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Jürimäe J, Remmel L, Tamm AL, Purge P, Maasalu K, Tillmann V. Associations of Serum Irisin and Fibroblast Growth Factor-21 Levels With Bone Mineral Characteristics in Eumenorrheic Adolescent Athletes With Different Training Activity Patterns. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38560997 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2023-0166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe serum irisin and fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21) concentrations in healthy female adolescents with different training activity patterns and their associations with bone mineral properties and metabolic markers. METHODS A total of 62 adolescent girls aged 14-18 years were recruited: 22 rhythmic gymnasts, 20 swimmers, and 20 untrained controls. Bone mineral characteristics by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, daily energy intake by dietary recall, serum irisin, FGF-21, undercarboxylated osteocalcin, and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen were measured in all girls. RESULTS Whole body and lumbar spine areal bone mineral density and lumbar spine bone mineral content were higher in the rhythmic gymnasts group compared with swimmers and untrained controls groups (P < .05). Serum irisin, FGF-21, undercarboxylated osteocalcin, and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen levels were not significantly different between the groups. In the rhythmic gymnasts group, serum FGF-21 concentration was positively correlated with lumbar spine areal bone mineral density independently of confounding factors (r = .51; P = .027). CONCLUSIONS Serum irisin and FGF-21 levels were not different between adolescent eumenorrheic girls with different training activity patterns. FGF-21 was positively associated with lumbar spine areal bone mineral density, which predominantly consists of trabecular bone in adolescent rhythmic gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
| | | | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
| | - Katre Maasalu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
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Kraav J, Tamme R, Remmel L, Mäestu E, Zagura M, Jürimäe J, Tillmann V. Arterial Structure in 18-Year-Old Males Is Dependent on Physical Activity at 12 Years and Cumulative Cardiorespiratory Fitness From Puberty to Late Adolescence. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2023; 35:144-154. [PMID: 36509088 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2022-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the long-term effect of body composition, physical activity, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) from puberty on arterial health in late adolescent males. METHODS The cumulative burden of physical activity (measured with accelerometer), CRF (VO2peak0.82), and body composition (body mass index, fat mass, and fat percentage) from puberty to late adolescence (sum of 4 time points from 12 to 18 y) was assessed in 102 males. Additional analysis on the first (T1) and last (T4) time points was performed. Intima-media thickness (IMT), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity, and augmentation index adjusted to heart rate of 75 beats per minute (bpm) as dependent variables were measured at T4 and analyzed in multivariable regression models adjusted for known risk factors including maturation, blood pressure, and smoking habits. RESULTS T1 and cumulative body composition measures were independently associated with IMT, while cumulative (β = -0.011, P = .036) and T4 (β = -0.0.031, P = .001) CRF revealed independent associations with IMT. Individuals with moderate to vigorous physical activity >60 minutes per day at T1 showed relationship (β = -1.091, P = .026) with IMT independently of late adolescent physical activity. No significant relationship was present for arterial function. CONCLUSION Arterial structure in adolescent males is associated with physical activity at 12 years while relationship with CRF can be seen in late adolescence and cumulatively from puberty to late adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juta Kraav
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
| | - Reeli Tamme
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu,Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
| | - Evelin Mäestu
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
| | - Maksim Zagura
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu,Estonia
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu,Estonia
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Remmel, L, Ben-Zaken, S, Meckel, Y, Nemet, D, Eliakim, A, and Jürimäe, J. The genetic basis of decathlon performance: an exploratory study. J Strength Cond Res 37(8): 1660-1666, 2023-Decathlon is a combined track and field competition consisting of 10 different events, most of which are anaerobic-type events. Therefore, it is assumed that an anaerobic genetic predisposition might be prevalent among decathletes. Yet, to the best of our knowledge, the genetic basis of decathlon performance had not been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence genetic polymorphisms associated with power performance (AGT, rs699, Met235Thr T/C), speed (ACTN3, rs1815739 C1747T), aerobic endurance (PPARD, rs2016520 T294C), and lactate clearance (MCT1, rs1049434 A1470T) among decathletes. One hundred thirty-seven male track and field athletes (51 sprinters and jumpers, 59 long distance runners, and 27 decathletes) participated in the study. Genomic DNA was extracted from buccal epithelial cells. Genotypes were determined using the Taqman allelic discrimination assay. Decathletes had a higher prevalence of the ACTN3 RR genotype, which is associated with speed ability, and a lower prevalence of the PPARD CC genotype, which is associated with endurance performance compared with long-distance runners. Decathletes had a higher prevalence of the AGT CC genotype associated with strength performance and a higher prevalence of the MCT1 TT genotype, which is associated with improved lactate transport compared with both sprinters and jumpers and long-distance runners. The results suggest that a favorable genetic polymorphism for strength-related capability might be advantageous for decathletes, whereas a genetic makeup favoring aerobic performance is not necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sigal Ben-Zaken
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya, Israel; and
| | - Yoav Meckel
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya, Israel; and
| | - Dan Nemet
- Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
| | - Alon Eliakim
- Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
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Jürimäe J, Remmel L, Tamm AL, Purge P, Maasalu K, Tillmann V. Follistatin Is Associated with Bone Mineral Density in Lean Adolescent Girls with Increased Physical Activity. Children (Basel) 2023; 10:1226. [PMID: 37508723 PMCID: PMC10378065 DOI: 10.3390/children10071226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Follistatin is a member of the activin-follistatin-inhibin hormonal system and is proposed to affect bone metabolism. However, data regarding the effect of follistatin on bone are relatively scarce and contradictory in humans. The purpose of the current study was to investigate possible associations of serum follistatin concentration with bone mineral characteristics in lean and physically active adolescent girls. Bone mineral density, body composition, resting energy expenditure and different energy homeostasis hormones in serum including follistatin, leptin and insulin were investigated. Significant relationships (p < 0.05) between serum follistatin (1275.1 ± 263.1 pg/mL) and whole-body (WB) bone mineral content (r = 0.33), WB areal bone mineral density (aBMD) (r = 0.23) and lumbar spine (LS) aBMD (r = 0.29) values were observed. Serum follistatin remained associated with LS aBMD independent of body fat and lean masses (r = 0.21; p < 0.05). However, the follistatin concentration explained only 3% (R2 × 100; p = 0.049) of the total variance in LS aBMD values. In conclusion, serum follistatin concentrations were associated with bone mineral values in lean adolescent girls with increased physical activity. Follistatin was an independent predictor of lumbar spine areal bone mineral density, which predominantly consists of trabecular bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 51008 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 51008 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anna-Liisa Tamm
- Department of Physiotherapy and Environmental Health, Tartu Health Care College, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 51008 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Katre Maasalu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
