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Pennock K, Tamminen KA, McKenzie B, Mainwaring L. A grounded theory of youth athlete concussion under-reporting decisions. Psychol Sport Exerc 2024; 73:102646. [PMID: 38604573 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sport-related concussions leave youth vulnerable to significant health, physical, social, and educational disruptions. Many youth athletes under-report concussions, but the scope of the issue for this population is not well understood, nor are the underlying motivations for (under)reporting. It is necessary to examine the relationship between sport-related concussion knowledge and reporting and invite athletes to share their decision-making processes. The purpose of the research was to understand how athletes' attitudes, experiences and beliefs regarding concussions influence their under-reporting decisions and behaviours. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with 17 elite athletes, aged 16-18 years, from individual and team sports. Data were analyzed using constructivist grounded theory and a substantive theoretical model of sport-related concussion under-reporting was developed. RESULTS The model demonstrates personal, social, cultural, and biophysical processes that contribute to under-reporting decisions and identifies multiple interconnected processes that contribute to 'high-risk' situations of under-reporting. Youth athletes navigate various barriers and facilitators to under-reporting, including their own desire to play, perceived stigma, concussion sense-making, and social influences. Results suggest that under-reporting by youth athletes implicates a collective, rather than individual, responsibility. CONCLUSIONS A theoretical grounded model for youth sport-related concussion under-reporting highlights the complexity of the decision-making process. This study offers a new framework for understanding why youth athletes may hide concussion symptoms. The model offers potential to be used to develop concussion interventions and tools for improved decision-making, and to address issues of risk and responsibility concerning concussion reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleigh Pennock
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | | | - Braeden McKenzie
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Lynda Mainwaring
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Kolnes LJ, Stensrud T, Andersen OK. A multidimensional strategy to managing dysfunctional breathing and exercise-induced laryngeal obstruction in adolescent athletes. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:13. [PMID: 38212851 PMCID: PMC10782679 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00804-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise induced laryngeal obstruction (EILO) causes inspiratory distress in the upper airway in many adolescent athletes. The nature of EILO is not fully understood, and effective management strategies are lacking. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of a multidimensional individually tailored intervention, including Norwegian Psychomotor Physiotherapy (NPMP), elements of cognitive behavioural therapy and a rehabilitation plan, in reducing inspiratory distress and dysfunctional breathing in adolescent athletes with EILO. METHODS A mixed methods design, which combined qualitative and quantitative research, was used. Data, including subjective experiences of respiratory distress, findings from body examinations and objective measurements of lung function and aerobic capacity were gathered before and after a five month intervention involving 18 participants. RESULTS Following the intervention, the participants showed a reduction in respiratory distress and anxiousness associated with their breathing difficulties. Furthermore, the participants reported to be more in control of their breathing. The body assessments revealed a more functional breathing motion and improved posture, which imply that the breathing was less thoracic and more diaphragmatic in rest and exercise in all participants after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that a multidimensional individually tailored intervention, including NPMP based physiotherapy, cognitive behavioural therapy elements, and a rehabilitation plan may reduce inspiratory distress and dysfunctional breathing in athletes with EILO. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration and Results system NCT06033755, date of registration: September12, 2023. Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv-Jorunn Kolnes
- Faculty of Health, VID Specialized University, Diakonveien 12-18, 0370, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Trine Stensrud
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
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Firouzjah MH, Hower H, Shahrbanian S. Associations between physical activity, mental health concerns, eating disorder symptoms, and emotional intelligence in adolescent athletes transitioning from COVID-19. J Eat Disord 2024; 12:2. [PMID: 38169446 PMCID: PMC10759499 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00961-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that COVID-19 significantly disrupted the routines of school sports for adolescent athletes. In transitioning from this "change event," athletes may need support with resuming their pre-pandemic level of activities, and addressing their ongoing mental health concerns, including exacerbated eating disorder symptoms. Emotional intelligence (the ability to understand emotions, influencing decisions and motivation) is a factor that has not yet been studied during this transition, but may serve as a coping mechanism for altered physical activity, mental health, and eating disorder symptoms. METHODS Participants of the study included 315 Iranian adolescent athletes who transitioned back to 1 of 10 sports post quarantine restrictions (January 2022-January 2023). Physical activity and related stages of motivation for behavioral change were assessed by the Physical Activity Stages of Change Questionnaire, mental health concerns were assessed by the General Health Questionnaire-28, eating disorder symptoms were assessed by the Eating Attitudes Test-26, and emotional intelligence was assessed by the Schutte Self-Report Emotional Intelligence Test. RESULTS A three-way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was conducted in order to test the overall differences between the 5 physical activity and behavioral change motivation groups (Pre-Contemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, and Maintenance) on each of the 3 health measures (mental health concerns, eating disorder symptoms, and emotional intelligence); significant main effects were found for each measure. Fischer's Least Significant Difference Post-Hoc Test indicated that there were significant differences between the Pre-Contemplation and Preparation groups, as well as the Preparation and Action groups, on all of the health measure mean variable scores, which contributed to the MANOVA significant main effects. CONCLUSIONS Participants in the Pre-Contemplation group (not intending to make behavioral changes within the next 6 months) had less mental health, higher eating pathology, and lower emotional intelligence, compared to participants who were in the Preparation group (intending to make behavioral changes within the next 1 month). Similarly, participants in the Preparation group had less mental health, higher eating pathology, and lower emotional intelligence, compared to participants who were in the Action group (has made specific, overt behavioral changes within the preceding 6 months). Overall, the findings from the current study highlight the need for sports professionals working with adolescent athletes transitioning from COVID-19 to monitor these aspects of mental, eating, and emotional health. Given that those in earlier motivation stages had more health concerns compared to those in later stages, professionals should encourage progression from the Pre-Contemplation to Action/Maintenance stage in order to improve health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Heather Hower
- Department of Psychiatry, Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 4510 Executive Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA.
