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Farokhniaee A, Palmisano C, Del Vecchio Del Vecchio J, Pezzoli G, Volkmann J, Isaias IU. Gait-related beta-gamma phase amplitude coupling in the subthalamic nucleus of parkinsonian patients. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6674. [PMID: 38509158 PMCID: PMC10954750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Analysis of coupling between the phases and amplitudes of neural oscillations has gained increasing attention as an important mechanism for large-scale brain network dynamics. In Parkinson's disease (PD), preliminary evidence indicates abnormal beta-phase coupling to gamma-amplitude in different brain areas, including the subthalamic nucleus (STN). We analyzed bilateral STN local field potentials (LFPs) in eight subjects with PD chronically implanted with deep brain stimulation electrodes during upright quiet standing and unperturbed walking. Phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) was computed using the Kullback-Liebler method, based on the modulation index. Neurophysiological recordings were correlated with clinical and kinematic measurements and individual molecular brain imaging studies ([123I]FP-CIT and single-photon emission computed tomography). We showed a dopamine-related increase in subthalamic beta-gamma PAC from standing to walking. Patients with poor PAC modulation and low PAC during walking spent significantly more time in the stance and double support phase of the gait cycle. Our results provide new insights into the subthalamic contribution to human gait and suggest cross-frequency coupling as a gateway mechanism to convey patient-specific information of motor control for human locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- AmirAli Farokhniaee
- Fondazione Grigioni Per Il Morbo Di Parkinson, Via Gianfranco Zuretti 35, 20125, Milano, Italy.
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST G. Pini CTO, Via Bignami 1, 20126, Milano, Italy.
| | - Chiara Palmisano
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Del Vecchio Del Vecchio
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Fondazione Grigioni Per Il Morbo Di Parkinson, Via Gianfranco Zuretti 35, 20125, Milano, Italy
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST G. Pini CTO, Via Bignami 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ioannis U Isaias
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST G. Pini CTO, Via Bignami 1, 20126, Milano, Italy
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 11, 97080, Würzburg, Germany
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Palmisano C, Farinelli V, Camuncoli F, Favata A, Pezzoli G, Frigo CA, Isaias IU. Dynamic evaluation of spine kinematics in individuals with Parkinson's disease and freezing of gait. Gait Posture 2024; 108:199-207. [PMID: 37993298 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Freezing of gait (FoG) is an episodic failure of gait exposing people with Parkinson's disease (PD) to a high risk of falling. Despite growing evidence of the interconnection between impaired trunk control and FoG, a detailed description of spinal kinematics during walking is still lacking in this population. RESEARCH QUESTION Do spinal alterations impact gait performance in individuals with PD and FoG? METHODS We analyzed kinematic data of 47 PD participants suffering (PD-FOG, N = 24) or not suffering from FoG (PD-NFOG, N = 23) and 15 healthy controls (HCO) during quiet standing and unperturbed walking. We estimated the main spinal variables (i.e., spinal length, lordosis and kyphosis angles, trunk inclination), the pelvis angles, and the shoulder-pelvis angles during gait and standing. We studied differences across conditions and groups and the relationships between postural and gait parameters using linear regression methods. RESULTS During standing and walking, both PD groups showed increased trunk inclination and decreased lordosis angle with respect to HCO, as well as a decreased range in variation of kyphosis angle, pelvic obliquity, and shoulder-pelvis angles. Only PD-FOG participants showed reduced range of lordosis angle and spinal length compared to HCO. PD-FOG individuals were also not able to straighten their spine during walking compared to standing. Stride length and velocity were decreased in both patient groups compared to HCO, while swing duration was reduced only in the PD-FOG group. In individuals with FoG, trunk inclination and lordosis angle showed moderate but significant positive correlations with all gait alterations. SIGNIFICANCE Spine alterations impacted gait performance in individuals with PD suffering from FoG. Excessive trunk inclination and poor mastering of the lordosis spinal region may create an unfavourable postural precondition for forward walking. Physical therapy should target combined spinal and stepping alterations in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Palmisano
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - V Farinelli
- Human Physiology Section of the DePT, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - F Camuncoli
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - A Favata
- Biomechanical Engineering Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Research Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Pezzoli
