1
|
Andreu-Caravaca L, Ramos-Campo DJ, Chung LH, Rubio-Arias JÁ. Can strength training modify voluntary activation, contractile properties and spasticity in Multiple Sclerosis?: a randomized controlled trial. Physiol Behav 2022; 255:113932. [PMID: 35905806 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A randomized controlled trial was conducted to analyze the effects of 10 weeks of strength training (ST) on voluntary activation, muscle activity, muscle contractile properties, and spasticity in people with MS. METHODS 30 participants were randomized to either an experimental [EG](n=18) or a control [CG](n=12) group. The EG carried out 10-weeks of ST, where the concentric phase at maximum voluntary velocity. Muscle activity of the vastus lateralis (surface electromyography (sEMG) during the first 200 ms of contraction), maximal neural drive (peak sEMG), voluntary activation (central activation ratio), and muscle contractile function (via electrical stimulation) of the knee extensor muscles, as well as spasticity, were measured pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS The EG showed a significant improvement with differences between groups in muscle activity in EMG0-200 (p=0.031;ES=-0.8) and maximal neural drive (p=0.038;ES=-0.8), as well as improvement in the ST group with a trend towards significance in EMG0-100 (p=0.068;ES=-0.6). CAR increased after intervention in ST group (p=0.010;ES=-0.4). Spasticity also improved in the ST group, with differences between group after intervention, in first swing excursion (right leg: p=0.006;ES=-1.4, left leg: p=0.031;ES=-1.2), number of oscillations (right leg: p=0.001;ES=-0.4, left leg: p=0.031;ES=-0.4) and duration of oscillations (left leg: p=0.002; ES=-0.6). Contractile properties remain unchanged in both ST group and control group. CONCLUSIONS 10 weeks of ST improves muscle activity during the first 200 ms of contraction, maximal neural conduction, and spasticity in people with MS. However, ST does not produce adaptations in muscle contractile properties in people with MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Andreu-Caravaca
- Faculty of Sport. Catholic University of Murcia. Murcia. Spain.; International Chair of Sports Medicine. Catholic University of Murcia. Murcia. Spain..
| | - Domingo J Ramos-Campo
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF. Madrid. Spain
| | - Linda H Chung
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance. Catholic University of Murcia. Murcia. Spain
| | - Jacobo Á Rubio-Arias
- Department of Education, Health Research Center, University of Almeria, Almeria, 04120 Spain..
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li F, Wang ZY, Zhang ZJ, Shen SH, Guo JY, Guo YX, Feng YR, Zhang L, Wen YB, Zhang YF, Fan YM, Fan MM. In Hamstring Muscles of Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis an Increased Ultrasound Shear Modulus Indicates a Permanently Elevated Muscle Tonus. Front Physiol 2022; 12:752455. [PMID: 35145421 PMCID: PMC8822153 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.752455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSome patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) show pain, stiffness and limited flexion and extension at the back of the knee, leading to dysfunction and affecting life. This may be related to changes in the biomechanical properties of skeletal muscles. Shear wave elastography (SWE) can detect these changes by measuring muscle shear modulus.AimsTo investigate hamstring muscle shear modulus of healthy people and patients was studied using SWE method, and the correlation analysis between the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) score of patients’ subjective feeling and shear modulus of objective quantification was conducted.MethodsThe hamstring shear modulus was measured by SWE in 50 patients and 50 healthy individuals. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the correlation between hamstring stiffness and shear modulus in patients.ResultsThe hamstring shear modulus were significantly higher in the KOA group [the semimembranosus (SM) 15.23 ± 7.23, the semitendinosus (ST) 15.94 ± 5.40, the biceps femoris long tendinitis (BFL) 14.21 ± 6.55] than in the control group (the SM 10.95 ± 2.41, the ST 11.25 ± 2.23, the BFL 9.98 ± 2.81) (p = 0.000, p = 0.000, p = 0.001). The hamstring shear modulus in the KOA group was moderately positively correlated with pain, shear modulus, and physical function score.ConclusionPreliminary results show that the shear modulus of the hamstring of KOA patients is higher than that of healthy people, the WOMAC score and the shear modulus of patients are moderately correlated. These preliminary results show that ultrasonic shear wave elastography measurement of shear modulus may be enough to sensitive, can detect these effects, more targeted in order to assist the doctor’s diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province), Luoyang, China
| | - Zhen-Ya Wang
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province), Luoyang, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Zhang
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province), Luoyang, China
| | - Su-Hong Shen
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province), Luoyang, China
| | - Jia-Yi Guo
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province), Luoyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jia-Yi Guo,
| | - Yan-Xing Guo
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province), Luoyang, China
- Yan-Xing Guo,
| | - Yi-Ran Feng
- New Zealand College of Chinese Medicine, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lin Zhang
- New Zealand College of Chinese Medicine, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yong-Bing Wen
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province), Luoyang, China
| | - Yun-Fei Zhang
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province), Luoyang, China
| | - Yi-Ming Fan
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province), Luoyang, China
| | - Meng-Meng Fan
- Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province (Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province), Luoyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hoang PD, Psarakis M, Kwah LK, Clarke JL, Gandevia SC, Diong J. Brief report: Passive mechanical properties of gastrocnemius in multiple sclerosis and ankle contracture. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2021; 84:105338. [PMID: 33812198 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankle contracture is common in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) but the mechanisms of contracture are not clear. This study aimed to identify the mechanisms of contracture in MS by comparing passive muscle length and stiffness at known tension, separated into contributions by muscle fascicles and tendons, between people with MS who had contracture and healthy people. METHODS Passive length-tension curves of the gastrocnemius muscle-tendon unit were derived from passive ankle torque and angle using a published biomechanical method. Ultrasound images of medial gastrocnemius muscle fascicles were used to partition length-tension curves into fascicle and tendon components. Lengths and stiffness of the muscle-tendon unit, muscle fascicles and tendons were compared between groups with linear regression. FINDINGS Data were obtained from 15 participants with MS who had contracture [age 53 (12) years, mean (SD)] and 25 healthy participants [48 (20) years]. Participants with MS had clinically significant ankle contracture, and had shorter fascicles at slack length (between-groups mean difference -0.8 cm, 95% CI -1.2 to -0.4 cm, p < 0.001) and at 100 N (-0.7 cm, 95% CI -1.3 to -0.1 cm, p = 0.02) compared to healthy participants. There were no differences between groups in all other outcomes. INTERPRETATION Tension-referenced comparisons of passive muscle length and stiffness show that people with MS who had contracture had shorter fascicles at low and high tension compared to healthy people, but there were no changes to the muscle-tendon unit or tendon. Further studies are needed to identify the causes and mechanisms of contracture in neurological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phu D Hoang
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA) and University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia.
| | - Michael Psarakis
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, NSW, Australia
| | - Li Khim Kwah
- Health and Social Sciences Cluster, Singapore Institute of Technology, Singapore
| | - Jillian L Clarke
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon C Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA) and University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia
| | - Joanna Diong
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA) and University of New South Wales, NSW, Australia; School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kellis E. Intra- and Inter-Muscular Variations in Hamstring Architecture and Mechanics and Their Implications for Injury: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2019; 48:2271-2283. [PMID: 30117053 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0975-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the architecture, anatomy, and biomechanics of the hamstrings may assist in explaining the mechanisms that affect and improve their function. The aim of this review is to specifically examine intra- and inter-muscular variations in architecture and mechanical properties of the hamstrings. Of the hamstrings, the long head of the biceps femoris shows the shortest and more pennated fibers. The semimembranosus has a similar muscle architecture with a long head of the biceps femoris but it has a different proximal attachment as well as a different moment arm compared with the long head of the biceps femoris. For the same joint motion, the semitendinosus displays less relative strain than the other hamstrings probably owing to a greater length, longer fascicles and, possibly, a longer tendon. Intra-muscular variations in architecture are documented but their implications are currently unclear. Proximally, the long head of the biceps femoris has shorter and more pennated fibers coupled with a narrower aponeurosis than distally, while the semitendinosus is the only muscle that entails a tendinous inscription. In conclusion, some of the identified intra- and inter-muscular variations in architecture may help explain why some muscles sustain injuries more than others. In the same line, exercises designed for the hamstrings may not provide the same stimulus for all components of this muscle group. Future research could examine whether intervention strategies that target specific muscles or specific areas of the hamstrings may offer additional benefits for injury prevention or rehabilitation of their function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleftherios Kellis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, 62110, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Automatic Myotendinous Junction Tracking in Ultrasound Images with Phase-Based Segmentation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3697835. [PMID: 29750152 PMCID: PMC5884232 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3697835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Displacement of the myotendinous junction (MTJ) obtained by ultrasound imaging is crucial to quantify the interactive length changes of muscles and tendons for understanding the mechanics and pathological conditions of the muscle-tendon unit during motion. However, the lack of a reliable automatic measurement method restricts its application in human motion analysis. This paper presents an automated measurement of MTJ displacement using prior knowledge on tendinous tissues and MTJ, precluding the influence of nontendinous components on the estimation of MTJ displacement. It is based on the perception of tendinous features from musculoskeletal ultrasound images using Radon transform and thresholding methods, with information about the symmetric measures obtained from phase congruency. The displacement of MTJ is achieved by tracking manually marked points on tendinous tissues with the Lucas-Kanade optical flow algorithm applied over the segmented MTJ region. The performance of this method was evaluated on ultrasound images of the gastrocnemius obtained from 10 healthy subjects (26.0 ± 2.9 years of age). Waveform similarity between the manual and automatic measurements was assessed by calculating the overall similarity with the coefficient of multiple correlation (CMC). In vivo experiments demonstrated that MTJ tracking with the proposed method (CMC = 0.97 ± 0.02) was more consistent with the manual measurements than existing optical flow tracking methods (CMC = 0.79 ± 0.11). This study demonstrated that the proposed method was robust to the interference of nontendinous components, resulting in a more reliable measurement of MTJ displacement, which may facilitate further research and applications related to the architectural change of muscles and tendons.