| | - Shahnaz Shahrbanian
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
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Brett BL, Cohen AD, McCrea MA, Wang Y. Longitudinal alterations in cerebral perfusion following a season of adolescent contact sport participation compared to non-contact athletes. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 40:103538. [PMID: 37956583 PMCID: PMC10666028 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral blood flow (CBF) change, a non-invasive marker of head injury, has yet to be thoroughly investigated as a potential consequence of repetitive head impacts (RHI) via contact sport participation in youth athletes. We examined pre-to post-season differences in relative CBF (rCBF), arterial transit time (ATT), and neurocognition between adolescent contact sport (CS; 79.4% of which were football players) and non-contact sport (NCS) athletes. METHODS Adolescent athletes (N = 57; age = 14.70 ± 1.97) completed pre- and post-season clinical assessments and neuroimaging. Brain perfusion was evaluated using an advanced 3D pseudo-continuous ASL sequence with Hadamard encoded multiple post-labeling delays. Mixed-effect models tested group-by-time interactions for rCBF, ATT, and neurocognition. RESULTS A significant group-by-time interaction was observed for rCBF in a cluster consisting primarily of frontal and parietal lobe regions, with regional rCBF increasing in CS and decreasing among NCS athletes. No significant interaction was observed for ATT. A significant group-by-time interaction was observed for verbal memory and visual motor speed, with NCS athletes improving and CS athletes exhibiting lower performance from pre-to post-season in comparison. CONCLUSIONS Alterations in rCBF and variability in cognition, not purported neurovasculature changes (measured by ATT), were observed following one season of CS participation. Further study surrounding the clinical meaningfulness of these findings, as they related to adverse long-term outcomes, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Brett
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Neurosurgery, United States.
| | - Alex D Cohen
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Radiology, United States
| | - Michael A McCrea
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Neurosurgery, United States
| | - Yang Wang
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Radiology, United States.
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Daley MM, Shoop J, Christino MA. Mental Health in the Specialized Athlete. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2023; 16:410-418. [PMID: 37326758 PMCID: PMC10427563 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-023-09851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to interpret the existing evidence regarding the psychological aspects of sport specialization within the context of a developmental framework. RECENT FINDINGS The growing trend toward early sport specialization is associated with increased risk for injury and burnout, both of which have significant implications for mental health. Mental health literacy programs designed to promote awareness, decrease stigma, and encourage help-seeking behaviors can be an effective way to increase resilience and early recognition of those in need. The trend toward early sport specialization is likely motivated in large part by the expectation that it will increase the likelihood of long-term athletic success. However, recent studies suggest that the majority of elite athletes delay specialization at least until mid to late adolescence. It is essential to consider the developmental psychology of children and adolescents and to avoid imposing expectations that are beyond their neurocognitive capabilities. In addition to depression, anxiety, and burnout, young athletes who are pressured to perform to excessively high standards are likely to internalize athletic failures as feelings of shame. This can lead to maladaptive perfectionistic traits and potentially overtraining, clinical eating disorders, or other harmful behaviors that will result in declines in performance, physical health, and overall wellbeing. Further work is needed to better inform sport-specific recommendations regarding sport specialization and to optimize the beneficial effects of sport participation while limiting the risks of harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Daley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Jamie Shoop
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Melissa A. Christino
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Wall J, McGowan E, Meehan W, Wilson F. "Back pain is part of sport … I'm just gonna have to live with it": Exploring the lived experience of sport-related low back pain in adolescent athletes. Phys Ther Sport 2023; 62:71-78. [PMID: 37423050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2023.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the lived experience of adolescent athletes reporting an episode of sport-related low back pain (LBP), including effects on daily life, relationships with parent/guardians, teammates, and coaches with relation to LBP, experiences of management/treatment, and understanding of LBP. DESIGN Qualitative interviewing using online video conferencing platforms. PARTICIPANTS Athletes aged 10-19 years old who experienced low back pain within the year prior to interviewing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Interview transcripts, Modified Oswestry Disability Index, and International Physical Activity Questionnaire. RESULTS Three main themes were developed 1) The culture of normalising LBP in sport negates safeguarding efforts aimed at protecting adolescent athletes against injury and pain 2) LBP changes how athletes are perceived and perceive themselves 3) LBP has broad effects on the well-being of adolescent athletes. CONCLUSIONS The lived experience of LBP for adolescent athletes is impacted by the culture of tolerance of pain and injury in sport. Further steps should be taken to implement safeguarding measures in a way that adequately protects adolescent athletes who experience pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Wall
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Emer McGowan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - William Meehan
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Ireland
| | - Fiona Wilson
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Hammami R, Nobari H, Hanen W, Gene-Morales J, Rebai H, Colado JC, Ardigò LP. Exploring of two different equated instability resistance training programs on measure of physical fitness and lower limb asymmetry in pre-pubertal weightlifters. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:40. [PMID: 36959677 PMCID: PMC10037902 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00652-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous research in pediatric populations has reported performance enhancements following instability resistance training, the effects of different volumes on measures of balance, strength and power and lower limb asymmetry remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of two 8-week instability resistance training programs (IRT1: 2 sets x 8 repetitions, 20% one-repetition maximum (1RM); IRT2: 2 sets x 4 repetitions, 40% 1RM) in balance (center of pressure displacements), 1RM, single-leg jumps, and inter-limb asymmetry of prepubescent weightlifters. METHODS Thirty-two male athletes (10.94 ± 0.47 yrs, 17.05 ± 0.14 kg/m2, and 6.44 ± 0.93% bodyfat) voluntarily participated and combined IRT (front and back squat, lunge, and deadlift) with their usual weightlifting training. Nonparametric tests evaluated the differences between pre- and post-intervention. RESULTS Significant improvements were encountered in all the variables for both groups (effect sizes [ES] from 0.46 to 2.60), except the inter-limb asymmetry and the velocity of displacement of the center of pressure, which did not improve in IRT2. It is also worth highlighting that in the single-leg jumps and center of pressure displacements, whereas no significant differences were observed between IRT1 and IRT2 in the baseline, significant differences appeared in the follow-up measurements. CONCLUSION IRT combined with weight-lifting training improves prepubescent weightlifters' performance; therefore, strength and conditioning coaches may consider including unstable devices with low loads into an overall conditioning program and warm-ups for prepuberal male weightlifters to promote their physical fitness and potentially decrease inter-limb asymmetry. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study does not report results related to healthcare interventions using human participants; therefore, it was not prospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raouf Hammami
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricity, Sport, and Health LR19JS01, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran.
