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Liu H, Yu B. Rotation of the thrower-discus system and performance in discus throwing. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:624-639. [PMID: 33663339 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.1880619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of thrower-discus system rotation on performance in discus throwing. The resultant angular momentum of the thrower-discus system and direction cosines of the angular momentum vector were calculated from kinematic data at five critical instants of discus throwing for 28 female and 15 male elite discus throwers, and compared between their long and short trials in actual competition. Compared to short trials, elite female throwers' long trials had significantly less angular momentum at right foot takeoff and left foot takeoff (P ≤ 0.023), and significantly less top-to-left rotation at right foot takeoff, left foot takeoff, left foot touchdown, and release (P ≤ 0.007), and significantly greater right-to-left rotation at left foot touchdown and release (P ≤ 0.009) in long trials. Compared to their short trials, elite male throwers had significantly less top-to-left and top-to-front rotations at left foot touchdown (P ≤ 0.042), and significantly less total angular momentum at release (P = 0.043) in long trials. Elite discus throwers should control the amount of rotations of the thrower-discus system to reduce the top-to-left roll of the discus during the flight to extend the aerodynamic distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- China Institute of Sports and Health, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Center for Human Movement Science, Division of Physical Therapy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Prince C, Guex K, Lachaux-Couttet G, Samozino P, Edouard P. Current warm-up practices before maximal sprinting in track-and-field (athletics). J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2024; 64:319-327. [PMID: 37955929 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Warm-up is commonly performed by track-and-field athletes before performing maximal sprinting activities. Whilst some warm-up strategies may enhance athletes' physical and mental readiness, less is known about the current athletes' behaviors and warm-up practices in track and field. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the warm-up practices in a population of athletes performing in sprinting disciplines. METHODS A cross-sectional exploratory study was performed in which track-and-field athletes, performing in athletics at a competitive level in disciplines requiring maximal acceleration and sprinting were recruited. We collected, using an online survey, information about 1) "General and Anthropometric data;" 2) "Athletics training practices" questioning the level of practices and the training frequency; and 3) "Athletics warm-up practices before maximal sprinting" questioning warm-up structure, duration and specific content. RESULTS A total of 114 athletes replied to the survey. They reported a mean weekly training duration of 10.5 (±4.0) hours and a pre-maximal sprint warm-up duration of 40.5 (±13.5) minutes. During warm-up, they were engaged in five principal activities: predominantly moderate jogging (95% participation, 8±3.3 minutes), succeeded by dynamic and/or ballistic stretching (78% participation, 9±4.3 minutes), followed by athletic drills (96% participation, 15±5.4 minutes), culminating in accelerations (100% participation) along with high-speed running (77% participation). Warm-up duration and composition differed across athletes' levels of practice and disciplines. CONCLUSIONS Most of the participants' warm-up practices were typically structured in a three-phase manner, comprising jogging, stretching, and specific training (athletic drills and accelerations). Most athletes followed scientific-based warm-up recommendations there are some areas where the evidence is limited, and more research is needed to determine the optimal warm-up routine for athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Prince
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Chambéry, France -
- Physiotherapy Department and Motion Analysis Lab, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, La Tour Hospital, Meyrin, Switzerland -
- Société Française des Masseurs Kinésithérapeute du Sport, SFMKS-Lab, Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, France -
| | - Kenny Guex
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Sprints, Hurdles and Relays, Swiss Athletics, Haus des Sports, Ittigen, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Lachaux-Couttet
- Physiotherapy Department and Motion Analysis Lab, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, La Tour Hospital, Meyrin, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Samozino
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Chambéry, France
| | - Pascal Edouard
- UJM-Saint-Etienne, Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Saint-Etienne, France
- Unit of Sports Medicine, Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Etienne, France
- European Athletics Medical and Anti-Doping Commission, European Athletics Association (EAA), Lausanne, Switzerland
