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Zuleger TM, Slutsky-Ganesh AB, Kim H, Anand M, Warren SM, Grooms DR, Yuan W, Riley MA, Gore RK, Myer GD, Diekfuss JA. Differential neural mechanisms for movement adaptations following neuromuscular training in young female athletes with a history of sports-related concussion. Neuroscience 2024; 558:70-80. [PMID: 39154844 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Sports-related concussion (SRC) in adolescent athletes is associated with an increased risk of subsequent lower extremity injury. Neuromuscular training (NMT) has shown promise for reducing lower extremity injuries following SRC, however, neural adaptations in response to changes in lower extremity biomechanics following NMT in athletes with a history of SRC (HxSRC) remains poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify changes in neural activity associated with lower extremity movement adaptations following a six-week NMT intervention in athletes with a HxSRC. Thirty-two right-hand/foot-dominant female adolescent athletes (16 with self-reported HxSRC, 16 age- and anthropometrically-matched controls) completed a bilateral leg press task with 3D motion analysis during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Movement adaptations were defined as a change in frontal and sagittal plane range of motion (ROM) during the fMRI bilateral leg press task. Significant pre- to post-NMT reductions were observed in the non-dominant (left) mean frontal plane ROM. Whole-brain neural correlate analysis revealed that increased cerebellar activity was significantly associated with reduced mean left-knee frontal ROM for matched controls. Exploratory within group analyses identified neural correlates in the postcentral gyrus for the HxSRC group which was associated with reduced mean left-knee frontal plane ROM. These distinct longitudinal changes provide preliminary evidence of differential neural activity associated with NMT to support knee frontal plane control in athletes with and without a HxSRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Zuleger
- Emory Sports Performance And Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA; Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Alexis B Slutsky-Ganesh
- Emory Sports Performance And Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA; Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - HoWon Kim
- Ohio Musculoskeletal & Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Manish Anand
- Emory Sports Performance And Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA; Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shayla M Warren
- Emory Sports Performance And Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA; Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dustin R Grooms
- Ohio Musculoskeletal & Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA; Division of Athletic Training, School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA; Division of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation and Communication Sciences, College of Health Science and Professions, Ohio University, Grover Center, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Weihong Yuan
- Pediatric Neuroimaging Research Consortium, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Michael A Riley
- Department of Rehabilitation, Exercise, & Nutrition Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Human Performance & Neuromechanics Lab, University of Cincinnati Digital Futures, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Russell K Gore
- Shepherd Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory D Myer
- Emory Sports Performance And Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA; Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Waltham, MA, USA; Youth Physical Development Centre, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Wales, UK
| | - Jed A Diekfuss
- Emory Sports Performance And Research Center (SPARC), Flowery Branch, GA, USA; Emory Sports Medicine Center, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Vitharana TN, King E, Moran K. Sensorimotor Dysfunction Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction- an Afferent Perspective: A Scoping Review. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2024; 19:1410-1437. [PMID: 38179582 PMCID: PMC10761632 DOI: 10.26603/001c.90862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sensorimotor dysfunction is thought to occur following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury which may have implications on future reinjury risk. Dysfunction has been demonstrated within the efferent component of the sensorimotor system. However, no reviews have examined the two main components of the afferent system: the visual and somatosensory systems. Hypothesis/Purpose This study aimed to report differences in function (central processing and local processing) within the (1) somatosensory and (2) visual systems between individuals following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and healthy controls (between-subject). The study also aimed to report differences in function within the two systems between the two limbs of an individual following ACLR (within-subject). Study Design Scoping review. Methods A search was conducted in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Medline and Embase up until September 2021. Level I-IV studies assessing somatosensory and visual systems were included if they compared ACLR limbs to the uninjured contralateral limb (within-subject) or a healthy control limb (between-group). The function of somatosensory and visual systems was assessed across both central processing (processing of information in the central cortex) and local processing (all other assessments outside of central processing of information). Results Seventy studies were identified (52 somatosensory, 18 visual). Studies examining somatosensory central processing demonstrated significant differences; 66% of studies exhibited within-subject differences and 100% of the studies exhibited between-group differences. Studies examining local somatosensory processing had mixed findings; 40% of the 'joint position sense (JPS)' and 'threshold to detect motion (TTDM)' studies showed significant within-subject differences (JPS=0.8°-3.8° and TTDPM=0.2°-1.4°) and 42% demonstrated significant between-group differences (JPS=0.4°-5° and TTDPM=0.3°-2.8°). Eighty-three percent of visual central processing studies demonstrated significant dysfunction between-groups with no studies assessing within-subject differences. Fifty percent of the studies examining local visual processing demonstrated a significant between-group difference. Conclusion Significant differences in central processing exist within somatosensory and visual systems following ACLR. There is mixed evidence regarding local somatosensory and visual processing. Increased compensation by the visual system and local visual processing dysfunction may occur in conjunction with somatosensory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilina N Vitharana