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Salus M, Tillmann V, Remmel L, Unt E, Mäestu E, Parm Ü, Mägi A, Tali M, Jürimäe J. Serum Osteocalcin, Sclerostin and Lipocalin-2 Levels in Adolescent Boys with Obesity over a 12-Week Sprint Interval Training. Children (Basel) 2023; 10:children10050850. [PMID: 37238398 DOI: 10.3390/children10050850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the effects of supervised cycling sprint interval training (SIT) on serum osteocalcin, lipocalin-2 and sclerostin levels, and bone mineral characteristics among obese adolescent boys. Untrained obese adolescent boys aged 13.4 ± 0.3 were assigned to either a 12-week SIT group (3 sessions/week), or a non-exercising control group who continued with their habitual everyday life. Serum osteocalcin, lipocalin-2 and sclerostin concentrations, and bone mineral values were assessed before and after intervention. After 12-week intervention, where 14 boys in both groups ended the study, there were no significant differences in serum osteokine levels between the groups after 12 weeks, while whole body bone mineral content and lower limb bone mineral density increased in the SIT group (p < 0.05). Change in body mass index was negatively correlated with the change in osteocalcin (r = -0.57; p = 0.034), and positively correlated with the change in lipocalin-2 levels (r = 0.57; p = 0.035) in the SIT group. Supervised 12-week SIT intervention improved bone mineral characteristics, but did not change osteocalcin, lipocalin-2 or sclerostin levels in adolescent boys with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Salus
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ujula 4, 51008 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Physiotherapy and Environmental Health, Tartu Health Care College, Nooruse 5, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Lunini 6, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
- Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Lunini 6, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ujula 4, 51008 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eve Unt
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Puusepa 1a, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
- Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Puusepa 1a, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelin Mäestu
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ujula 4, 51008 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülle Parm
- Department of Physiotherapy and Environmental Health, Tartu Health Care College, Nooruse 5, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Agnes Mägi
- Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Puusepa 1a, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maie Tali
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Puusepa 1a, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
- Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Puusepa 1a, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ujula 4, 51008 Tartu, Estonia
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Kraav J, Zagura M, Remmel L, Mäestu E, Jürimäe J, Tillmann V. Rapid trabecular bone growth in puberty associated with stiffer arteries in adulthood - longitudinal study on healthy young males. Arch Osteoporos 2023; 18:62. [PMID: 37133622 DOI: 10.1007/s11657-023-01257-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal bone content data from puberty to adulthood was assessed in 102 healthy males and associations with arterial health in adulthood was analysed. Bone growth in puberty was related to arterial stiffening and final bone mineral content to decreased arterial stiffness. Relationships with arterial stiffness were dependent on the studied bone regions. INTRODUCTION Our aim was to assess the relationships between arterial parameters in adulthood and bone parameters in several locations longitudinally from puberty to 18-years and cross-sectionally at 18-years. METHODS 102 healthy male data from a 7-year follow-up study was used to analyse total body (TB), femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) mineral content and density by DXA, carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) by ultrasound, carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) and heart rate adjusted augmentation index (AIxHR75) by applanation tonometry. RESULTS Linear regression analysis revealed negative associations between LS bone mineral density (BMD) and cfPWV [ß=-1.861, CI -3.589, -0.132, p=0.035] which remained significant [ß=-2.679, CI -4.837, -0.522, p=0.016] after adjustment to smoking, lean mass, weight category, pubertal stage, physical fitness, and activity. For AIxHR75 similar results were present [ß=-0.286, CI -0.553, -0.020, p=0.035], but were dependent on confounders. Analysis on pubertal bone growth speed showed independent positive associations to AIxHR75 between Δ FN bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) [ß=672.50, CI 348.07, 996.93, p<0.001] and Δ LS BMAD [ß=700.40, CI 57.384, 1343.423, p=0.033]. Further analysis combining pubertal bone growth and adulthood BMC revealed that the relationships of AIxHR75 with LS BMC and ΔFN BMAD were independent of each other. CONCLUSION Trabecular bone regions like lumbar spine and femoral neck, showed stronger relationships with arterial stiffness. Rapid bone growth in puberty is related to arterial stiffening, while final bone mineral content relates to decreased arterial stiffness. These results could indicate that bone metabolism is independently associated with arterial stiffness rather than bone and arteries just having common traits of growth and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juta Kraav
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Maksim Zagura
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Excellence for Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 51007, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelin Mäestu
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 51007, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 51007, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, 50406, Tartu, Estonia
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Mengel E, Tamme R, Remmel L, Purge P, Mäestu E, Jürimäe J, Tillmann V. Pubertal increment in insulin resistance is negatively related to lumbar bone mineral density in 18-year-old males. Osteoporos Int 2023; 34:161-170. [PMID: 36367566 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-022-06591-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Transient insulin resistance seen during puberty is expected to favour body growth, but our results show that increment in insulin resistance even in physiological ranges during puberty might compromise lumbar spine bone mineral density accrual independently of body composition parameters, and therefore adult bone quality might be challenged. INTRODUCTION Insulin resistance (IR) might have a compromising effect on growing bone, and therefore adult bone quality might be challenged. The aim of the present study was to identify whether increases in IR during puberty contribute to bone mineral characteristics in males independently of body composition parameters. METHODS This is a retrospective cohort-based longitudinal observational study. Data from 85 subjects were included. Boys were studied annually during their pubertal years (12 years at baseline) and at follow-up at the age of 18 years. Anthropometry, bone age, fasting blood samples, body composition, total body, and lumbar spine bone mineral characteristics were measured. Insulin resistance was determined by homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR). Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the effect of changes in HOMA-IR during pubertal years as a longitudinal predictor to fixed bone mineral outcome variables at the age of 18 years. All models were adjusted to potential clinically justified confounding variables. RESULTS After adjustment to baseline bone indices and body composition-related predictors, the pubertal increment in the HOMA-IR was a negative independent predictor of lumbar spine bone mineral areal density (β = - 0.202, p = 0.005) and lumbar spine bone mineral apparent density (β = - 0.235, p = 0.005) in 18-year-old males. CONCLUSIONS Pubertal increment in IR has a potential diminishing effect on lumbar spine bone mineral density accrual independently of body composition parameters. Further studies are needed to clarify whether monitoring HOMA-IR during puberty may identify subjects at increased risk of low peak bone mass and possible osteoporosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mengel
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 51007, Tartu, Estonia.