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, Cáceres, 10003, Spain.
| | - Werfelli Hanen
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar-Said, University of La Manouba, Tunis, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricity, Sport, and Health LR19JS01, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Javier Gene-Morales
- Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES) research group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Research Institute on Traffic and Road Safety (INTRAS), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Haithem Rebai
- Research Laboratory Education, Motricity, Sport, and Health LR19JS01, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Juan C Colado
- Prevention and Health in Exercise and Sport (PHES) research group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Teacher Education, NLA University College, Linstows Gate 3, Oslo, 0166, Norway
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Bonke EM, Clauwaert A, Hillmann SM, Tacke U, Seer C, Yhang E, Tripodis Y, Sandmo SB, Wiegand TLT, Kaufmann D, Kaufmann E, Richmond SB, Gaubert M, Seitz-Holland J, Leemans A, Swinnen SP, Bahr R, Pasternak O, Heinen F, Koerte IK, Bonfert MV, Gooijers J. Neurological soft signs are associated with reduced medial-lateral postural control in adolescent athletes. J Neurol Sci 2023; 445:120516. [PMID: 36702068 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neurological soft signs (NSS) are minor deviations from the norm in motor performance that are commonly assessed using neurological examinations. NSS may be of clinical relevance for evaluating the developmental status of adolescents. Here we investigate whether quantitative force plate measures may add relevant information to observer-based neurological examinations. METHODS Male adolescent athletes (n = 141) aged 13-16 years from three European sites underwent a neurological examination including 28 tests grouped into six functional clusters. The performance of tests and functional clusters was rated as optimal/non-optimal resulting in NSS+/NSS- groups and a continuous total NSS score. Participants performed a postural control task on a Balance Tracking System measured as path length, root mean square and sway area. ANCOVAs were applied to test for group differences in postural control between the NSS+ and NSS- group, and between optimal/non-optimal performance on a cluster- and test-level. Moreover, we tested for correlations between the total NSS score and postural control variables. RESULTS There was no significant overall difference between the NSS+ and NSS- group in postural control. However, non-optimal performing participants in the diadochokinesis test swayed significantly more in the medial-lateral direction than optimal performing participants. Moreover, a lower total NSS score was associated with reduced postural control in the medial-lateral direction. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that NSS are related to postural control in adolescent athletes. Thus, force plate measures may add a quantitative, objective measurement of postural control to observer-based qualitative assessments, and thus, may complement clinical testing.
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Arima S, Maeda N, Tsutsumi S, Ishihara H, Ikuta Y, Ushio K, Fujishita H, Kobayashi T, Komiya M, Morikawa M, Adachi N, Urabe Y. Association of the intrinsic foot muscles and plantar fascia with repetitive rebound jumping and jump landing in adolescent athletes: An ultrasound-based study. Gait Posture 2023; 99:146-151. [PMID: 36436441 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characteristics of foot structure in adolescents and adults are different, affecting sports performance and leading to the progression of foot and lower extremity disorders. RESEARCH QUESTION This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the intrinsic foot muscles (IFM) and plantar fascia morphology and the repetitive rebound jumping and jump landing ability in adolescent athletes. METHODS A total of 60 adolescent athletes (35 boys and 25 girls) participated in this study. B-mode ultrasonography was used to obtain images of the IFM and plantar fascia morphology [thickness and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the abductor hallucis (AbH), flexor hallucis brevis (FHB), flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), and thickness of the plantar fascia]. The repetitive rebound jump performance was evaluated using the Optojump™ system. Participants were instructed to jump five times continuously with one leg, jumping as high as possible with minimal ground contact time. The jump landing was assessed by measuring the dynamic posture stability index (DPSI) using forward one-legged jump landings. RESULTS The thickness and CSA of the AbH and FDB were positively correlated with the jump height and reactive jump index. The DPSI score was significantly correlated with the thickness of the AbH, but not with other IFMs or plantar fascia. In the multiple regression analysis, only the thickness of the FDB was associated with the jump height and reactive jump index, indicating that FDB thickness might facilitate adolescent athletes to jump higher with minimal contact time in repetitive rebounding movements. SIGNIFICANCE The IFM (especially FDB) should be focused on when examining sports performance in adolescent athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Arima
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Noriaki Maeda
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shogo Tsutsumi
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Honoka Ishihara
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yasunari Ikuta
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kai Ushio
- Sports Medical Center, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Hironori Fujishita
- Sports Medical Center, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Toshiki Kobayashi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 11 Yuk Choi Road, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
| | - Makoto Komiya
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Masanori Morikawa
- Center for Gerontology and Social Science, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Japan
| | - Nobuo Adachi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukio Urabe
- Department of Sports Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan.