- Sports Medicine Sports Surgery Clinic
- School of Health and Human Performance Dublin City University
| | - Enda King
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital
- Department of Life Sciences University of Roehampton
| | - Kieran Moran
- School of Health and Human Performance Dublin City University
- Insight Centre for Data Analytics Dublin City University
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Wang K, Cheng L, Wang B, He B. Effect of isokinetic muscle strength training on knee muscle strength, proprioception, and balance ability in athletes with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a randomised control trial. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1237497. [PMID: 37795267 PMCID: PMC10546193 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1237497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of regular isokinetic muscle strength training on knee muscle strength, proprioception, and balance ability in athletes after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Methods: Forty-one athletes who underwent ACL reconstruction were randomly divided into the experimental (n = 21) and control (n = 20) groups. The experimental group used an isokinetic muscle strength tester for 4 weeks (five times/ week) of knee flexion and extension isokinetic muscle strength training. The control group used the knee joint trainer (pneumatic resistance) for the same exercise regimen as the experimental group. Results: 1) Four weeks when compared with the baseline. Experimental group: the knee flexion and extension PT (60°/s and 240°/s) increased by 31.7%, 40.3%, 23.4%, and 42.9% (p < 0.01), and the flexion muscular endurance increased by 21.4% and 19.7% (p < 0.01). The flexion and extension kinaesthesia and the 30° and 60° position sense decreased by 36.2%, 32.3%, 40.0%, and 18.9% (p < 0.05). The anterior-posterior and medial-lateral displacement and speed decreased by 30.2%, 44.2%, 38.4%, and 24.0% (p < 0.05). Control group: the knee peak torque (60°/s) increased by 18.8% (p < 0.01). The anterior-posterior and medial-lateral displacement and speed decreased by 14.9%, 40.0%, 26.8%, and 19.5% (p < 0.01). 2) After 4 weeks, compared with the control group, the knee flexion and extension peak torque (60°/s), extension, peak torque (240°/s), and extension muscular endurance of the treatment group increased to varying degrees (p < 0.05). However, the kinaesthesia, 30° position sense, and anterior-posterior displacement decreased to varying degrees (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Adding regular isokinetic muscle strength training to rehabilitation training further improved the knee flexion and extensor strength and extensor endurance of athletes with ACL reconstruction, as well as enhanced the kinaesthesia and 30° position sense and the balance between the anterior and posterior directions. However, the treatment had limited effects on knee flexion kinaesthesia and muscle endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Wang
- Post-Doctoral Scientific Research Workstation of Affiliated Sport Hospital, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- School of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingcheng Wang
- Jinling Hospital, General Hospital of Eastern Theater Command, Nanjing, China
| | - Benxiang He
- Sichuan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Wong CY(T, Mok KM, Yung SH(P. Secondary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Training in Athletes: What Is the Missing Link? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4821. [PMID: 36981735 PMCID: PMC10049415 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
After reconstruction, the return to full competition rate of athletes is low, while the re-injury rate remains high despite the completion of a rehabilitation programme. Primary ACL prevention programmes are well developed, yet few research papers focus on secondary ACL injury prevention. The aim of current review is to determine if current ACL secondary prevention training has a positive influence on the re-injury rate, the clinical or functional outcomes, or the risk of re-injury in athletes. Studies investigating secondary prevention of ACL were searched in PubMed and EBSCOhost, followed by a review of the references in the identified articles. The existing evidence suggests that neuromuscular training, eccentric strengthening, and plyometric exercises may have a potential impact on improving biomechanical, functional, and psychological outcomes in athletes; however, the studies on the prevention of second ACL injury in athletes is scarce and inconclusive. Future research is needed to investigate the effectiveness of secondary ACL prevention in reducing the re-injury rates. (PROSPERO Registration number: CRD42021291308).
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Affiliation(s)
- Choi-Yan (Tiffany) Wong
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (C.-Y.W.); (K.-M.M.)
| | - Kam-Ming Mok
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (C.-Y.W.); (K.-M.M.)
- Office of Student Affairs, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
- School of Interdisciplinary Studies, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shu-Hang (Patrick) Yung
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (C.-Y.W.); (K.-M.M.)
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Hamoongard M, Hadadnezhad M, Abbasi A. Effect of combining eight weeks of neuromuscular training with dual cognitive tasks on landing mechanics in futsal players with knee ligament dominance defect: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:196. [DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00593-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The performing of jump and landing in futsal simultaneous with divided attention is one of the most common mechanisms of non-contact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Neuromuscular training has effectively reduced the risk of ACL injury, but the effect of neurocognitive training has received less attention. This study investigated the effect of combining 8 weeks of neuromuscular training with dual cognitive tasks on the landing mechanics of futsal players with knee ligament dominance defects.
Methods
Thirty male futsal players (mean ± SD: age: 21.86 ± 3.27 years) with knee ligament dominance defects were purposefully identified by the tuck jump test and were randomly divided into the intervention and the control group. The intervention group performed dual task (DT) training for three weekly sessions for 8 weeks and 60 min each, while the control group only did activities of daily living. During the drop vertical jump test, 2D landing kinematics in two moments of initial contact (IC) and full flexion (FF) were assessed. Data were analyzed by means of 2 × 2 repeated measures ANOVA followed by post hoc comparison (Bonferroni) at the significance level of (α ≤ 0.05).