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST G. Pini-CTO, Milano, Italy
| | - C A Frigo
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - I U Isaias
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST G. Pini-CTO, Milano, Italy
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Leroy T, Baggen RJ, Lefeber N, Herssens N, Santens P, De Letter M, Maes L, Bouche K, Van Bladel A. Effects of Oral Levodopa on Balance in People with Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2023; 13:3-23. [PMID: 36617752 PMCID: PMC9912739 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Balance impairment is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). As opposed to the effects of appendicular motor symptoms, the effects of Levodopa on balance impairment in idiopathic PD are less clear. OBJECTIVE To review the literature on the effects of oral Levodopa on clinical balance test performance, posturography, step initiation, and responses to perturbation in people with idiopathic PD (PwPD). METHODS A systematic search of three scientific databases (Pubmed, Embase, and Web of Science) was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. For the pilot meta-analysis, standardized mean differences with 95% confidence intervals were calculated using an inverse variance random effects model. Data not suitable for implementation in the meta-analysis (missing means or standard deviations, and non-independent outcomes) were analyzed narratively. RESULTS A total of 2772 unique studies were retrieved, of which 18 met the eligibility criteria and were analyzed, including data of 710 idiopathic PwPD. Levodopa had a significant positive effect on the Berg Balance Scale, the Push and Release test, and jerk and frequency parameters during posturography. In contrast, some significant negative effects on velocity-based sway parameters were found during posturography and step initiation. However, Levodopa had no significant effect on most step initiation- and all perturbation parameters. CONCLUSION The effects of Levodopa on balance in PwPD vary depending on the outcome parameters and patient inclusion criteria. A systematic approach with well-defined outcome parameters, and prespecified, sensitive and reliable tests is needed in future studies to unravel the effects of oral Levodopa on balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Leroy
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Remco J. Baggen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,Correspondence to: Dr. Remco Baggen, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Campus UZ Gent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Gent, Belgium. E-mail:
| | - Nina Lefeber
- Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Physiotherapy, Human Physiology and Anatomy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nolan Herssens
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,Space Medicine Team, European Astronaut Centre, European Space Agency, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Santens
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium,Research Group BrainComm, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Miet De Letter
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,Research Group BrainComm, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen Maes
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katie Bouche
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anke Van Bladel
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Gait Event Prediction Using Surface Electromyography in Parkinsonian Patients. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10020212. [PMID: 36829706 PMCID: PMC9951979 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gait disturbances are common manifestations of Parkinson's disease (PD), with unmet therapeutic needs. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) are capable of monitoring gait, but they lack neurophysiological information that may be crucial for studying gait disturbances in these patients. Here, we present a machine learning approach to approximate IMU angular velocity profiles and subsequently gait events using electromyographic (EMG) channels during overground walking in patients with PD. We recorded six parkinsonian patients while they walked for at least three minutes. Patient-agnostic regression models were trained on temporally embedded EMG time series of different combinations of up to five leg muscles bilaterally (i.e., tibialis anterior, soleus, gastrocnemius medialis, gastrocnemius lateralis, and vastus lateralis). Gait events could be detected with high temporal precision (median displacement of <50 ms), low numbers of missed events (<2%), and next to no false-positive event detections (<0.1%). Swing and stance phases could thus be determined with high fidelity (median F1-score of ~0.9). Interestingly, the best performance was obtained using as few as two EMG probes placed on the left and right vastus lateralis. Our results demonstrate the practical utility of the proposed EMG-based system for gait event prediction, which allows the simultaneous acquisition of an electromyographic signal to be performed. This gait analysis approach has the potential to make additional measurement devices such as IMUs and force plates less essential, thereby reducing financial and preparation overheads and discomfort factors in gait studies.