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Snyder Valier AR, Rogo J, Bay RC, Valovich Mcleod TC. Interpreting patient-rated outcome measures in adolescent patients following concussion. Brain Inj 2022; 36:1258-1265. [PMID: 36107010 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2022.2120209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate scale scores for patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures that classify patients as improved or unimproved at days 3 and 10 post-concussion. METHODS Data from 187 adolescent patients who sustained a concussion (150 males, 32 females, 5 not reported) were analyzed. Patients completed the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), PedsQL Multidimensional Fatigue Scale (MFS), Headache Impact Test (HIT-6), and Global Rating of Change (GROC) on days 3 and 10 post-concussion. Dependent variables: PedsQL total score, 3 MFS subscale scores [general (MFS-GF), sleep (MFS-SLF), cognitive (MFS-CF) fatigue], and HIT-6 total score. Higher scores on PedsQL and MFS indicate better health; lower scores on HIT-6 indicate less impact on headache-related health. GROC ascertained patient-perceived magnitude of change in health status since concussion. Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve analyses estimated PRO cut-point scores that classified patients as improved or unimproved. RESULTS Day 3 PRO cut-points: PedsQL total = 90; MFS-GF = 73; MSF-CF = 85; MFS-SLF = 81; and HIT-6 total = 54. Day 10 PRO cut-points: PedsQL total = 91; MFS-GF = 85; MFS-CF = 85; MFS-SLF = 90; and HIT-6 total = 51. CONCLUSIONS Our results define PedsQL, MFS, and HIT-6 scores as they relate to perceived improvement following concussive injuries. Cut-point scale scores help clinicians interpret concussion PROs and make informed decisions during the management of patients with concussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison R Snyder Valier
- Department of Athletic Training, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA.,Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA.,Department of Research Support, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA.,School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA
| | - Jessica Rogo
- Department of Athletic Training, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA.,Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA
| | - R Curtis Bay
- Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA
| | - Tamara C Valovich Mcleod
- Department of Athletic Training, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA.,Department of Interdisciplinary Health Sciences, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA.,School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, USA
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Firoozjah MH, Shahrbanian S, Homayouni A, Hower H. Comparison of eating disorders symptoms and body image between individual and team sport adolescent athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Eat Disord 2022; 10:119. [PMID: 35962428 PMCID: PMC9372990 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-022-00644-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 has significantly disrupted the routines of school sports for adolescent athletes, which can affect their usual eating behaviors and body image. Specific pressures of individual sports (which tend to emphasize "leanness" as a means to improving performance), versus team sports (which tend to not require "leanness" for an athlete to be competitive), may further increase the risk of disordered eating (DE), eating disorders (ED), and distorted body image. An additional factor to consider is the gender of the athletes, with participation in "lean" sports associated with increased DE and body dissatisfaction for male, but not female, athletes. METHODS Participants of the study included 124 Iranian male adolescent athletes residing in Mazandaran province (one of the most affected areas of Iran during COVID-19), who played in 1 of 6 sports (3 individual, 3 team). ED symptoms were assessed by the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26), and body image was assessed by the Body-Esteem Scale for Adolescents and Adults (BESAA). RESULTS The individual athlete group (n = 62) had significantly higher EAT-26 subscale scores for Bulimia and Food Preoccupation (p = 0.019), as well as significantly higher BESAA subscale scores for Appearance (p = 0.001), Weight (p = 0.001), and Attribution (p = 0.001), compared to the team athlete group (n = 62). However, there were no significant differences between the two athlete groups on the EAT-26 Dieting and Oral Control subscales. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 presents specialized issues for adolescent athletes, particularly those at risk for, or experiencing, DE, ED, and distorted body image. While individual athletes had significantly higher scores than team athletes on most subscales, there were no differences between groups on subscales of dieting and oral control. Overall, the findings highlight the need for sport psychologists, coaches, and other sports professionals working with male adolescent athletes (individual and team) to monitor DE, ED, and distorted body image during COVID-19, in order to provide early intervention, and mitigate the risk of long-term consequences. COVID-19 has significantly disrupted the routines of school sports for adolescent athletes, which can affect their usual eating behaviors and body image. Specific pressures of individual sports (which tend to emphasize "leanness" as a means to improving performance), versus team sports (which tend to not require "leanness" for an athlete to be competitive), may further increase the risk of disordered eating (DE), eating disorders (ED), and distorted body image. An additional factor to consider is the gender of the athletes, with participation in "lean" sports associated with increased DE and body dissatisfaction for male, but not female, athletes. Participants of the study included 124 Iranian male adolescent athletes in Mazandaran province (one of the most affected areas of Iran during COVID-19), who played in 1 of 6 sports (3 individual, 3 team). The individual athlete group (62 participants) had significantly higher scores on measures of ED (Bulimia, Food Preoccupation), and body image (Appearance, Weight, Attribution), versus the team athlete group (62 participants). However, there were no significant differences between groups on other measures of ED (Dieting, Oral Control). Findings highlight the need for sport professionals working with adolescent athletes to monitor DE and body image during COVID-19 for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shahnaz Shahrbanian
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Al Ahmad Street, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Homayouni
- Department of Psychology, Bandargaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandar-e-Gaz Street, Bandargaz, Iran
| | - Heather Hower
- Department of Psychiatry, Eating Disorders Center for Treatment and Research, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, 4510 Executive Drive, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA. .,Department of Health Services, Policy, and Practice, Hassenfeld Child Innovation Institute, Brown University School of Public Health, 121 South Main Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