Collapse
|
6
|
Yoosefinejad AK, Motealleh A, Khademi S, Hosseini SF. Lower Endurance and Strength of Core Muscles in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Int J MS Care 2017; 19:100-104. [PMID: 32607068 DOI: 10.7224/1537-2073.2015-064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system associated with a variety of symptoms and functional deficits. Balance impairment is a common concern in patients with MS. Core muscle stabilization is considered a main component of balance. The strength and endurance of core muscles have not been compared between patients with MS and healthy people. The objective of this study was to compare core muscle strength and endurance between ambulatory patients with MS and a healthy group. Methods Thirty-three patients with MS with Expanded Disability Status Scale scores ranging from 1.0 to 4.5 and 33 matched healthy people participated in this cross-sectional group comparison study. The primary outcome measure was endurance of core muscles assessed by functional endurance tests, and the secondary outcome was isometric strength of core muscles assessed using a dynamometer. Results Patients with MS had lower performance on endurance tests (P < .001) and strength tests (P < .05) compared with the control group. Conclusions These results show decreased core muscle strength and endurance in ambulatory individuals with MS compared with a matched control group. Future studies are required to assess how core muscle impairment affects balance and how it would be affected by rehabilitation and exercise programs.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ofori J, Freeman J, Logan A, Rapson R, Zajieck J, Hobart J, Marsden J. An investigation of commonly prescribed stretches of the ankle plantarflexors in people with Multiple Sclerosis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2016; 37:22-26. [PMID: 27286554 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stretches are often prescribed to manage increased limb stiffness in people with Multiple Sclerosis. This study determined the ankle plantarflexor torque magnitude that people with Multiple Sclerosis can apply during four commonly prescribed stretches and determined the relationship between the applied torque and functional ability. METHODS People with Multiple Sclerosis (N=27) were compared to healthy control participants (n=15). Four stretches were investigated; stretching in step standing; using a step; pulling the ankle into dorsiflexion and standing in a frame. Joint position and forces were measured using 3D motion analysis and torque transducers. Baseline ankle strength and stiffness was measured using motor driven ankle perturbations. FINDINGS People with Multiple Sclerosis (N=27) had higher stretch reflex amplitudes and lower strength compared to the control group (n=15). People with Multiple Sclerosis achieved less lengthening of the plantarflexor muscle-tendon complex when stretching but similar ankle torques compared to controls. While stretching people with Multiple Sclerosis showed greater muscle activation in the ankle plantarflexors. Stretches in weight bearing positions produced higher plantarflexor torques. People with Multiple Sclerosis with lower functional ability preferred the more supported stretches (ankle pull and standing frame). INTERPRETATION Stretches in weight bearing positions achieve higher ankle torques but this is in part due to increased postural activity in people with Multiple Sclerosis. Functional ability may limit stretch effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Ofori
- School of Health Professions, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, PL6 8BH, UK
| | - J Freeman
- School of Health Professions, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, PL6 8BH, UK
| | - A Logan
- Stroke Rehabilitation Unit, Camborne/Redruth Community Hospital, Barncoose Terrace, Redruth TR15 3ER, UK
| | - R Rapson
- Paediatrics and Learning Disabilities, South Devon Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bidwell Brook School, Shinners Bridge, Dartington, TQ9 6JU, UK
| | - J Zajieck
- Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry University of Plymouth, PL6 8BH, UK
| | - J Hobart
- Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry University of Plymouth, PL6 8BH, UK
| | - J Marsden
- School of Health Professions, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, PL6 8BH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fouré A, Nordez A, Cornu C. Effects of eccentric training on mechanical properties of the plantar flexor muscle-tendon complex. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 114:523-37. [PMID: 23239873 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01313.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric training is a mechanical loading classically used in clinical environment to rehabilitate patients with tendinopathies. In this context, eccentric training is supposed to alter tendon mechanical properties but interaction with the other components of the muscle-tendon complex remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the specific effects of 14 wk of eccentric training on muscle and tendon mechanical properties assessed in active and passive conditions in vivo. Twenty-four subjects were randomly divided into a trained group (n = 11) and a control group (n = 13). Stiffness of the active and passive parts of the series elastic component of plantar flexors were determined using a fast stretch during submaximal isometric contraction, Achilles tendon stiffness and dissipative properties were assessed during isometric plantar flexion, and passive stiffness of gastrocnemii muscles and Achilles tendon were determined using ultrasonography while ankle joint was passively moved. A significant decrease in the active part of the series elastic component stiffness was found (P < 0.05). In contrast, a significant increase in Achilles tendon stiffness determined under passive conditions was observed (P < 0.05). No significant change in triceps surae muscles and Achilles tendon geometrical parameters was shown (P > 0.05). Specific changes in muscle and tendon involved in plantar flexion are mainly due to changes in intrinsic mechanical properties of muscle and tendon tissues. Specific assessment of both Achilles tendon and plantar flexor muscles allowed a better understanding of the functional behavior of the muscle-tendon complex and its adaptation to eccentric training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Fouré