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omer H. A proposed equation for calculating the total horizontal distance in projectiles of varying launch and landing levels. F1000Res 2024; 12:1491. [PMID: 38434674 PMCID: PMC10905019 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.140934.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The projectile draws a path for the flight of the tool, a horizontal distance can be calculated according to the Galileo Galilei Law of Projectiles (GGLP), but only if the two points of the launch and fall of the tool are equal, otherwise we need an equation to be added to the (GGLP) to calculate the real distance that was generated due to the difference between the launch and fall points. There are several equations to calculate this, but they are complex and can be simplified. Methods The proposed equation was tested by exporting samples from three different throwing events (javelin, shotput, disc) data in track and field games, to calculate the horizontal throwing distance. The proposed equation was based on the basics of mathematics and geometry. The equation was tested in terms if the height is zero, the proposed equation is suitable even for projectiles with equal levels, and the credibility of the proposed equation with the previous equation was tested statistically. Results It was found that there were no differences between the two equations (p>0.05). and due to the relative ease of access of the proposed equation to very similar results, researcher suggests applying the proposed equation. Conclusions The proposed equation contained the height factor in the previous equation, and when tested by several criteria, the proposed equation has proven its credibility, statistically and graphically. The ranges of theoretical achievement calculated by the proposed equation are often closer to the real achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- hussein omer
- Physical Education & Sports Sciences, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq, 58001, Iraq
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Edouard P, Dandrieux PE, Blanco D, Tondut J, Chapon J, Navarro L, Junge A, Hollander K. How do sports injury epidemiological outcomes vary depending on athletes' response rates to a weekly online questionnaire? An analysis of 39-week follow-up from 391 athletics ( track and field) athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14589. [PMID: 38441349 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore how sports injury epidemiological outcomes (i.e., prevalence, average prevalence, incidence, burden, and time to first injury) vary depending on the response rates to a weekly online self-reported questionnaire for athletes. METHODS Weekly information on athletics injuries and exposure from 391 athletics (track and field) athletes was prospectively collected over 39 weeks (control group of the PREVATHLE randomized controlled trial) using an online self-reported questionnaire. The data were used to calculate sports injury epidemiological outcomes (i.e., prevalence, average prevalence, incidence, burden, and time to first injury) for sub-groups with different minimum individual athletes' response rates (i.e., from at least 100%, at least 97%, at least 95%, … to at least 0% response rate). We then calculated the relative variation between each sub-group and the sub-group with a 100% response rate as a reference. A substantial variation was considered when the relative variation was greater than one SD or 95% CI of the respective epidemiological outcome calculated in the sub-group with a 100% response rate. RESULTS Of 15 249 expected weekly questionnaires, 7209 were completed and returned, resulting in an overall response rate of 47.3%. The individual athletes' response rates ranged from 0% (n = 51) to 100% (n = 100). The prevalence, average weekly prevalence, and time to first injury only varied substantially for the sub-groups below a 5%, 10% and 18% minimum individual response rate, respectively. The incidence and injury burden showed substantial variations for all sub-groups with a response rate below 100%. CONCLUSIONS Epidemiological outcomes varied depending on the minimum individual athletes' response rate, with injury prevalence, average weekly prevalence, and time to first injury varying less than injury incidence and injury burden. This highlights the need to take into account the individual response rate when calculating epidemiological outcomes, and determining the optimal study-specific cut-offs of the minimum individual response rate needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Edouard
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Saint-Etienne, France
- Sports Medicine Unit, Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- European Athletics Medical & Anti-Doping Commission, European Athletics Association (EAA), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Eddy Dandrieux
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Saint-Etienne, France
- Mines Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, France
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - David Blanco
- Physiotherapy Department, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeanne Tondut
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Saint-Etienne, France
- Mines Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Joris Chapon
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Laurent Navarro