- Tartu Health Care College, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Reeli Tamme
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 51007, Tartu, Estonia
- Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, 50406, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 51007, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 51007, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelin Mäestu
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 51007, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 51007, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 51007, Tartu, Estonia
- Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, 50406, Tartu, Estonia
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Jürimäe J, Purge P, Remmel L, Ereline J, Kums T, Kamandulis S, Brazaitis M, Venckunas T, Pääsuke M. Changes in irisin, inflammatory cytokines and aerobic capacity in response to three weeks of supervised sprint interval training in older men. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:162-169. [PMID: 35686866 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13949-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated the effects of supervised short-term sprint interval training (SIT) on circulating irisin, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α concentrations, and aerobic capacity and body composition values in healthy older men. METHODS Eleven older men (63±8 years; 178.0±5.5 cm; 82.7±8.6 kg; 22.7±3.7% body fat) underwent SIT (6 repetitions of 30 s all-out cycling bouts with 4 min active recovery after each bout) three days a week for three consecutive weeks. Body composition measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, aerobic capacity assessed by direct peak oxygen consumption (VO<inf>2peak</inf>) test and morning fasting blood samples were obtained before and after a 3-week SIT intervention. RESULTS Nine supervised SIT sessions moderately (effect size [ES] =0.65; P<0.05) increased irisin concentrations (from 135.40±28.73 to 154.20±47.09 ng.mL-1) together with moderate decreases (P<0.05) in IL-6 (ES=0.89; from 1.26±0.44 to 0.87±0.44 pg.mL-1) and TNF-α (ES=0.64; from 5.10±1.23 to 4.31±1.20 pg.mL-1) levels in older men. In addition, increase in VO<inf>2peak</inf> was significant but small (ES=0.25; P<0.05; from 36.0±7.1 to 37.8±6.7 mL.min.-1kg-1), while no changes (P>0.05) in body composition variables were observed after a short-term SIT period. CONCLUSIONS A 3-week SIT intervention with only nine training sessions increased circulating irisin concentrations, improved inflammatory profile and aerobic capacity without changes in body composition in healthy older men. Accordingly, a short-term SIT programme is a time efficient alternative for traditional aerobic training to improve metabolic health and aerobic capacity in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia -
| | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaan Ereline
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tatjana Kums
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sport University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sport University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sport University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Mati Pääsuke
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Salus M, Tillmann V, Remmel L, Unt E, Mäestu E, Parm Ü, Mägi A, Tali M, Jürimäe J. Effect of Sprint Interval Training on Cardiometabolic Biomarkers and Adipokine Levels in Adolescent Boys with Obesity. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph191912672. [PMID: 36231972 PMCID: PMC9564781 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of supervised sprint interval training (SIT) on different cardiometabolic risk factors and adipokines in adolescent boys with obesity. Thirty-seven boys were allocated to either a SIT group (13.1 ± 0.3 years; body mass index [BMI]: 30.3 ± 0.9 kg·m-2) or a control group (CONT) (13.7 ± 0.4 years; BMI: 32.6 ± 1.6 kg·m-2). The SIT group performed 4-6 × 30 s all-out cycling sprints, interspersed with 4 min rest, for 3 sessions/week, during a 12-week period, while the non-exercising CONT group maintained a habitual lifestyle. Anthropometric measurements, triglycerides, fasting insulin and glucose, total cholesterol (TC), high- (HDLc) and low-density (LDLc) cholesterol, leptin and adiponectin in blood, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and a metabolic syndrome severity risk score (MSSS) were calculated before and after the 12-week period. Compared to baseline values, a significant reduction in MSSS was seen in the SIT group after intervention. LDLc showed favorable changes in SIT compared to CONT (-0.06 ± 0.1 vs. 0.19 ± 0.01 mmol·L-1; p = 0.025). Additionally, CRF increased in the SIT group compared to the CONT group (5.2 ± 1.1 vs. -2.1 ± 1.1 mL·min-1·kg-1, p < 0.001). Moreover, a 12-week all-out SIT training effectively improves cardiometabolic health in adolescent boys with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Salus
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ujula 4, 51008 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Physiotherapy and Environmental Health, Tartu Health Care College, Nooruse 5, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Lunini 6, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
- Children’s Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Lunini 6, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ujula 4, 51008 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eve Unt
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Puusepa 8, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
- Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Puusepa 8, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelin Mäestu
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ujula 4, 51008 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülle Parm
- Department of Physiotherapy and Environmental Health, Tartu Health Care College, Nooruse 5, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Agnes Mägi
- Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Puusepa 8, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maie Tali
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Puusepa 8, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
- Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Puusepa 8, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Ujula 4, 51008 Tartu, Estonia
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Salus M, Tillmann V, Remmel L, Unt E, Mäestu E, Parm Ü, Mägi A, Tali M, Jürimäe J. Effect of supervised sprint interval training on cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in adolescent boys with obesity. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:2010-2017. [PMID: 36126151 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2125199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of a supervised 12-week sprint interval training (SIT) on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and body composition in adolescent boys with obesity. Twenty-eight adolescents with obesity were allocated to either an intervention group (SIT) (13.1 ± 0.3 yrs; body mass index [BMI]: 30.3 ± 0.9 kg.m-2) or a control group (CONT) (13.7 ± 0.4 yrs; BMI: 32.6 ± 1.6 kg.m-2). The SIT group performed 4-6 × 30s "all-out" cycling bouts, interspersed with 4 min of recovery 3 days a week for 12 weeks. CRF was measured by direct peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) defined as VO2peak per kg of body mass (mL.min-1kg-1) or by VO2peak per kg of lean body mass (mL.min-1LBM-1) and body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. SIT intervention led to a significant and large between-group difference in VO2peak (p = 0.004; η2 = 0.29). Although SIT group had a significant reduction in body fat percentage (BF%) (from 41.1 ± 1.3% to 39.2 ± 1.5%; p = 0.006), there were no between-group differences in the change of the pre- and post-measures in BF% (p = 0.067). In conclusion, 12-week SIT is effective in increasing CRF and decreasing BF% in adolescent boys with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Salus
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Department of Physiotherapy and Environmental Health, Tartu Health Care College, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eve Unt
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelin Mäestu
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ülle Parm
- Department of Physiotherapy and Environmental Health, Tartu Health Care College, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Agnes Mägi
- Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maie Tali
- Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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11
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Ben-Zaken S, Meckel Y, Remmel L, Nemet D, Jürimäe J, Eliakim A. The prevalence of IGF-I axis genetic polymorphisms among decathlon athletes. Growth Horm IGF Res 2022; 64:101468. [PMID: 35605565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Decathlon is a combined track and field competition, consisting of ten, mainly anaerobic events. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF1) axis plays a pivotal role in athletes' structural and functional muscle adaptation to exercise training, and in their competitive performance. Based on the great demand for speed physiological characteristics among decathlon athletes, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of IGF genetic polymorphisms among decathletes, to present an optimal genetic profile for enhancing performance. METHODS The participants included 151 male athletes and 75 male non-athletic controls from Israel and Estonia. Athletes were divided into four groups, according to the field of expertise: (a) 40 sprinters and long jumpers; (b) 40 middle distance runners; (c) 44 Weightlifters; and (d) 27 decathletes. Genomic DNA was extracted from the participants' buccal epithelial cells using standard protocol and then analyzed for IGF1 axis related genetic polymorphism using the allelic discrimination assay. RESULTS A significantly higher prevalence of the IGF1 rs35767 TT genotype was found among decathletes compared to the other athletes, as well as a lower prevalence of the IGF1 rs7136446 GG genotype, a higher prevalence of the IGF1R rs1464430 AA genotype, and a higher prevalence of the IGF2 rs680 GG genotype. Moreover, among the decathletes, carriers of the IGF1 rs7136446 GG genotype achieved higher decathlon scores compared to A-allele carriers. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study suggest a potential beneficial role for some IGF-axis polymorphisms (mainly the IGF1 1245 TT and the IGF2 GG) among decathletes, both of which are associated with improved speed performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Ben-Zaken
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Academic College for Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Netanya 42902, Israel.