- Université de Nantes, Laboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance, UFR STAPS, Nantes, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Medial gastrocnemius muscle fascicle active torque-length and Achilles tendon properties in young adults with spastic cerebral palsy. J Biomech 2012; 45:2526-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
10
|
Kwah LK, Herbert RD, Harvey LA, Diong J, Clarke JL, Martin JH, Clarke EC, Hoang PD, Bilston LE, Gandevia SC. Passive mechanical properties of gastrocnemius muscles of people with ankle contracture after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012; 93:1185-90. [PMID: 22502803 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanisms of contracture after stroke by comparing passive mechanical properties of gastrocnemius muscle-tendon units, muscle fascicles, and tendons in people with ankle contracture after stroke with control participants. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Laboratory in a research institution. PARTICIPANTS A convenience sample of people with ankle contracture after stroke (n=20) and able-bodied control subjects (n=30). INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Stiffness and lengths of gastrocnemius muscle-tendon units, lengths of muscle fascicles, and tendons at specific tensions. RESULTS At a tension of 100N, the gastrocnemius muscle-tendon unit was significantly shorter in participants with stroke (mean, 436mm) than in able-bodied control participants (mean, 444mm; difference, 8mm; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.2-15mm; P=.04). Muscle fascicles were also shorter in the stroke group (mean, 44mm) than in the control group (mean, 50mm; difference, 6mm; 95% CI, 1-12mm; P=.03). There were no significant differences between groups in the mean stiffness or length of the muscle-tendon units and fascicles at low tension, or in the mean length of the tendons at any tension. CONCLUSIONS People with ankle contracture after stroke have shorter gastrocnemius muscle-tendon units and muscle fascicles than control participants at high tension. This difference is not apparent at low tension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Khim Kwah
- George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Effects of plyometric training on passive stiffness of gastrocnemii muscles and Achilles tendon. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2849-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
12
|
Barber L, Barrett R, Lichtwark G. Passive muscle mechanical properties of the medial gastrocnemius in young adults with spastic cerebral palsy. J Biomech 2011; 44:2496-500. [PMID: 21762920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
13
|
Barrett RS, Lichtwark GA. Gross muscle morphology and structure in spastic cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol 2010; 52:794-804. [PMID: 20477832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8749.2010.03686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
AIM This systematic review and critical evaluation of the literature was conducted to determine how gross muscle morphology and structure are altered in individuals with spastic cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD Electronic databases were searched for articles describing studies of muscle morphological and structural properties in individuals with spastic CP. Data describing muscle fascicle length, belly length, fascicle angle, cross-sectional area, volume, and thickness were extracted and effect sizes were computed for comparisons between individuals with spastic CP and typically developed individuals, between the paretic and non-paretic side in individuals with hemiplegia for all muscles examined, and across the full spectrum of gross motor function in individuals with spastic CP. RESULTS The final yield consisted of 15 articles that met the inclusion criteria. The main finding of the review was the consistent evidence for reduced muscle belly length, muscle volume, cross-sectional area, and muscle thickness in the comparisons between paretic and typically developed muscle and the paretic and non-paretic muscle across a range of muscles. INTERPRETATION Given the importance of muscle morphology and structure for generating muscle force, it is likely that the observed alterations that occur secondary to the neural lesion in individuals with spastic CP contribute to muscle weakness and the attendant loss of motor function in spastic CP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rod S Barrett
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nordez A, Fouré A, Dombroski E, Mariot JP, Cornu C, McNair P. Improvements to Hoang et al.'s method for measuring passive length–tension properties of human gastrocnemius muscle in vivo. J Biomech 2010; 43:379-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Revised: 07/20/2009] [Accepted: 07/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|