- Mines Saint-Etienne, University of Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Astrid Junge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Health in Performing Arts, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Dandrieux PE, Navarro L, Chapon J, Tondut J, Zyskowski M, Hollander K, Edouard P. Perceptions and beliefs on sports injury prediction as an injury risk reduction strategy: An online survey on elite athletics ( track and field) athletes, coaches, and health professionals. Phys Ther Sport 2024; 66:31-36. [PMID: 38278059 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore perceptions and beliefs of elite athletics (track and field) athletes, coaches, and health professionals, towards the use of injury prediction as an injury risk reduction strategy. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHOD During the 2022 European Athletics Championships in Munich, registered athletes, coaches, and health professionals were asked to complete an online questionnaire on their perceptions and beliefs of injury prediction use as an injury risk reduction strategy. The perceived level of interest, intent to use, help, potential stress (psychological impact) and dissemination were assessed by a score from 0 to 100. RESULTS We collected 54 responses from 17 countries. Elite athletics stakeholders expressed a perceived level of interest, intent to use, and help of injury prediction of (mean ± SD) 85 ± 16, 84 ± 16, and 85 ± 15, respectively. The perceived level of potential stress was 41 ± 33 (range from 0 to 100), with an important inter-individual variability in each elite athletics stakeholder's category. CONCLUSIONS This was the first study investigating the perceptions and beliefs of elite athletics stakeholders regarding the use of injury prediction as an injury risk reduction strategy. Regardless of the stakeholders, there was a high perceived level of interest, intent to use and help reported in this potential strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Eddy Dandrieux
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, F-42023, Saint-Étienne, France; Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France; Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Laurent Navarro
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, F-42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Joris Chapon
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, F-42023, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Jeanne Tondut
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, F-42023, Saint-Étienne, France
| | | | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Edouard
- Université Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Lyon 1, Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, F-42023, Saint-Étienne, France; Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Faculty of Medicine, Saint-Etienne, France; European Athletics Medical & Anti-Doping Commission, European Athletics Association (EAA), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kelly S, Waring A, Stone B, Pollock N. Epidemiology of bone injuries in elite athletics: A prospective 9-year cohort study. Phys Ther Sport 2024; 66:67-75. [PMID: 38340615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe bone injury patterns in elite track and field athletes. To investigate relationships between bone injury and athlete characteristics to inform future injury prevention strategies. DESIGN Descriptive epidemiology study. SETTING Elite athletics training centres across the United Kingdom and internationally, observed between 2012 and 2020. PARTICIPANTS 207 Olympic programme senior track and field athletes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Injury number, Incidence, Severity, Burden, Time Loss. RESULTS There were 78 fractures during the study period. Gradual repetitive bone injuries were the most common type of injury mode. The foot, pelvis and the lumbar spine were the regions with the highest number of bone stress injuries. Stress fractures had a higher burden overall compared to stress reactions. Average return to full training was 67.4 days (±73.1) for stress reactions and 199 (±205.2) days for stress fractures. There was no relationship between bone injury type and age, sex, ethnicity, side dominance or event group. CONCLUSION Bone stress injuries in athletics have a high severity and burden warranting continued efforts to prevent their occurrence and optimize management. Age, sex, ethnicity, side dominance and event region do not have any relationship with bone injury occurrence and are therefore unlikely to increase risk in this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Kelly
- Ballet Healthcare, The Royal Opera House, London, WC2E9DD, United Kingdom.
| | - Anthony Waring
- Fortius Clinic, 17 Fitzhardinge Street, London, W1H 6EQ, United Kingdom. https://twitter.com/Sport_Ex_Dr
| | - Ben Stone
- British Athletics, National Performance Institute (NPI), Loughborough, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom. https://twitter.com/B_W_Stone
| | - Noel Pollock
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health (ISEH), University College of London, London, W1T 7HA, United Kingdom. https://twitter.com/DrNoelPollock