| | - Yoav Meckel
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Academic College for Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Netanya 42902, Israel
| | | | - Dan Nemet
- Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
| | | | - Alon Eliakim
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Academic College for Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Netanya 42902, Israel; Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
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12
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Tamme R, Jürimäe J, Mäestu E, Remmel L, Purge P, Mengel E, Tillmann V. Leptin to adiponectin ratio in puberty is associated with bone mineral density in 18-year-old males. Bone Rep 2022; 16:101158. [PMID: 34977280 PMCID: PMC8683673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2021.101158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Inconsistent associations of leptin and adiponectin with bone mineral characteristics in puberty and adolescence have been reported. We aimed to examine the associations between leptin to adiponectin ratio (LAR) in puberty and bone mineral characteristics at the age of 18 years in healthy males. Materials and methods 88 white Caucasian boys were investigated at T1 (mean age 12.1 years), T2 (14.0 years) and T3 (18.0 years). Serum leptin and adiponectin were measured and LAR was calculated at T1, T2 and T3, bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) for total body and lumbar spine (LS) at T1 and T3. Spearman correlation coefficient and partial correlation analyses were used to describe the associations between mean pubertal LAR and BMD at T3. Results Mean pubertal LAR was negatively correlated with both LS BMD (r = −0.23; P < 0.05) and LS BMAD at T3 (r = −0.33; P < 0.05). These associations remained significant also in partial correlation analysis after controlling for total body fat percentage, total testosterone, HOMA-IR and physical activity at T1 (r = −0.31; P < 0.05 and r = −0.41; P < 0.05 respectively). Conclusion LAR in puberty is negatively associated with lumbar spine BMD and lumbar spine BMAD at the age of 18 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeli Tamme
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelin Mäestu
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eva Mengel
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
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13
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Remmel L, Jürimäe J, Tamm AL, Purge P, Tillmann V. The Associations of Body Image Perception with Serum Resistin Levels in Highly Trained Adolescent Estonian Rhythmic Gymnasts. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093147. [PMID: 34579022 PMCID: PMC8471672 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhythmic gymnasts (RGs) are more likely to be dissatisfied with their body mass and shape compared to untrained controls (UCs). However, due to the lack of information, the aim of this study was to investigate the associations of body image perception (BIP) with body composition, daily energy consumption and different blood biochemical markers in adolescent RGs compared to UCs. Thirty-three highly trained RG girls and 20 UC girls aged 14–18 years participated in this cross-sectional study. Height, body mass, body composition, energy intake, resting energy expenditure, training volume and different blood biochemical markers were measured. The body attitude test (BAT) was used to evaluate the BIP of the participants. There were no differences in the total BAT scores between the groups. In RGs, the BAT score correlated positively with the serum resistin level (r = 0.35; p = 0.047). A stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 40.8% of the variability in the BAT score was determined by resistin and BMI. The association of BIP with resistin values was observed only in RGs. In conclusion, our findings add to the increasing evidence that resistin may be a link between BIP and body composition, most likely through fat mass, in adolescent female RGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 51008 Tartu, Estonia; (J.J.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +372-7375372; Fax: +372-7375373
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 51008 Tartu, Estonia; (J.J.); (P.P.)
| | - Anna-Liisa Tamm
- Department of Physiotherapy and Environmental Health, Tartu Health Care College, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 51008 Tartu, Estonia; (J.J.); (P.P.)