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Firoozjah MH, Homayouni A, Shahrbanian S, Shahriari S, Janinejad D. Behavioral activation / inhibition systems and lifestyle as predictors of mental disorders in adolescent athletes during Covid19 pandemic. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1444. [PMID: 35906564 PMCID: PMC9334982 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13816-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The following study investigates the correlational relationship between behavioral activation/inhibition systems, lifestyle and mental disorders in Adolescent Athletes during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: Research methods are descriptive and correlational; “Of the eligible participants who were available during a COVID-19 quarantine period from June through August 2020 (N = 180), the Krejcie and Morgan Sampling Method was used to simplify the process of determining the sample size for a finite population [46], resulting in a calculation of N = 130 sample participants. to respond to Carver & White’s Behavioral activation/inhibition systems Scale (BIS/BAS), Mille’s Lifestyle Questionnaire and Goldberg & Williams’s General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Data was analyzed using linear regression analysis and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Results: Findings showed a positive correlation of statistical significance between behavioral inhibition systems (BIS) and mental disorders in Adolescent Athletes at the 0.01 level and a negative correlation of statistical significance between scaling components of the behavioral activation systems (BAS), lifestyle and mental disorders in Adolescent Athletes at the 0.05 level. Conclusions: Analyzing the data, it can thus be concluded that whilst behavioral inhibition and activation systems seem to work together to significantly predict mental disorders, lifestyle cannot.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alireza Homayouni
- Department of Psychology, Bandargaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandargaz, Iran
| | - Shahnaz Shahrbanian
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modarres University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Shahriari
- Department of Psychology, Bandargaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandargaz, Iran
| | - Diana Janinejad
- Undergraduate Psychology/Cognitive Sciences Researcher, University of California Irvine, California, USA
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Jürimäe J, Karvelyte V, Remmel L, Tamm AL, Purge P, Gruodyte-Raciene R, Kamandulis S, Maasalu K, Gracia-Marco L, Tillmann V. Sclerostin, preadipocyte factor-1 and bone mineral values in eumenorrheic adolescent athletes with different training patterns. J Bone Miner Metab 2021; 39:245-252. [PMID: 32880010 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-020-01141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The specific aims of the study were to compare possible differences in sclerostin and preadipocyte factor-1 (Pref-1) between rhythmic gymnasts (RG), swimmers (SW) and untrained controls (UC), and to investigate the relationships of sclerostin and Pref-1 with bone mineral characteristics in studied groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 62 eumenorrheic adolescents (RG = 22; SW = 20; UC = 20). Bone mineral and body composition characteristics were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and sclerostin, Pref-1, osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx) were measured. RESULTS Sclerostin was higher (P = 0.001) in RG (129.35 ± 51.01 pg/ml; by 74%) and SW (118.05 ± 40.05 pg/ml; by 59%) in comparison with UC (74.32 ± 45.41 pg/ml), while no differences (P = 0.896) were seen in Pref-1 (RG: 1.42 ± 0.16 ng/ml; SW: 1.41 ± 0.20 ng/ml; UC: 1.39 ± 0.26 ng/ml) between groups. Osteocalcin (RG: 7.74 ± 4.09 ng/ml; SW: 8.05 ± 4.18 ng/ml; UC: 7.04 ± 3.92 ng/ml; P = 0.843) and CTx (RG: 0.73 ± 0.22 ng/ml; SW: 0.64 ± 0.16 ng/ml; UC: 0.62 ± 0.20 ng/ml; P = 0.173) were not different between groups. Sclerostin correlated (P < 0.05) with whole-body bone mineral content (r = 0.61) and lumbar spine (LS) areal bone mineral density (aBMD) (r = 0.43) in RG, and femoral neck aBMD (r = 0.45) in UC. No correlation was found between sclerostin and bone mineral values in SW, and Pref-1 was not correlated with any bone mineral characteristics in studied groups. Sclerostin was the independent variable that explained 14% of the total variance (R2 × 100) in LS aBMD value only in RG. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent athletes have higher sclerostin compared to UC. Sclerostin was correlated with bone mineral values and predicted areal bone mineral density in RG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 18. Ülikooli St., 50090, Tartu, Estonia.
| | | | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 18. Ülikooli St., 50090, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 18. Ülikooli St., 50090, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Katre Maasalu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity) Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Jefferson KA. Implementing a Standardized Cardiac Protocol for the Adolescent Preparticipation Sports Examination. J Pediatr Health Care 2021; 35:188-195. [PMID: 33358687 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedhc.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To evaluate adolescent athletes for cardiovascular (CV) abnormalities before engaging in competitive sports, the American Heart Association guidelines recommend preparticipation screening. The initiative aimed to implement a standardized protocol to increase the identification of CV abnormalities during athletic physical examinations. METHOD A rapid-cycle model with four Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles was implemented in two urgent care clinics. Providers used a CV-specific screening checklist; parents were engaged in a discussion about the importance of this screening, and team engagement activities were used. Outcomes were measured with chart audits and surveys. RESULTS Because of the intervention, 62% of athletes were screened, with 29% identified as having a CV risk. The satisfaction of the patients and the team increased by 3% and 62.5%, respectively. DISCUSSION Despite competing foci in the clinics, athletes were properly screened using a standardized checklist, which is easily sustainable and can be duplicated in other settings.
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Rouquette OY, Knight CJ, Lovett VE, Barrell D, Heuzé JP. The positive association between perceived parental responsiveness and self-esteem, anxiety, and thriving among youth rugby players: A multigroup analysis. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1537-1547. [PMID: 33605193 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1883311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the association between young players' perception of mother's and father's responsiveness with their self-esteem, anxiety (i.e., worry), and thriving (i.e., positive affect, vitality, and life satisfaction). In total, 314 male British rugby players with a mean age of 16.23 years (SD = 0.26) completed the study in two phases: n = 124 (first dataset), and n = 192 (second dataset). Participants trained on average 3.14 times/week (SD = 0.94) and had been involved in rugby for an average of 8.21 years (SD = 2.89). Participants completed questionnaires measuring perceived parental responsiveness (PPR) for their mother and father, self-esteem, worry about sport performance, and thriving indicators (i.e., positive affect, vitality, and life satisfaction). The results consistently indicated that participants' perceptions of their mother's and father's responsiveness positively related to thriving, and negatively related to their worry about sport performance, mediated by their self-esteem. Overall, the study highlights the need for parents to be provided with insights into the value of being responsive to their child and being encouraged to regularly talk with their child regarding their needs and desires, and seeking to understand how their child perceives the support they currently receive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Y Rouquette
- Laboratoire Sport Et Environment Social (SENS), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Camilla J Knight
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | | | - Jean-Philippe Heuzé