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Zimmer RT, Birnbaumer P, Sternad C, Zunner BEM, Schierbauer J, Fritsch M, Fröhlich-Reiterer E, Hofmann P, Sourij H, Aberer F, Moser O. Impact of a 4-week intensive track and field training intervention on glycaemia in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: The ChilDFiT1 study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:631-641. [PMID: 37985360 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the safety and efficacy of track and field training compared with intensification of insulin treatment only in adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D). MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighteen adolescents (seven females) with T1D were included (age 15.1 ± 1.1 years, HbA1c 7.3% ± 1.0% [56.3 ± 10.9 mmol/mol]). After a 4-week observational control phase, participants were randomized to either stand-alone intensive glycaemic management (IT; telemedicine or on-site visits, three times/week) or additionally performed track and field exercise (EX; three 60-minute sessions/week) for 4 weeks. Glycaemia was assessed via continuous glucose monitoring during observational control and intervention phases. RESULTS Time in range (70-180 mg/dL; 3.9-10.0 mmol/L) significantly improved from the observational control phase to the exercise intervention phase in EX (69% ± 13% vs. 72% ± 11%, P = .049), but not in IT (59% ± 22% vs. 62% ± 16%, P = .399). Time below range 1 (54-69 mg/dL; < 3.9 mmol/L) improved in IT (3.1% ± 1.9% vs. 2.0% ± 0.8%, P = .017) and remained stable in EX (2.0% ± 1.7 vs. 1.9% ± 1.1%, P = .999). The EX group's HbA1c ameliorated preintervention to postintervention (mean difference: ΔHbA1c -0.19% ± 0.17%, P = .042), which was not seen within the IT group (ΔHbA1c -0.16% ± 0.37%, P = .40). Glucose standard deviation was reduced significantly in EX (55 ± 11 vs. 51 ± 10 mg/dL [3.1 ± 0.6 vs. 2.8 ± 0.6 mmol/L], P = .011), but not in IT (70 ± 24 vs. 63 ± 18 mg/dL [3.9 ± 1.3 vs. 3.5 ± 1.0 mmol/L], P = .186). CONCLUSION Track and field training combined with intensive glycaemic management improved glycaemia in adolescents with T1D, which was not observed in the non-exercise group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T Zimmer
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo-Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Philipp Birnbaumer
- Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christoph Sternad
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Beate E M Zunner
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo-Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Janis Schierbauer
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo-Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Maria Fritsch
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Elke Fröhlich-Reiterer
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Division of General Pediatrics, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Hofmann
- Exercise Physiology, Training & Training Therapy Research Group, Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Harald Sourij
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Felix Aberer
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo-Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Othmar Moser
- Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, BaySpo-Bayreuth Center of Sport Science, University Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine Trials Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Nordin-Bates SM, Madigan DJ, Hill AP, Olsson LF. Perfectionism and performance in sport: Exploring non-linear relationships with track and field athletes. Psychol Sport Exerc 2024; 70:102552. [PMID: 37913912 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between perfectionism - perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns - and athletic performance is contested and inconsistent. The present study explored the possibility that one explanation for this inconsistency is the assumption that the relationship is linear. In two samples, we tested alternative non-linear relationships between perfectionism and real-world competitive athletic performance. Sample one comprised 165 Swedish track and field athletes (57 % competing in female category, 42 % in male category; Mage = 16.93 years) and sample two comprised 157 British track and field athletes (55 % competing in female category, 43 % in male category; Mage = 18.42 years). Testing for linear and non-linear relationships, we found a quadratic effect whereby higher perfectionistic strivings had both positive increasing (i.e., U-shape; sample 1) and positive decreasing (i.e., inverted U-shape; sample 2) relationships with performance. We conclude that there may be circumstances when perfectionistic strivings contribute to better and worse sport performance, and that this relationship can be curvilinear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew P Hill
- York St John University, York, UK; University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Bonato M, Bizzozero S, Filipas L, LA Torre A. The influence of anthropometric parameters in track and field curve sprint. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:1254-1261. [PMID: 37535342 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.23.15056-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor information is available regarding real field data on the different factors that could have an influence on curve sprint and its association with anthropometric and strength parameters. METHODS We designed a crossover pilot-study that enrolled 14 track and field athletes of 200 and 400 m (8/14 men, age: 20.5±2.3 years, height: 1.73±0.06 m; body mass: 60.5±6.2 kg) that performed randomly in two different days assessment of anthropometric parameters, jump test by squat jump (SJ) and triple hop distance (THD), performance during a 20-m curve sprint (day 1), and assessment of 1RM for right and left limb on Bulgarian split squat (BSS) (day 2). The unpaired t test and Pearson's correlation were used for data analysis. RESULTS No statistical differences for anthropometric and strength parametric parameters between right and left lower limbs were observed. Twenty-meter curve sprints were negatively associated with body mass (P=0.0059, R=-0.7) and Body Mass Index (BMI; P=0.032, R=0.6). Moreover, a negative association was observed with SJ height (P=0.0025, R=-0.7), speed (P=0.0028; R=-0.7), strength (P=0.009, R=-0.7) and power (P=0.009, R=-0.7). Finally, 20-m curve sprint negatively correlated with right (P=0.0021, R=-0.7) and left (P<0.0001, R=-0.9) THD and 1 RM right (P=0.025, R=-0.6;) and left (P=0.0049, R=-0.7) BSS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS This pilot study demonstrated that 20-m curve sprint was negatively associated with body mass, BMI, vertical jump performance, THD and 1RM BSS. This information could be useful to coaches and sport scientists as a reference value to improve athlete performance for 200- and 400-m athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bonato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy -