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López-Liria R, Vega-Tirado S, Valverde-Martínez MÁ, Calvache-Mateo A, Martínez-Martínez AM, Rocamora-Pérez P. Efficacy of Specific Trunk Exercises in the Balance Dysfunction of Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1817. [PMID: 36850413 PMCID: PMC9959840 DOI: 10.3390/s23041817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative pathology classified as a movement disorder. Physical exercise within a physiotherapy program is an important element to improve postural stability, balance and mobility in order to reduce falls in people with PD. The aim of this work was to determine the efficacy of specific balance and trunk mobility exercises, as well as their benefits for and effects on patients with idiopathic PD. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted according to PRISMA standards. The search was performed in five databases: Cochrane Library, SciELO, PEDro, Scopus and PubMed, in February 2022 with the following descriptors: Parkinson's disease, trunk, exercise, therapy and physical therapy. The inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) over the last ten years. A meta-analysis on static and dynamic balance was conducted with the software Review Manager. Nine articles met the objectives and inclusion criteria, with a total of 240 participants. The trials had moderate methodological quality according to the PEDro scale. The studies included differed with regard to intervention protocol and outcome measures. Finally, eight studies were included in a quantitative analysis in which it was shown that trunk-specific exercises interventions did not significantly improve static balance (SMD = -0.10, 95% CI = -0.29, 0.08; p = 0.28) or dynamic balance (SMD = 0.64 95% CI = -0.24, 1.52; p = 0.15). However, significant differences were found in static balance measured subjectively using the Berg Balance Scale (SMD = -0.52, 95% CI = -1.01, -0.02; p = 0.04). Although some differences were not significant, the studies included in this systematic review consider that specific trunk exercises or balance training combined with muscle strengthening in patients with idiopathic PD should be a complement to pharmacological treatment for improving balance dysfunction and postural instability, preventing falls and promoting wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remedios López-Liria
- Health Research Centre, Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almería, Carretera del Sacramento s/n, 04120 La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
| | - Sofía Vega-Tirado
- Hum-498 Research Team, University of Almería, 04120 La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Valverde-Martínez
- Health Research Centre, Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almería, Carretera del Sacramento s/n, 04120 La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
| | - Andrés Calvache-Mateo
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Av. De la Ilustración 60, 18016 Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Patricia Rocamora-Pérez
- Health Research Centre, Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almería, Carretera del Sacramento s/n, 04120 La Cañada de San Urbano, Almería, Spain
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Palmisano C, Beccaria L, Haufe S, Volkmann J, Pezzoli G, Isaias IU. Gait Initiation Impairment in Patients with Parkinson's Disease and Freezing of Gait. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:639. [PMID: 36354550 PMCID: PMC9687939 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9110639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Freezing of gait (FOG) is a sudden episodic inability to produce effective stepping despite the intention to walk. It typically occurs during gait initiation (GI) or modulation and may lead to falls. We studied the anticipatory postural adjustments (imbalance, unloading, and stepping phase) at GI in 23 patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and FOG (PDF), 20 patients with PD and no previous history of FOG (PDNF), and 23 healthy controls (HCs). Patients performed the task when off dopaminergic medications. The center of pressure (CoP) displacement and velocity during imbalance showed significant impairment in both PDNF and PDF, more prominent in the latter patients. Several measurements were specifically impaired in PDF patients, especially the CoP displacement along the anteroposterior axis during unloading. The pattern of segmental center of mass (SCoM) movements did not show differences between groups. The standing postural profile preceding GI did not correlate with outcome measurements. We have shown impaired motor programming at GI in Parkinsonian patients. The more prominent deterioration of unloading in PDF patients might suggest impaired processing and integration of somatosensory information subserving GI. The unaltered temporal movement sequencing of SCoM might indicate some compensatory cerebellar mechanisms triggering time-locked models of body mechanics in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Palmisano
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Laura Beccaria
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Haufe
- Uncertainty, Inverse Modeling and Machine Learning Group, Faculty IV Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technical University of Berlin, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Centro Parkinson, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Ioannis U. Isaias