- Laboratoire Sport Et Environment Social (SENS), Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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Saki F, Yalfani A, Fousekis K, Sodejani SH, Ramezani F. Anatomical risk factors of lateral ankle sprain in adolescent athletes: A prospective cohort study. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 48:26-34. [PMID: 33352395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to identify prospectively the anatomical and functional intrinsic risk factors for lateral ankle sprain (LAS) in adolescent athletes participating in team sports. DESIGN A prospective cohort study. SETTING University research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS A total of 152 adolescent male athletes (age: 14.45 ± 2.96 years; height: 165.63 ± 15.33 cm; weight: 55.60 ± 16.56 kg; body mass index: 19.97 ± 3.58 kg/m2) participated in this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The participants were assessed during the preseason for previous ankle sprain history, navicular drop, tibia vara, Q angle, tibia torsion, knee recurvatum, and ankle ROM. LASs were prospectively recorded and diagnosed for two consecutive seasons (20 months). RESULTS Previous ankle sprain history (odds ratio [OR] = 60.911, p < 0.001), increased navicular drop (OR = 1.767, p < 0.001), and knee recurvatum (OR = 1.881, p = 0.002) were positively associated with the incidence of LAS. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses revealed the predictive potentials of previous ankle sprain history (the area under the ROC [AUROC] = 0.706, p < 0.001), navicular drop (AUROC = 0.906, p < 0.001), and knee recurvatum (AUROC = 0.724, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Athletes with previous ankle sprain history, knee recurvatum, and especially navicular drop may have a greater risk of LAS injury. The data from this study can help therapists and trainers to identify people with a higher risk of LAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Saki
- Sport Injury and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Ali Yalfani
- Sport Injury and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
| | | | - Sajad Heydari Sodejani
- Sport Injury and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Farzaneh Ramezani
- Sport Injury and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
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17
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Pieles GE, Gowing L, Ryding D, Perry D, McNally SR, Stuart AG, Williams CA. Characterisation of LV myocardial exercise function by 2-D strain deformation imaging in elite adolescent footballers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:239-50. [PMID: 33030575 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04510-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Few data exist on the descriptions of LV myocardial mechanics and reserve during dynamic exercise of adolescent athletes. The aim of this study was to describe the LV myocardial and cardiopulmonary changes during exercise using 2-D strain deformation imaging. Methods Elite adolescent male football players (n = 42) completed simultaneous cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and exercise echocardiography measurement of LV myocardial deformation by 2-D strain imaging. LV longitudinal and circumferential 2-D strain and strain rates were analyzed at each stage during incremental exercise to a work rate of 150 W. Additionally, exercise LV myocardial deformation and its relation to metabolic exercise parameters were evaluated at each exercise stage and in recovery using repeated measures ANOVA, linear regression and paired t tests. Results LV peak systolic baseline 2-D strain (longitudinal: − 15.4 ± 2.5%, circumferential: − 22.5 ± 3.1%) increased with each exercise stage, but longitudinal strain plateaued at 50 W (mean strain reserve − 7.8 ± 3.0) and did not significantly increase compared to subsequent exercise stages (P > 0.05), whilst circumferential strain (mean strain reserve − 11.6 ± 3.3) significantly increased (P < 0.05) throughout exercise up to 150 W as the dominant mechanism of exercise LV contractility increase. Regression analyses showed LV myocardial strain increased linearly relative to HR, VO2 and O2 pulse (P < 0.05) for circumferential deformation, but showed attenuation for longitudinal deformation. Conclusion This study describes LV myocardial deformation dynamics by 2-D strain and provides reference values for LV myocardial strain and strain rate during exercise in adolescent footballers. It found important differences between LV longitudinal and circumferential myocardial mechanics during exercise and introduces a methodology that can be used to quantify LV function and cardiac reserve during exercise in adolescent athletes.
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Varamenti E, Tod D, Pullinger SA. Redox Homeostasis and Inflammation Responses to Training in Adolescent Athletes: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med Open 2020; 6:34. [PMID: 32748060 PMCID: PMC7399016 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-020-00262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Several studies have highlighted the substantial role of the athlete’s redox and inflammation status during the training process. However, many factors such as differences in testing protocols, assays, sample sizes, and fitness levels of the population are affecting findings and the understanding regarding how exercise affects related biomarkers in adolescent athletes. Objectives To search redox homeostasis variables’ and inflammatory mediators’ responses in juvenile athletes following short- or long-term training periods and examine the effect size of those variations to training paradigms. Methods A PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. The entire content of PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, and Science Direct were systematically searched until December 2019. Studies with outcomes including (1) a group of adolescent athletes from any individual or team sport, (2) the assessment of redox and/or inflammatory markers after a short- (training session or performance testing) or longer training period, and (3) variables measured in blood were retained. The literature search initially identified 346 potentially relevant records, of which 36 studies met the inclusion criteria for the qualitative synthesis. From those articles, 27 were included in the quantitative analysis (meta-analysis) as their results could be converted into common units. Results Following a short training session or performance test, an extremely large increase in protein carbonyls (PC) (ES 4.164; 95% CI 1.716 to 6.613; Z = 3.333, p = 0.001), a large increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) (ES 1.317; 95% CI 0.522 to 2.112; Z = 3.247, p = 0.001), a large decrease in glutathione (GSH) (ES − 1.701; 95% CI − 2.698 to − 0.705; Z = − 3.347, p = 0.001), and a moderate increase of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level (ES 1.057; 95% CI − 0.044 to 2.158; Z = 1.882, p = 0.060) were observed. Following more extended training periods, GSH showed moderate increases (ES 1.131; 95% CI 0.350 to 1.913; Z = 2.839, p = 0.005) while TBARS displayed a small decrease (ES 0.568; 95% CI − 0.062 to 1.197; Z = 1.768, p = 0.077). Regarding cytokines, a very large and large increase were observed in IL-6 (ES 2.291; 95% CI 1.082 to 3.501; Z = 3.713, p = 0.000) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (ra) (ES 1.599; 95% CI 0.347 to 2.851; Z = 2.503, p = 0.012), respectively, following short-duration training modalities in juvenile athletes. Conclusions The results showed significant alterations in oxidative stress and cytokine levels after acute exercise, ranging from moderate to extremely large. In contrast, the variations after chronic exercise ranged from trivial to moderate. However, the observed publication bias and high heterogeneity in specific meta-analysis advocate the need for further exploration and consistency when we deal with the assessed variables to ascertain the implications of structured training regimes on measured variables in order to develop guidelines for training, nutritional advice, and wellbeing in young athletes. Trial Registration PROSPERO CRD42020152105
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Affiliation(s)
- Evdokia Varamenti
- Aspire Academy for Sports Excellence, Sports Science Departement, PO Box: 22287, Doha, Qatar.