Results
A significant improvement was observed in the intervention group compared to the control group for the dynamic knee valgus at IC (F1,28 = 6.33; P = 0.02, ES = 0.31) and FF (F1,28 = 13.47; P = 0.003, ES = 0.49), knee flexion at IC (F1,28 = 20.08; P = 0.001, ES = 0.41) and FF (F1,28 = 13.67; P = 0.001, ES = 0.32), ankle dorsiflexion at IC (F1,28 = 37.17; P = 0.001, ES = 0.72) and FF (F1,28 = 14.52; P = 0.002, ES = 0.50), and trunk flexion at FF (F1,28 = 20.48; P = 0.001, ES = 0.59) angles. Changes in the trunk flexion at IC (F1,28 = 0.54; P = 0.47, ES = 0.03) and trunk lateral flexion at IC (F1,28 = 0.006; P = 0.93, ES = 0.00) and FF (F1,28 = 2.44; P = 0.141, ES = 0.148) angles were not statistically significant.
Conclusions
DT training compared to the control group improved landing mechanics in futsal players with knee ligament dominance defects.
Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials using the IRCT website with ID number IRCT20210602051477N1 prospectively registered on 20/06/2021.
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Piedade SR, Leite Arruda BP, de Vasconcelos RA, Parker DA, Maffulli N. Rehabilitation And Advances In Surgical Reconstruction For Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insufficiency: What Has Changed Since The 1960s? - State Of The Art. J ISAKOS 2022:S2059-7754(22)00094-3. [PMID: 36410671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jisako.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) insufficiency can be disabling, given the physical and sports activity constraints that negatively impact the quality of life. Consequently, surgery is the main approach for most active patients. Nonetheless, ACL reconstruction (ACLR) cannot be successful without adequate preoperative and postoperative rehabilitation. Since the 1960s, post-ACLR rehabilitation has evolved, mainly from advances in surgery, coupled with a better understanding of the biological concepts of graft revascularization, maturation and integration, which have impacted ACL postoperative rehabilitation protocols. However, new technologies do involve a definite learning curve which could affect rehabilitation programs and produce inconsistent results. The development of rehabilitation protocols cannot be defined without an accurate diagnosis of ACL injury and considering the patient's main physical demands and expectations. This article discusses how postoperative rehabilitation following ACLR has changed from the 1960s to now, focussing on surgical technique (type of tendon graft, fixation devices, and graft tensioning), biological concepts (graft maturation and integration), rehabilitation protocols (prevention of ACL injuries, preoperative rehabilitation, postoperative rehabilitation), criteria to return to sports, patient's reported outcomes and outcome. Although rehabilitation plays an essential role in managing ACL injuries, it cannot be fully standardised preoperatively or postoperatively. Preoperative and postoperative rehabilitation should be based on an accurate clinical diagnosis, patients' understanding of their injury, graft tissue biology and biomechanics, surgical technique, the patient's physical demands and expectations, geographical differences in ACL rehabilitation and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio R Piedade
- Exercise and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology, and Traumatology, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, 13083-887, Brazil.
| | | | | | - David A Parker
- Sydney Orthopaedic Research Institute, Chatswood, NSW 206, Australia
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, 275 Bancroft Road, London E1 4DG, UK
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Tapajcikova T, Líška D, Batalik L, Tucker CP, Kobesova A. Levels of Gnostic Functions in Top Karate Athletes-A Pilot Study. Motor Control 2022; 26:258-277. [PMID: 35290959 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2021-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-quality sensory perception and body scheme (somatognosis) are important aspects for sport performance. This study compares stereognosis, body scheme, and kinesthesia in a group of 36 competitive karate athletes against a control group of 32 general population participants. The stereognosis Petrie test, two body scheme tests, and three kinesthesia tests served as outcome measurement tools. No significant difference was found in the stereognosis Petrie test, for the dominant (p = .389) or the nondominant (p = .791) hand, nor in the kinesthesia test (dominant, p = .661 and nondominant, p = .051). Karate athletes performed significantly better in the body scheme tests, that is, fist width estimation (p = .024) and shoulder width estimation (p = .019), as well as in karate-specific kinesthesia tests, that is, single punch (p = .010) and triple punch (p = .001). This study confirms competitive karate athletes have significantly better somatognosis, and better accuracy when performing quick dynamic movements compared with the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Tapajcikova
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Healthcare, Slovak Medical University, Banska Bystrica,Slovakia
| | - Dávid Líška
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Arts, Matej Bel University, Banska Bystrica,Slovakia
| | - Ladislav Batalik
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno,Czech Republic
| | - Clea P Tucker
- School of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Food Science, California State University, CA,USA
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague,Czech Republic
| | - Alena Kobesova
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague,Czech Republic
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