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius-Maximilian-University, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
- Centro Parkinson, ASST Gaetano Pini-CTO, 20122 Milano, Italy
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Ramos GS, Silva-Batista C, Palma BP, Ugrinowitsch C, Cunha TFD. Risk of falls using the Biodex Balance System in non-faller patients with Parkinson Disease. Somatosens Mot Res 2022; 39:111-115. [PMID: 34930080 DOI: 10.1080/08990220.2021.2018295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Biodex Balance System (BBS) is a low-cost platform used to assess balance in different populations. However, no study has used this tool to evaluate the risk of falls related to balance changes in non-faller individuals with Parkinson Disease (PD). OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the changes in the balance in non-faller individuals with mild to moderate PD compared to healthy elders. METHODS Forty-six PD patients at stages 2 and 3 were assessed in the 'on' state (fully medicated) as well as 31 age-matched healthy controls. They were submitted to the fall risk protocol of BBS and performed three 20-s trials and a 60-s rest interval between the trials. RESULTS Non-faller PD patients had an increased instability when compared to the healthy controls in the anteroposterior (controls: 1.54 ± 1.00 vs. PD patients: 2.91 ± 0.93) and mediolateral directions (controls: 1.21 ± 0.57 vs. PD patients: 1.42 ± 0.46), resulting in a great overall instability in the PD patients (controls: 1.28 ± 0.61 vs. PD patients: 4.09 ± 1.22). A significant correlation between overall instability and UPDRS-III (motor symptoms) in individuals with PD was observed. CONCLUSION BBS was able to identify the risk of falls in non-fallers, showing that PD patients have a greater risk of falls in unstable conditions than age-matched healthy elders, mainly due to the large sway in the anteroposterior direction. Furthermore, the severity of motor symptoms was related to overall instability which can increase the risk of falls in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Silva Ramos
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carla Silva-Batista
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Exercise Neuroscience Research Group, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Telma Fátima da Cunha
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Paulista University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Palmisano C, Kullmann P, Hanafi I, Verrecchia M, Latoschik ME, Canessa A, Fischbach M, Isaias IU. A Fully-Immersive Virtual Reality Setup to Study Gait Modulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:783452. [PMID: 35399359 PMCID: PMC8983870 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.783452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Gait adaptation to environmental challenges is fundamental for independent and safe community ambulation. The possibility of precisely studying gait modulation using standardized protocols of gait analysis closely resembling everyday life scenarios is still an unmet need. Methods: We have developed a fully-immersive virtual reality (VR) environment where subjects have to adjust their walking pattern to avoid collision with a virtual agent (VA) crossing their gait trajectory. We collected kinematic data of 12 healthy young subjects walking in real world (RW) and in the VR environment, both with (VR/A+) and without (VR/A-) the VA perturbation. The VR environment closely resembled the RW scenario of the gait laboratory. To ensure standardization of the obstacle presentation the starting time speed and trajectory of the VA were defined using the kinematics of the participant as detected online during each walking trial. Results: We did not observe kinematic differences between walking in RW and VR/A-, suggesting that our VR environment per se might not induce significant changes in the locomotor pattern. When facing the VA all subjects consistently reduced stride length and velocity while increasing stride duration. Trunk inclination and mediolateral trajectory deviation also facilitated avoidance of the obstacle. Conclusions: This proof-of-concept study shows that our VR/A+ paradigm effectively induced a timely gait modulation in a standardized immersive and realistic scenario. This protocol could be a powerful research tool to study gait modulation and its derangements in relation to aging and clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Palmisano
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Chiara Palmisano
| | - Peter Kullmann
- Human-Computer Interaction, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ibrahem Hanafi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marta Verrecchia
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marc Erich Latoschik
- Human-Computer Interaction, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Canessa
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Martin Fischbach
- Human-Computer Interaction, Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ioannis Ugo Isaias
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Parkinson Institute Milan, ASST Pini-CTO, Milano, Italy
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9