| | - David Tod
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Samuel A Pullinger
- Aspire Academy for Sports Excellence, Sports Science Departement, PO Box: 22287, Doha, Qatar
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Cherian KS, Gavaravarapu SM, Sainoji A, Yagnambhatt VR. Coaches' perceptions about food, appetite, and nutrition of adolescent Indian athletes - A qualitative study. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03354. [PMID: 32072052 PMCID: PMC7013178 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a transitional phase of development with the risk of adopting unhealthy behaviours, which is carried on to adulthood. Adolescent athletes tend to resort to unhealthy eating habits resulting in eating disorders and other clinical outcomes. Hence, it forms a crucial age to understand modifiable food habits and provide appropriate counselling. In India, coaches closely monitor the adolescent athletes, even concerning their eating habits due to the lack of multi-disciplinary support staff. Thus, our study aimed to understand the perceptions of coaches towards food, appetite and nutrition of adolescent athletes using In-depth interviews (IDI). Of all 14 coaches at the state-sponsored residential sports centre, 10 consented. The IDI were conducted in a standardized manner and were recorded and transcribed. They were coded manually, using the open and axial coding in the grounded theory approach to determine themes. They considered nutrition as key to performance and consumption of higher animal protein as important. Majority of them considered sprouts, dry fruits, fruits and vegetables as healthy foods, though were unable to define the quantities nor nutrients therein. Coaches considered protein as “important”, while fat as “unhealthy”. They also observed that athletes were avoiding fruits and vegetables, while consuming more rice. Meal timing, fluid and supplement intake were considered essential for international performance, albeit unaware of the specific requirements. Hygiene practices and peer isolation were considered to affect food intake. This lacunae in the nutrition knowledge and the modifiable nutrition practices explored can be targeted by developing a nutrition education and assessment tool for coaches and junior athletes. Further, a long-term engagement of a nutritionist with every sports academy in India is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Susan Cherian
- Department of Work Physiology and Sports Nutrition, MYAS – NIN Department of Sports Science, ICMR – National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Subbarao M. Gavaravarapu
- Media, Communication and Extension Group, ICMR – National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Ashok Sainoji
- Department of Work Physiology and Sports Nutrition, MYAS – NIN Department of Sports Science, ICMR – National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
| | - Venkata Ramana Yagnambhatt
- Department of Work Physiology and Sports Nutrition, MYAS – NIN Department of Sports Science, ICMR – National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Corresponding author.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW With an increase in single-sport specialization, elbow injuries have become increasingly common in the pediatric and adolescent population. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum frequently requires intervention yet can be difficult to treat given high patient activity demands. The purpose of this paper is to review treatment options, understand failure rates, and provide strategies for successful revision surgery. RECENT FINDINGS Patients at high risk for the development of this condition are involved in high-demand upper extremity activity such as baseball or gymnastics. Treatment options include non-operative management, drilling, fixation, loose body removal/microfracture, osteochondral autograft, and osteochondral allograft. Cartilage preservation procedures (i.e., osteochondral autograft) have a significant advantage in terms of clinical and radiographic healing compared with fixation or microfracture. Capitellar OCD lesions afflict a large number of adolescent athletes today and will likely continue increasing in number from sports-related injuries. It is critical to recognize and treat these lesions in a timely and appropriate fashion to optimize clinical outcomes. When faced with failure of healing, surgeons must critically analyze reasons for failure including post-operative compliance, return to high-demand sporting activity, fixation of non-viable fragments, utilization of microfracture, alignment, and concomitant pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Chen
- San Francisco Orthopedic Residency Program, 450 Stanyan Street, San Francisco, CA, 94117, USA
| | - Nirav K Pandya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California San Francisco, 747 52nd Street, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA.
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Jacob R, Couture S, Lamarche B, Provencher V, Morissette É, Valois P, Goulet C, Drapeau V. Determinants of coaches' intentions to provide different recommendations on sports nutrition to their athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:57. [PMID: 31775807 PMCID: PMC6880347 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coaches are considered as an important source of nutrition information by their athletes. However, their knowledge in this area is often insufficient for proper guidance and may lead to the dissemination of misinformation regarding sports nutrition. The aim of this study was to assess coaches' intentions as well as psychosocial determinants underlying their intentions to provide sports nutrition recommendations to their high school athletes. METHODS Coaches (n = 47) completed a Web-based questionnaire based on the theory of planned behaviour, to assess their intentions to provide three different sports nutrition recommendations and their determinants. Multiple regression analyses were used to identify the variables that were most strongly related to the intentions. RESULTS Forty-six, 44.7 and 91.9% of coaches had the intention to recommend a higher consumption of foods rich in carbohydrates, foods rich in proteins and an increase in hydration to their athletes, respectively. Subjective norm was the only significant determinant of coaches' intention to recommend a higher consumption of foods rich in carbohydrates (R2 = 53.7%, β = 0.73 ± 0.12, P < 0.0001). Subjective norm and perceived behavioural control were significantly associated with coaches' intentions to recommend a higher consumption of foods rich in proteins (R2 = 25.9%, β = 0.50 ± 0.16, P = 0.002 and R2 = 17.2%, β = 0.39 ± 0.17, P = 0.01, respectively) and an increase in hydration (R2 = 26.8%, β = 0.38 ± 0.13, P = 0.001 and R2 = 46.3%, β = 0.58 ± 0.11, P < 0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that subjective norm and perceived behavioural control represent important determinants of coaches' intentions to provide recommendations on sports nutrition. These findings should be considered in future interventions aimed at facilitating proper general sports nutrition recommendations provided by coaches to their athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Jacob
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada.,Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la formation et la profession enseignante (CRIFPE-Laval), Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Steven Couture
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Benoît Lamarche
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Véronique Provencher
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Éliane Morissette
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,School of Nutrition, Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Pierre Valois
- Department of Educational Fundamentals and Practices, Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Claude Goulet
- Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la formation et la profession enseignante (CRIFPE-Laval), Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada.,Department of Physical Education, Laval University, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vicky Drapeau
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,Quebec Heart and Lung Institute Research Center, Quebec, G1V 4G5, Canada. .,Centre de recherche interuniversitaire sur la formation et la profession enseignante (CRIFPE-Laval), Laval University, Quebec, G1V 0A6, Canada. .,Department of Physical Education, Laval University, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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22
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Tator C, Starkes J, Dolansky G, Quet J, Michaud J, Vassilyadi M. Fatal Second Impact Syndrome in Rowan Stringer, A 17-Year-Old Rugby Player. Can J Neurol Sci 2019; 46:351-4. [PMID: 30945632 DOI: 10.1017/cjn.2019.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Second impact syndrome (SIS) is associated with malignant brain swelling and usually occurs in young athletes with one or more prior, recent concussions. SIS is rare and some dispute its existence. We report a case of SIS in Rowan Stringer, age 17, a rugby player who sustained a fatal brain injury despite prompt medical therapy including decompression surgery. The cause of the massive brain swelling was initially unknown. An inquest revealed Rowan’s text messages to friends describing symptoms from two prior, recent rugby brain injuries, likely concussions, within 5 days of the fatal blow and confirming the diagnosis of SIS.