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406 Tartu, Estonia;
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Children’s Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia
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14
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Jürimäe J, Karvelyte V, Remmel L, Tamm AL, Purge P, Gruodyte-Raciene R, Kamandulis S, Maasalu K, Gracia-Marco L, Tillmann V. Serum sclerostin concentration is associated with specific adipose, muscle and bone tissue markers in lean adolescent females with increased physical activity. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 34:755-761. [PMID: 33851796 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2020-0662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sclerostin is an important regulator of bone mass involving the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. Relatively few studies have investigated the relationships of circulating sclerostin levels with adiposity-related and muscle-related biochemical factors in individuals with increased energy metabolism. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of circulating sclerostin with adipokines, myokines, osteokines and body composition values in lean adolescent females with increased physical activity. METHODS A total of 73 adolescent females who were physically active and aged 14-18 years old participated in the study. Sclerostin, leptin, resistin, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, irisin, osteocalcin, C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and insulin were obtained from fasting blood samples. Body composition was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and analyzed for body fat mass, lean body mass, bone mineral content and muscle mass. RESULTS Serum sclerostin (117.9 ± 60.3 pg/mL) was correlated with age, age at menarche, body fat, muscle mass, training activity, leptin, TNF-α, irisin, osteocalcin, CTx and IGF-1. Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that fat mass (β = 0.434; p = 0.001), leptin (β = -0.308; p = 0.015), irisin (β = 0.227; p = 0.024) and CTx (β = 0.290; p = 0.031) were the most important predictors of serum sclerostin concentration. CONCLUSIONS Bone-derived sclerostin is associated with specific adipokine, myokine and osteokine values in lean adolescent females with increased physical activity. These results suggest that the interactions between bone, adipose and muscle tissues could also be associated with circulating sclerostin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Katre Maasalu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity) Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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15
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Tamolienė V, Remmel L, Gruodyte-Raciene R, Jürimäe J. Relationships of Bone Mineral Variables with Body Composition, Blood Hormones and Training Volume in Adolescent Female Athletes with Different Loading Patterns. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18126571. [PMID: 34207239 PMCID: PMC8296434 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to determine the relationships of areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and content (BMC) with body composition, blood hormone and training load variables in adolescent female athletes with different loading patterns. The participants were 73 healthy adolescent females (14–18 years), who were divided into three groups: rhythmic gymnasts (RG; n = 33), swimmers (SW; n = 20) and untrained controls (UC; n = 20). Bone mineral and body compositional variables were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), estradiol and leptin were analyzed from blood samples. In addition, aerobic performance was assessed by a peak oxygen consumption test. No differences (p > 0.05) in weekly training volume were observed between rhythmic gymnasts (17.6 ± 5.3 h/week) and swimmers (16.1 ± 6.9 h/week). Measured areal bone mineral density and bone mineral content values were higher in rhythmic gymnasts compared with other groups (p < 0.05), while no differences (p > 0.05) in measured bone mineral values were seen between swimmers and untrained control groups. Multiple regression models indicated that IGF-1 alone explained 14% of the total variance (R2 × 100) in lumbar spine aBMD, while appendicular muscle mass and training volume together explained 37% of the total variance in femoral neck BMC in the rhythmic gymnast group only. In swimmers, age at menarche, estradiol and appendicular muscle mass together explained 68% of the total variance in lumbar spine BMC, while appendicular muscle mass was the only predictor and explained 19 to 53% of the total variance in measured bone mineral values in untrained controls. In conclusion, adolescent rhythmic gymnasts with specific weight-bearing athletic activity present higher areal bone mineral values in comparison with swimmers and untrained controls. Specific training volume together with appendicular muscle mass influenced cortical bone development at the femoral neck site of the skeleton in rhythmic gymnasts, while hormonal values influenced trabecular bone development at the lumbar spine site in both athletic groups with different loading patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita Tamolienė
- Institute of Sports Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Rita Gruodyte-Raciene
- Department of Physical and Social Education, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 50090 Tartu, Estonia;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Remmel L, Tillmann V, Tamm AL, Mengel E, Jürimäe J. A Longitudinal Study of Bone Mineral Accrual during Growth in Competitive Premenarcheal Rhythmic Gymnasts. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:466-473. [PMID: 34267586 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to study whether prolonged competitive rhythmic gymnastics training influenced bone mineral accrual in premenarcheal girls. Eighty-nine girls (45 rhythmic gymnasts [RG] and 44 untrained controls [UC]) between 7 and 9 years of age were recruited and measured annually for four years (not all participants were measured at every occasion). Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to assess the development of whole body (WB), femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) bone mineral content (BMC). In addition, body composition, blood adipokine and jumping performance characteristics were obtained. For longitudinal analyses, hierarchical mixed-effects models were constructed to predict differences in the development of WB, FN and LS BMC between RG and UC groups, while accounting for differences in body composition, blood adipokine and jumping performance values. It appeared that from 8 years of age, RG had lower (p < 0.05) fat mass and leptin values, and higher (p < 0.05) jumping performance measures in comparison with UC girls. Hierarchical mixed-effects models demonstrated that RG had 71.9 ± 12.0, 0.23 ± 0.11 and 1.39 ± 0.42 g more (p < 0.05) WB, FN and LS BMC, respectively, in comparison with UC girls. In addition, WB, FN and LS BMC increased more (p < 0.05) between 7 to 12 years of age in RG girls in comparison with UC. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the prolonged exposure to competitive rhythmic gymnastics trainings in premenarcheal girls is associated with greater bone mineral accrual despite lower body fat mass and leptin values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Eva Mengel
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Tartu Health Care College, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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17
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Jürimäe J, Karvelyte V, Remmel L, Tamm AL, Purge P, Gruodyte-Raciene R, Kamandulis S, Maasalu K, Gracia-Marco L, Tillmann V. Sclerostin, preadipocyte factor-1 and bone mineral values in eumenorrheic adolescent athletes with different training patterns. J Bone Miner Metab 2021; 39:245-252. [PMID: 32880010 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-020-01141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The specific aims of the study were to compare possible differences in sclerostin and preadipocyte factor-1 (Pref-1) between rhythmic gymnasts (RG), swimmers (SW) and untrained controls (UC), and to investigate the relationships of sclerostin and Pref-1 with bone mineral characteristics in studied groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study included 62 eumenorrheic adolescents (RG = 22; SW = 20; UC = 20). Bone mineral and body composition characteristics were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and sclerostin, Pref-1, osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx) were measured. RESULTS Sclerostin was higher (P = 0.001) in RG (129.35 ± 51.01 pg/ml; by 74%) and SW (118.05 ± 40.05 pg/ml; by 59%) in comparison with UC (74.32 ± 45.41 pg/ml), while no differences (P = 0.896) were seen in Pref-1 (RG: 1.42 ± 0.16 ng/ml; SW: 1.41 ± 0.20 ng/ml; UC: 1.39 ± 0.26 ng/ml) between groups. Osteocalcin (RG: 7.74 ± 4.09 ng/ml; SW: 8.05 ± 4.18 ng/ml; UC: 7.04 ± 3.92 ng/ml; P = 0.843) and CTx (RG: 0.73 ± 0.22 ng/ml; SW: 0.64 ± 0.16 ng/ml; UC: 0.62 ± 0.20 ng/ml; P = 0.173) were not different between groups. Sclerostin correlated (P < 0.05) with whole-body bone mineral content (r = 0.61) and lumbar spine (LS) areal bone mineral density (aBMD) (r = 0.43) in RG, and femoral neck aBMD (r = 0.45) in UC. No correlation was found between sclerostin and bone mineral values in SW, and Pref-1 was not correlated with any bone mineral characteristics in studied groups. Sclerostin was the independent variable that explained 14% of the total variance (R2 × 100) in LS aBMD value only in RG. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent athletes have higher sclerostin compared to UC. Sclerostin was correlated with bone mineral values and predicted areal bone mineral density in RG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 18. Ülikooli St., 50090, Tartu, Estonia.
| | | | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 18. Ülikooli St., 50090, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 18. Ülikooli St., 50090, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Katre Maasalu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Luis Gracia-Marco
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity) Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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18
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Tamme R, Jürimäe J, Mäestu E, Remmel L, Purge P, Mengel E, Tillmann V. Association of Serum Testosterone at 12 Years with a Subsequent Increase in Bone Mineral Apparent Density at 18 Years: A Longitudinal Study of Boys in Puberty. Horm Res Paediatr 2020; 91:400-405. [PMID: 31505497 DOI: 10.1159/000502606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional studies have associated serum testosterone with bone mineral density (BMD). However, there is a shortage of prospective longitudinal studies in this domain, leaving it unclear whether changes in testosterone level precede changes in BMD. OBJECTIVES To examine the association between serum testosterone concentration at the age of 12 years and a subsequent increase in BMD by the age of 18 years. METHODS Eighty-eight boys with a mean age of 12.1 ± 0.7 (time point 1 [T1]) and 18.0 ± 0.7 (T2) were investigated. For both time points, serum testosterone was measured from venous blood samples. Total body (TB) and lumbar spine (LS) BMD and bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) were measured. As different brands of DEXA machines were used at T1 and T2, we calculated SD scores (SDS) from samples at T1 and T2 and their change (Δ). As covariates, bone age at T1 and physical activity (PA) by accelerometer at T1 and T2 were measured. RESULTS Serum testosterone at T1 was positively correlated with TB BMD at T2 (r = 0.28; p < 0.01), Δ TB BMAD SDS (r = 0.47; p < 0.0001) and Δ LS BMAD SDS (r = 0.23; p < 0.05). When additionally controlling for bone age and total PA at T1, the correlation between testosterone at T1 and Δ TB BMAD SDS remained significant (r = 0.32; p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Serum testosterone concentration at the age of 12 years is associated with a subsequent increase in TB BMAD by the age of 18 years. This supports the inference that testosterone levels in early puberty may influence subsequent bone mineral accrual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeli Tamme
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia, .,Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia,
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelin Mäestu
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Purge
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eva Mengel
- Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
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Tamme R, Jürimäe J, Mäestu E, Remmel L, Purge P, Mengel E, Tillmann V. Physical Activity in Puberty is Associated with Total Body and Femoral Neck Bone Mineral Characteristics in Males at 18 Years of Age. Medicina (Kaunas) 2019; 55:E203. [PMID: 31126164 PMCID: PMC6572272 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Studies indicate that genetic and lifestyle factors influence optimal bone development. Adaptations in bone mineral characteristics related to physical activity (PA) are most often observed in pre- and peri-puberty. Longitudinal associations between bone mineral accrual and objectively measured PA in puberty are poorly understood. The present study aims to investigate whether pubertal PA at different intensities is related to bone mineral characteristics in individuals at 18 years of age. Materials and Methods: Anthropometrics, pubertal stage, bone age and PA by accelerometer were measured in 88 boys at the mean age of 12.1 (T1), 13.1 (T2), 14.0 (T3) and 18.0 years (T4). Different bone mineral parameters were measured by dual-energy X-ray at T4. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed to determine the effect of bone age, body mass and PA characteristics on measured bone mineral parameters at 18 years of age. Results: Total PA in puberty together with mean pubertal body mass predicted 35.5% of total body (TB) bone mineral density (BMD), 43.0% of TB less head (LH) bone mineral content (BMC) and 48.1% of BMC/height in individuals at 18 years of age. Vigorous PA and body mass in puberty predicted 43.2% of femoral neck (FN) BMD; bone age at T1, vigorous PA and body mass in puberty predicted 47.3% of FN BMC at 18 years of age. No associations between pubertal PA levels and lumbar spine bone mineral characteristics in individuals at 18 years of age were found. Conclusions: Physical activity in puberty has a significant impact on bone mineral characteristics in individuals at 18 years of age, with total PA being a significant predictor of TB BMD and TB LH BMC as well as BMC/height, whereas vigorous PA is a significant predictor of FN BMD and FN BMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeli Tamme
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406 Tartu, Estonia.
- Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 51007 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Evelin Mäestu
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 51007 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 51007 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, 51007 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Eva Mengel
- Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 50406 Tartu, Estonia.
- Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, 50406 Tartu, Estonia.
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Marin-Puyalto J, Mäestu J, Gómez-Cabello A, Lätt E, Remmel L, Purge P, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Jürimäe J. Frequency and duration of vigorous physical activity bouts are associated with adolescent boys' bone mineral status: A cross-sectional study. Bone 2019; 120:141-147. [PMID: 30355511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vigorous physical activity (VPA) has been proven to promote osteogenesis in adolescents; however the specifics of the optimal pattern of frequency and duration of VPA are unknown. The main goal of the present study was to analyze the associations of different length of VPA bouts with bone health. METHODS 180 healthy male adolescents (11-13 years) had their bone mineral content and density assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans at the whole body, femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine and their physical activity measured by an accelerometer during one week. RESULTS VPA was the intensity with the strongest associations with bone mineral parameters especially at the FN. Subjects whose longest VPA bout was 5 min or above had higher FN bone mineral density (BMD) than those who did not complete any 5-min bout and these differences were greater with participants who reached 15 consecutive minutes of VPA (>15': 0.977 ± 0.020 g/cm2; 5'-15': 0.907 ± 0.009 g/cm2; <5': 0.876 ± 0.009 g/cm2; all p < 0.05). When comparing the relevance of VPA bouts and volume of physical activity, the group with low volume and having a VPA bout had better FN BMD compared to the group with high volume but no VPA bout. Additionally, the group with both high volume and VPA bout showed better FN BMD than the rest of the groups. CONCLUSIONS VPA may be the most effective activity intensity to improve bone mineral density and content of adolescent boys, with greater benefits if VPA periods either long or frequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Marin-Puyalto
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001 Huesca, Spain; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain; EXERNET red de investigación en ejercicio físico y salud para poblaciones especiales, Spain.