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Pozzi NG, Isaias IU. Adaptive deep brain stimulation: Retuning Parkinson's disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 184:273-284. [PMID: 35034741 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819410-2.00015-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A brain-machine interface represents a promising therapeutic avenue for the treatment of many neurologic conditions. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an invasive, neuro-modulatory tool that can improve different neurologic disorders by delivering electric stimulation to selected brain areas. DBS is particularly successful in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD), where it allows sustained improvement of motor symptoms. However, this approach is still poorly standardized, with variable clinical outcomes. To achieve an optimal therapeutic effect, novel adaptive DBS (aDBS) systems are being developed. These devices operate by adapting stimulation parameters in response to an input signal that can represent symptoms, motor activity, or other behavioral features. Emerging evidence suggests greater efficacy with fewer adverse effects during aDBS compared with conventional DBS. We address this topic by discussing the basics principles of aDBS, reviewing current evidence, and tackling the many challenges posed by aDBS for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoló G Pozzi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg and Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ioannis U Isaias
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg and Julius Maximilian University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Wu Z, Xu H, Zhu S, Gu R, Zhong M, Jiang X, Shen B, Zhu J, Pan Y, Dong J, Yan J, Zhang W, Zhang L. Gait Analysis of Old Individuals with Mild Parkinsonian Signs and Those Individuals' Gait Performance Benefits Little from Levodopa. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:1109-1118. [PMID: 33758563 PMCID: PMC7979347 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s291669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Gait analysis and the effects of levodopa on the gait characteristics in Mild parkinsonian signs (MPS) are rarely published. The present research aimed to (1) analyze the gait characteristics in MPS; (2) explore the effects of levodopa on the gait performance of MPS. Methods We enrolled 22 inpatients with MPS and 20 healthy control subjects (HC) from Nanjing Brain Hospital. The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale was used to evaluate motor symptoms. Acute levodopa challenge test was performed to explore the effects of levodopa on the gait performance of MPS. The instrumented stand and walk test was conducted for each participant and the JiBuEn gait analysis system was used to collect gait data. Results For spatiotemporal parameters: Compared with HC, the state before taking levodopa/benserazide in MPS group (meds-off) demonstrated a decrease in stride length (SL) (p≤0.001), an increase in SL variability (p≤0.001), and swing phase time variability (p=0.016). Compared with meds-off, the state after 1 hour of taking levodopa/benserazide in MPS group (meds-on) exhibited an increase in SL (p≤0.001), a decrease in SL variability (p≤0.001). For kinematic parameters: Compared with HC, meds-off demonstrated a decrease in heel strike angle (p=0.008), range of motion (ROM) of knee joint (p=0.011) and ROM of hip joint (p=0.007). Compared with meds-off, meds-on exhibited an increase in HS (p≤0.001). Bradykinesia and rigidity scores were significantly correlated with gait parameters. Conclusion Although the clinical symptoms of the MPS group are mild, their gait damage is obvious and they exhibited a decreased SL and joints movement, and a more variable gait pattern. Levodopa had little effect on the gait performance of those individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Wu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Yancheng Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, Yancheng, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Zhu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruxin Gu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhong
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Jiang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Shen
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Pan
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingde Dong
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yan
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Mezzarobba S, Grassi M, Pellegrini L, Catalan M, Krüger B, Stragapede L, Manganotti P, Bernardis P. Action observation improves sit-to-walk in patients with Parkinson's disease and freezing of gait. Biomechanical analysis of performance. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 80:133-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Palmisano C, Todisco M, Marotta G, Volkmann J, Pacchetti C, Frigo CA, Pezzoli G, Isaias IU. Gait initiation in progressive supranuclear palsy: brain metabolic correlates. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 28:102408. [PMID: 33353609 PMCID: PMC7689404 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctional gait initiation in progressive supranuclear palsy relates to poor feedforward motor control. Hypometabolism of the caudate nucleus impairs programming of anticipatory postural adjustments. Thalamic hypometabolism correlates with the center of mass kinematic resultants of anticipatory postural adjustments.
