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, 80131 Naples, Italy
- WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, School of Medicine, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Galdiero
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences (DISMET), University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, School of Medicine, 80131 Naples, Italy.
- WAO Center of Excellence, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Rotondi M, Coperchini F, Latrofa F, Chiovato L. Role of Chemokines in Thyroid Cancer Microenvironment: Is CXCL8 the Main Player? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:314. [PMID: 29977225 PMCID: PMC6021500 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-related inflammation does influence the biological behavior of neoplastic cells and ultimately the patient's outcome. With specific regard to thyroid cancer, the issue of tumor-associated inflammation has been extensively studied and recently reviewed. However, the role of chemokines, which play a crucial role in determining the immuno-phenotype of tumor-related inflammation, was not addressed in previous reviews on the topic. Experimental evidence shows that thyroid cancer cells actively secrete a wide spectrum of chemokines and, at least for some of them, solid scientific data support a role for these immune-active molecules in the aggressive behavior of the tumor. Our proposal for a review article on chemokines and thyroid cancer stems from the notion that chemokines, besides having the ability to attract and maintain immune cells at the tumor site, also produce several pro-tumorigenic actions, which include proangiogenetic, cytoproliferative, and pro-metastatic effects. Studies taking into account the role of CCL15, C-X-C motif ligand 12, CXCL16, CXCL1, CCL20, and CCL2 in the context of thyroid cancer will be reviewed with particular emphasis on CXCL8. The reason for focusing on CXCL8 is that this chemokine is the most studied one in human malignancies, displaying multifaceted pro-tumorigenic effects. These include enhancement of tumor cells growth, metastatization, and angiogenesis overall contributing to the progression of several cancers including thyroid cancer. We aim at reviewing current knowledge on the (i) ability of both normal and tumor thyroid cells to secrete CXCL8; (ii) direct/indirect pro-tumorigenic effects of CXCL8 demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies specifically performed on thyroid cancer cells; and (iii) pharmacologic strategies proven to be effective for lowering CXCL8 secretion and/or its effects on thyroid cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Rotondi
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Coperchini
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Latrofa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Chiovato
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, ICS Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Luca Chiovato,
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