| | - Jarek Mäestu
- Institute of Sport Pedagogy and Coaching Sciences, Centre of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alba Gómez-Cabello
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain; EXERNET red de investigación en ejercicio físico y salud para poblaciones especiales, Spain; Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Evelin Lätt
- Institute of Sport Pedagogy and Coaching Sciences, Centre of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sport Pedagogy and Coaching Sciences, Centre of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sport Pedagogy and Coaching Sciences, Centre of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - German Vicente-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001 Huesca, Spain; GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Zaragoza, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Spain; Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain; EXERNET red de investigación en ejercicio físico y salud para poblaciones especiales, Spain
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Pedagogy and Coaching Sciences, Centre of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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21
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Marin-Puyalto J, Mäestu J, Gomez-Cabello A, Lätt E, Remmel L, Purge P, Casajús JA, Vicente-Rodríguez G, Jürimäe J. Vigorous physical activity patterns affect bone growth during early puberty in boys. Osteoporos Int 2018; 29:2693-2701. [PMID: 30334092 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4731-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study aims to analyze the impact of participation in vigorous physical activity as it can promote a healthy bone development. Adolescents who increased their participation in vigorous physical activity showed higher improvements in bone parameters compared to those who did not, which highlights the relevance of vigorous physical activity engagement. INTRODUCTION The main purpose of the study was to analyze the effects of different patterns of vigorous physical activity (VPA) on bone development. METHODS One-week accelerometry registers and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans at the whole body, hip, and lumbar spine of 140 healthy male adolescents (11-13 years, at baseline) were performed twice with a 1-year interval between measurements. Four patterns of VPA evolution ("low-low," "low-high," "high-low," and "high-high") and three patterns of bone growth ("optimal," "mean," and "reduced") were defined according to the median participation in VPA and a cluster analysis of the longitudinal changes in BMC and BMD in all sites measured, respectively. Bone mineral parameters were adjusted for skeletal age and body weight prior to statistical comparison among groups. RESULTS Participants in the "low-high" group had greater adjusted BMD increases at both the femoral neck and lumbar spine when compared to the "low-low" group (estimated mean (95% CI) 0.066 (0.047-0.085) vs. 0.034 (0.021-0.047) g/cm2 and 0.074 (0.054-0.093) vs. 0.049 (0.035-0.062) g/cm2 respectively, both p < 0.05). Femoral neck BMD adjusted increase was also different between the "high-high" and the "high-low" groups (0.053 (0.041-0.066) vs. 0.030 (0.011-0.049) g/cm2, p < 0.05). Additionally, a higher percentage of "optimal" growth was found in the "low-high" group than in the "low-low" and "high-low" categories (36.3, 12.5 and 13.6% respectively, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Engaging in VPA as well as maintaining high levels of VPA during puberty is associated with greater gains in bone mass, which can have an impact in future bone health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Marin-Puyalto
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
- EXERNET red de investigación en ejercicio físico y salud para poblaciones especiales, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J Mäestu
- Institute of Sport Pedagogy and Coaching Sciences, Centre of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - A Gomez-Cabello
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
- EXERNET red de investigación en ejercicio físico y salud para poblaciones especiales, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - E Lätt
- Institute of Sport Pedagogy and Coaching Sciences, Centre of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - L Remmel
- Institute of Sport Pedagogy and Coaching Sciences, Centre of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - P Purge
- Institute of Sport Pedagogy and Coaching Sciences, Centre of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - J A Casajús
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
- EXERNET red de investigación en ejercicio físico y salud para poblaciones especiales, Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - G Vicente-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science (FCSD), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, Ronda Misericordia 5, 22001, Huesca, Spain.
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain.
- EXERNET red de investigación en ejercicio físico y salud para poblaciones especiales, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Madrid, Spain.
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS), Department of Physiatry and Nursing, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral s/n, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - J Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Pedagogy and Coaching Sciences, Centre of Behavioral, Social and Health Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Mengel E, Tillmann V, Remmel L, Kool P, Purge P, Lätt E, Jürimäe J. The associations between the changes in serum inflammatory markers and bone mineral accrual in boys with overweight and obesity during pubertal maturation: a 3-year longitudinal study in Estonian boys. Osteoporos Int 2018; 29:2069-2078. [PMID: 29858631 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-018-4580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Adipose tissue produces different inflammatory cytokines which compromise bone mineral accrual during puberty. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), interleukin (IL)-8, and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) are significantly related to bone mineral accrual during pubertal maturation in boys with different BMI values. INTRODUCTION This longitudinal study aims to identify the inflammatory markers that most strongly associate with pubertal bone mineral density (BMD) increment in boys with overweight and obesity (OWB). METHODS Twenty-six OWB and 29 normal-weight boys were followed yearly for 3 years to measure changes in 12 serum inflammatory markers, BMD (by DXA), and apparent volumetric BMD. The OWB group was further divided into two subgroups according to their BMI gain during the 3-year period. Data through time points presented as slopes were used to calculate correlation coefficients to explore the possible relationships between variables of interest. In the whole study group, linear mixed effects (LME) models were also used. RESULTS Increment in serum VEGF concentration was inversely associated with an increase in total body (TB) BMD (r = - 0.82, P = 0.02) and TB bone mineral content (BMC)/height (r = - 0.82, P = 0.02) in those OWB whose BMI gain was higher during pubertal years. In the whole study group, the LME model confirmed the inverse association between VEGF and TB BMC/height (P < 0.05). EGF was inversely associated with LS BMD and LS BMAD (P < 0.05), whereas there was a positive association between IL-8 and TB BMAD and between IFN-γ and LS BMD (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Lower increment in BMD in OWB with higher BMI gain is associated with increasing serum VEGF concentration during pubertal maturation. VEGF, EGF, IL-8, and IFN-γ are significantly associated with BMD during pubertal maturation in boys with different BMI values.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mengel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Jakobi 5, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
- Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - V Tillmann
- Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - L Remmel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Jakobi 5, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - P Kool
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - P Purge
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Jakobi 5, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - E Lätt