The initiation of gait is a highly challenging task for the balance control system, and can be used to investigate the neural control of upright posture maintenance during whole-body movement. Gait initiation is a centrally-mediated motion achieved in a principled, controlled manner, including predictive mechanisms (anticipatory postural adjustments, APA) that destabilize the antigravitary postural set of body segments for the execution of functionally-optimized stepping. Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by early impairment of balance and frequent falls. The neural correlates of postural imbalance and falls in PSP are largely unknown. We biomechanically assessed the APA at gait initiation (imbalance, unloading, and stepping phases) of 26 patients with PSP and 14 age-matched healthy controls. Fourteen of 26 enrolled patients were able to perform valid gait initiation trials. The influence of anthropometric and base-of-support measurements on the biomechanical outcome variables was assessed and removed. Biomechanical data were correlated with clinical findings and, in 11 patients, with brain metabolic abnormalities measured using positron emission tomography and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose. Patients with PSP showed impaired modulation of the center of pressure displacement for a proper setting of the center of mass momentum and subsequent efficient stepping. Biomechanical measurements correlated with “Limb motor” and “Gait and midline” subscores of the Progressive Supranuclear Palsy Rating Scale. Decreased regional glucose uptake in the caudate nucleus correlated with impaired APA programming. Hypometabolism of the caudate nucleus, supplementary motor area, cingulate cortex, thalamus, and midbrain was associated with specific biomechanical resultants of APA. Our findings show that postural instability at gait initiation in patients with PSP correlates with deficient APA production, and is associated with multiple and distinctive dysfunctioning of different areas of the supraspinal locomotor network. Objective biomechanical measures can help to understand fall-related pathophysiological mechanisms and to better monitor disease progression and new interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Palmisano
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; MBMC Lab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Todisco
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Marotta
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claudio Pacchetti
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carlo A Frigo
- MBMC Lab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Ioannis U Isaias
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg and Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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13
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Pozzi NG, Canessa A, Palmisano C, Brumberg J, Steigerwald F, Reich MM, Minafra B, Pacchetti C, Pezzoli G, Volkmann J, Isaias IU. Freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease reflects a sudden derangement of locomotor network dynamics. Brain 2020; 142:2037-2050. [PMID: 31505548 PMCID: PMC6598629 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Freezing of gait is a disabling symptom of Parkinson's disease that causes a paroxysmal inability to generate effective stepping. The underlying pathophysiology has recently migrated towards a dysfunctional supraspinal locomotor network, but the actual network derangements during ongoing gait freezing are unknown. We investigated the communication between the cortex and the subthalamic nucleus, two main nodes of the locomotor network, in seven freely-moving subjects with Parkinson's disease with a novel deep brain stimulation device, which allows on-demand recording of subthalamic neural activity from the chronically-implanted electrodes months after the surgical procedure. Multisite neurophysiological recordings during (effective) walking and ongoing gait freezing were combined with kinematic measurements and individual molecular brain imaging studies. Patients walked in a supervised environment closely resembling everyday life challenges. We found that during (effective) walking, the cortex and subthalamic nucleus were synchronized in a low frequency band (4-13 Hz). In contrast, gait freezing was characterized in every patient by low frequency cortical-subthalamic decoupling in the hemisphere with less striatal dopaminergic innervation. Of relevance, this decoupling was already evident at the transition from normal (effective) walking into gait freezing, was maintained during the freezing episode, and resolved with recovery of the effective walking pattern. This is the first evidence for a decoding of the networked processing of locomotion in Parkinson's disease and suggests that freezing of gait is a 'circuitopathy' related to a dysfunctional cortical-subcortical communication. A successful therapeutic approach for gait freezing in Parkinson's disease should aim at directly targeting derangements of neural network dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoló G Pozzi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Canessa
- Fondazione Europea di Ricerca Biomedica (FERB Onlus), Cernusco s/N (Milan), Italy.,Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and System Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Palmisano
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, MBMC Lab, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Joachim Brumberg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Steigerwald
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martin M Reich