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23
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Koury JC, Ribeiro MA, Massarani FA, Vieira F, Marini E. Fat-free mass in adolescent athletes: Accuracy of bioimpedance equations and identification of new predictive equations. Nutrition 2018; 60:59-65. [PMID: 30529187 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of biological maturity on body composition in Brazilian adolescent athletes, to verify the accuracy of previous bioimpedance predictive equations for estimating fat-free mass (FFM), and to develop new predictive equations, considering sexual and skeletal maturity. METHODS There were 318 Brazilian adolescent athletes (52% male) involved in this study. FFM was determined using single-frequency (50 kHz) bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), which was used as the reference method. The adolescents were classified into skeletally mature using bone age (both sexes), and sexually mature using menarche occurrence (female). The effect of maturity on bioelectrical values was tested using bioelectrical impedance vector analysis. Three predictive BIA equations to estimate FFM were selected from the reviewed literature. Lin's concordance correlation coefficient and Bland-Altman test were used to test the concordance and accuracy of BIA equations. Stepwise multiple regression was used to develop new predictive equations, considering BIA vectors, age, skeletal, and sexual maturity. RESULTS DXA and BIA results showed wide limits of disagreement for FFM for all the three equations. Two new equation models were developed, including age and skeletal maturity for both sexes and menarche status for females. Both models showed high R2 (males = 0.92 and females = 0.84). CONCLUSIONS The assessment of body composition in adolescent athletes should consider sexual (female) or skeletal (male) maturity. The newly proposed equations showed promising results in Brazilian adolescent athletes. A test in different groups and populations is necessary to evaluate the general suitability of the equations in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josely Correa Koury
- Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Nutrition Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Maria Almeida Ribeiro
- Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Nutrition Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabia Albernaz Massarani
- Department of Basic and Experimental Nutrition, Nutrition Institute, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filomena Vieira
- Interdisciplinary Study of Human Performance Center, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Elisabetta Marini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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24
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Hosseinzadeh J, Maghsoudi Z, Abbasi B, Daneshvar P, Hojjati A, Ghiasvand R. Evaluation of Dietary Intakes, Body Composition, and Cardiometabolic Parameters in Adolescent Team Sports Elite Athletes: A Cross-sectional Study. Adv Biomed Res 2017; 6:107. [PMID: 28904935 PMCID: PMC5590404 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.213667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Nutritional intake is an important issue in adolescent athletes. Proper athletes’ performance is a multifactorial outcome of good training, body composition, and nutritional status. The aim of the present study was to assess nutritional status, body composition, and cardiometabolic factors in adolescent elite athlete's province of Isfahan, Iran. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 adolescent elite athletes from volleyball, basketball, and soccer teams were selected for the study. Demographic, anthropometric, and cardiometabolic parameters were assessed. Nutritional intakes of participants were recorded using three 24-h recall questioners. Results: Thirty-four female athletes and 66 male athletes participated in this study. Body mass index had not significantly different between the sexes. Energy, protein, carbohydrate, iron, and fat intakes were significantly higher in male athletes (P = 0.02), but calcium and folic acid intakes were not significantly different between the sexes, and Vitamin D intake was significantly higher in females (P = 0.01). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure was significantly higher in males (P = 0.04) and heart rate had not significantly different between the sexes (P = 0.09). Heart murmurs and heart sounds in the majority of participants were normal. Conclusion: All the evaluated anthropometric and cardiometabolic parameters were in normal range in the majority of participants. The results showed that dietary intake in these athletes is approximately normal but micronutrients intake status in these athletes needs to be investigated further and longer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Hosseinzadeh
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Maghsoudi
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Behnood Abbasi
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Pooya Daneshvar
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Atefeh Hojjati
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Ghiasvand
- Department of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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25
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Caccialanza R, Cameletti B, Cavallaro G. Nutritional Intake of Young Italian High-Level Soccer Players: Under-Reporting is the Essential Outcome. J Sports Sci Med 2007; 6:538-542. [PMID: 24149489 PMCID: PMC3794496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
It is recognized that much of the dietary data on adolescents and athletes is prone to reporting error, mostly through under-reporting. Nevertheless, in the majority of studies assessing the nutritional intake of young soccer players under-reporting has not been taken into consideration. The purpose of this study was to assess the dietary intake of a sample of young male Italian high-level soccer players on two time points to evaluate the degree of under- reporting. Seventy-five male high level soccer players (age range: 15-17 years) completed 4-day food records on two separate occasions (T0; T1, 3 months after T0). Under-reporting was assessed by the ratio of reported estimated energy intake (EEI) to estimated energy expenditure (EEE). Forty- three subjects, whose food records were judged accurate enough both at T0 and T1, were included in the data analysis (inclusion rate 57.3%). No significant weight changes were documented between T0 and T1 and in the two weeks preceding both T0 and T1. Reported mean daily energy intake was significantly lower than mean estimated daily energy expenditure both at T0 and T1 (p < 0.001). The average EEI/EEE ratio was 0.75 + 0.2 both at T0 and T1. It was ≤ 80% in 27 subjects (62.8%) at T0 and in 23 (53.4%) at T1; it reached 50% in 4 subjects both at T0 and T1. The degree of under- reporting of the young soccer players was in line with the available data on this age group. This study emphasizes that under-reporting is a critical issue in the evaluation of young athletes dietary intake, which should be considered in the interpretation of data, particularly when energy inadequacies are reported. Further studies with uniformed methods are needed, in order to reduce the degree of under-reporting, obtain reliable data on the dietary intake of young soccer players and evaluate the efficacy of targeted nutrition education programs. Key pointsUnder-reporting is a critical issue in the evaluation of young athletes' dietary intake, which should be always considered in the interpretation of data.The young athletes' motivation and parents' co-operation are key points that should be enhanced in this kind of studies.The nutritional intakes of young Italian high-level soccer players are likely to be qualitative inadequate, due to excessive cholesterol and very poor fiber intakes.
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