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Jakobi 5, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - J Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Jakobi 5, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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Jürimäe J, Lätt E, Remmel L, Purge P, Tillmann V. Longitudinal changes in bone-testis axis and their associations with insulin resistance in 11- to 12-year-old boys. Bone 2018; 108:115-120. [PMID: 29309847 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Associations between osteocalcin (OCN), an osteoblast-specific hormone, and different markers of energy metabolism and insulin resistance have been reported in adults, but few studies have investigated this in children. The aim of the current study was to investigate serum OCN levels during pubertal development in normal weight (NW) and overweight (OW) boys, and to evaluate possible associations of OCN with body composition, testosterone, insulin resistance and adipocytokine values during puberty. METHODS Ninety 11- to 12-year-old boys were investigated at 12-month intervals over the next 2years. Boys were divided by their BMI into NW (n=60) and OW (n=30) groups. Serum OCN, testosterone, leptin, adiponectin, insulin, HOMA-IR score, and body composition were measured. RESULTS Pubertal development over the 2-year period was similar in both groups. Serum OCN was not different at the beginning of the study and increased similarly in both groups. However, at the end of the study, NW had higher OCN than OW (142.9±5.2 vs. 124.0±7.4ng/ml; p<0.05). OW had higher leptin, insulin and HOMA-IR compared to NW, and these differences remained significant through the 2-year period. Testosterone, insulin and HOMA-IR increased through the study period in both groups. In multiple regression analyses increment in OCN was associated with the increase in testosterone in NW (p<0.001) and OW (p=0.049) boys. Increment in OCN was also associated with the increase in insulin (p=0.019) and HOMA-IR (p=0.012) over the 2-year period in NW boys. CONCLUSION Serum OCN concentration increases in puberty and the increment is positively associated with the rise in testosterone level in both NW and OW boys. The positive association between the rise in OCN and insulin in NW boys would suggest that OCN may have a role in the development of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Evelin Lätt
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Mengel E, Tillmann V, Remmel L, Kool P, Purge P, Lätt E, Jürimäe J. Extensive BMI Gain in Puberty is Associated with Lower Increments in Bone Mineral Density in Estonian Boys with Overweight and Obesity: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study. Calcif Tissue Int 2017; 101:174-181. [PMID: 28374175 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this 3-year prospective study was to examine changes in bone mineral characteristics during pubertal maturation in boys with different BMI values at the beginning of puberty and with different BMI increments during puberty. 26 boys with overweight and obesity (OWB) and 29 normal weight boys (NWB) were studied yearly for 3 years from the age of 11 years to measure the changes in different bone mineral characteristics. The OWB group was further divided into two subgroups according to extensive or non-extensive BMI increment during 3-year period. OWB had higher (P < 0.01) baseline total body (TB) bone mineral density (BMD), TB bone mineral content (BMC), TB BMC for height, lumbar spine (LS) BMD, and LS BMC compared to NWB. Throughout the study period, OWB gained more TB BMD (P = 0.0001), TB BMC (P = 0.0048), TB BMC for height (P = 0.0124), LS BMD (P = 0.0029), and LS BMC (P = 0.0022) compared to NWB. Also during the study period, TB BMD (P = 0.0065), TB BMC (P = 0.0141), TB BMC for height (P = 0.0199), LS BMD (P = 0.0066), LS apparent volumetric BMD (BMAD) (P = 0.0075), and LS BMC (P = 0.017) increased significantly less in those OWB whose BMI increased more extensively. Extensive BMI gain is associated with lower increments in bone mineral characteristics in boys with overweight and obesity. Unfavorable increment in total body fat mass and percentage during pubertal years could be one reason for that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mengel
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Jakobi 5, 50411, Tartu, Estonia.
- Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Jakobi 5, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pille Kool
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Purge
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Jakobi 5, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelin Lätt
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Jakobi 5, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Tartu, Jakobi 5, 50411, Tartu, Estonia
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Jürimäe J, Võsoberg K, Tamm AL, Maasalu K, Remmel L, Tillmann V. Body composition and inflammatory markers in pubertal girls: Comparison between athletes and non-athletic controls. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:867-873. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1315177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristel Võsoberg
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Katre Maasalu
- Clinics of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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26
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Mengel E, Tillmann V, Remmel L, Kool P, Purge P, Lätt E, Jürimäe J. Changes in inflammatory markers in estonian pubertal boys with different BMI values and increments: A 3-Year Follow-Up Study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:600-607. [PMID: 28164479 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serum inflammatory markers could help to identify those boys with overweight (OWB) who gain weight more extensively during puberty. This study aimed to examine the longitudinal changes in different serum inflammatory markers through puberty in boys with different BMI values and increments. METHODS Twenty-six OWB and 29 normal-weight boys (NWB) were followed yearly for 3 years to measure changes in BMI and serum concentrations of 12 inflammatory markers. RESULTS OWB had higher (P < 0.033) baseline interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and IL-1α concentrations in comparison with NWB. Over the 3-year period, IFN-γ (P = 0.0001) and TNF-α (P = 0.0042) decreased more in OWB compared to NWB. Serum IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and leptin increased further in those OWB who gained BMI more extensively through puberty compared to OWB who gained weight at slower rates (P < 0.033). CONCLUSIONS Serum IFN-γ and TNF-α levels decreased more during pubertal years in OWB compared to NWB, indicating that pubertal maturation itself may have a favorable impact on the inflammation of obesity. Serum IL-8, MCP-1, and leptin could help to identify OWB who gain BMI more extensively during pubertal years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mengel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Liina Remmel
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pille Kool
- Children's Clinic of Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Priit Purge
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Evelin Lätt
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jaak Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Remmel L, Tillmann V, Mäestu J, Purge P, Saar M, Lätt E, Maasalu K, Jürimäe T, Jürimäe J. Associations between Bone Mineral Characteristics and Serum Levels of Ghrelin and Peptide YY in Overweight Adolescent Boys. Horm Res Paediatr 2016; 84:6-13. [PMID: 25966775 DOI: 10.1159/000381623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The role of ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) in bone mineralization is not fully known. The aim of this study was to determine whether acylated and des-acyl ghrelin and PYY in addition to leptin are related to bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescent overweight boys (OWB) and normal-weight boys (NWB). PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Fifty- five OWB (BMI >85th percentile) and 154 NWB (BMI <85th percentile) aged 12-16 years participated in this study. Fasting serum acylated and des-acyl ghrelin, PYY, leptin, testosterone levels, total body (TB) and lumbar spine (LS) bone mineral content (BMC), and BMD were measured. TB BMC for height and TB and LS bone mineral apparent density (BMAD) were calculated. RESULTS No differences were seen in acylated and des-acyl ghrelin or PYY levels, while the leptin levels were significantly higher in the OWB compared to the NWB. In the OWB, TB BMAD was positively correlated with acylated ghrelin and leptin, and TB BMC for height was positively correlated with PYY. In the OWB, the variability of TB BMD was determined by TB fat-free mass and des-acyl ghrelin, whereas the variability of TB BMAD was determined by leptin. CONCLUSIONS Des-acyl ghrelin and PYY are involved in the bone mineralization process in puberty, and the impact can vary between normal and overweight subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liina Remmel
- Faculty of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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