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Brigida Minafra
- Parkinson and Movement Disorder Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudio Pacchetti
- Parkinson and Movement Disorder Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ioannis U Isaias
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and Julius Maximilian University, Würzburg, Germany.,Centro Parkinson ASST G. Pini-CTO, Milan, Italy
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14
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Palmisano C, Brandt G, Vissani M, Pozzi NG, Canessa A, Brumberg J, Marotta G, Volkmann J, Mazzoni A, Pezzoli G, Frigo CA, Isaias IU. Gait Initiation in Parkinson's Disease: Impact of Dopamine Depletion and Initial Stance Condition. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:137. [PMID: 32211390 PMCID: PMC7068722 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Postural instability, in particular at gait initiation (GI), and resulting falls are a major determinant of poor quality of life in subjects with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Still, the contribution of the basal ganglia and dopamine on the feedforward postural control associated with this motor task is poorly known. In addition, the influence of anthropometric measures (AM) and initial stance condition on GI has never been consistently assessed. The biomechanical resultants of anticipatory postural adjustments contributing to GI [imbalance (IMB), unloading (UNL), and stepping phase) were studied in 26 unmedicated subjects with idiopathic PD and in 27 healthy subjects. A subset of 13 patients was analyzed under standardized medication conditions and the striatal dopaminergic innervation was studied in 22 patients using FP-CIT and SPECT. People with PD showed a significant reduction in center of pressure (CoP) displacement and velocity during the IMB phase, reduced first step length and velocity, and decreased velocity and acceleration of the center of mass (CoM) at toe off of the stance foot. All these measurements correlated with the dopaminergic innervation of the putamen and substantially improved with levodopa. These results were not influenced by anthropometric parameters or by the initial stance condition. In contrast, most of the measurements of the UNL phase were influenced by the foot placement and did not correlate with putaminal dopaminergic innervation. Our results suggest a significant role of dopamine and the putamen particularly in the elaboration of the IMB phase of anticipatory postural adjustments and in the execution of the first step. The basal ganglia circuitry may contribute to defining the optimal referent body configuration for a proper initiation of gait and possibly gait adaptation to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Palmisano
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg and The Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,MBMC Lab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Gregor Brandt
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg and The Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matteo Vissani
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Nicoló G Pozzi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg and The Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Canessa
- Fondazione Europea di Ricerca Biomedica (FERB Onlus), Cernusco s/N (Milan), Italy
| | - Joachim Brumberg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg and The Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Giorgio Marotta
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg and The Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alberto Mazzoni
- Translational Neural Engineering Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy
| | | | - Carlo A Frigo
- MBMC Lab, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ioannis U Isaias
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg and The Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Palakurthi B, Burugupally SP. Postural Instability in Parkinson's Disease: A Review. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9090239. [PMID: 31540441 PMCID: PMC6770017 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9090239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a heterogeneous progressive neurodegenerative disorder, which typically affects older adults; it is predicted that by 2030 about 3% of the world population above 65 years of age is likely to be affected. At present, the diagnosis of PD is clinical, subjective, nonspecific, and often inadequate. There is a need to quantify the PD factors for an objective disease assessment. Among the various factors, postural instability (PI) is unresponsive to the existing treatment strategies resulting in morbidity. In this work, we review the physiology and pathophysiology of postural balance that is essential to treat PI among PD patients. Specifically, we discuss some of the reported factors for an early PI diagnosis, including age, nervous system lesions, genetic mutations, abnormal proprioception, impaired reflexes, and altered biomechanics. Though the contributing factors to PI have been identified, how their quantification to grade PI severity in a patient can help in treatment is not fully understood. By contextualizing the contributing factors, we aim to assist the future research efforts that underpin posturographical and histopathological studies to measure PI in PD. Once the pathology of PI is established, effective diagnostic tools and treatment strategies could be developed to curtail patient falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Palakurthi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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