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy -
| | | | - Luca Filipas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio LA Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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Ladokhin AS. Track and Field of the Journal of Membrane Biology. J Membr Biol 2023; 256:299-300. [PMID: 37955796 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-023-00298-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
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Vitale JA, Borghi S, Piacentini MF, Banfi G, La Torre A. To Sleep Dreaming Medals: Sleep Characteristics, Napping Behavior, and Sleep-Hygiene Strategies in Elite Track-and-Field Athletes Facing the Olympic Games of Tokyo 2021. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1412-1419. [PMID: 37730209 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Few data are available on sleep characteristics of elite track-and-field athletes. Our study aimed to assess (1) differences in sleep between sexes and among different track-and-field disciplines, (2) the effect of individualized sleep-hygiene strategies on athletes' sleep parameters, and (3) daytime nap characteristics in track-and-field athletes. METHODS Sleep characteristics of 16 elite Olympic-level track-and-field athletes (male: n = 8; female: n = 8) were assessed during the preseason period, at baseline (T0), and during the in-season period, after the adoption of individualized sleep-hygiene strategies (T1). Sleep parameters were objectively monitored by actigraphy for a minimum of 10 days, for each athlete, at both T0 and T1. A total of 702 nights were analyzed (T0 = 425; T1 = 277). RESULTS Female athletes displayed better sleep efficiency (88.69 [87.69-89.68] vs 91.72 [90.99-92.45]; P = .003, effect size [ES]: 0.44), lower sleep latency (18.99 [15.97-22.00] vs 6.99 [5.65-8.32]; P < .001, ES: 0.65), higher total sleep time (07:03 [06:56-07:11] vs 07:18 [07:10-07:26]; P = .030, ES: 0.26), earlier bedtime (00:24 [00:16-00:32] vs 00:13 [00:04-00:22]; P = .027, ES: 0.18), and lower nap frequency (P < .001) than male athletes. Long-distance runners had earlier bedtime (00:10 [00:03-00:38] vs 00:36 [00:26-00:46]; P < .001, ES: 0.41) and wake-up time (07:41 [07:36-07:46] vs 08:18 [08:07-08:30]; P < .001, ES: 0.61), higher nap frequency, but lower sleep efficiency (88.79 [87.80-89.77] vs 91.67 [90.95-92.38]; P = .013, ES: 0.44), and longer sleep latency (18.89 [15.94-21.84] vs 6.69 [5.33-8.06]; P < .001, ES: 0.67) than athletes of short-term disciplines. Furthermore, sleep-hygiene strategies had a positive impact on athletes' total sleep time (429.2 [423.5-434.8] vs 451.4 [444.2-458.6]; P < .001, ES: 0.37) and sleep latency (14.33 [12.34-16.32] vs 10.67 [8.66-12.68]; P = .017, ES: 0.19). CONCLUSIONS Sleep quality and quantity were suboptimal at baseline in Olympic-level track-and-field athletes. Large differences were observed in sleep characteristics between sexes and among different track-and-field disciplines. Given the positive effect of individualized sleep-hygiene strategies on athlete's sleep, coaches should implement sleep education sessions in the daily routine of top-level athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Borghi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Banfi
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio La Torre
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
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Mason J, Niedziela D, Morin JB, Groll A, Zech A. The potential impact of advanced footwear technology on the recent evolution of elite sprint performances. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16433. [PMID: 38034865 PMCID: PMC10688325 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Elite track and field sprint performances have reached a point of stability as we near the limits of human physiology, and further significant improvements may require technological intervention. Following the widely reported performance benefits of new advanced footwear technology (AFT) in road-running events, similar innovations have since been applied to sprint spikes in hope of providing similar performance enhancing benefits. However, it is not yet clear based on current evidence whether there have been subsequent improvements in sprint performance. Therefore, the aims of this study were to establish if there have been recent year-to-year improvements in the times of the annual top 100 and top 20 athletes in the men's and women's sprint events, and to establish if there is an association between the extensive use of AFT and potential recent improvements in sprint performances. Methods For the years 2016-19 and 2021-2022, the season best performances of the top 100 athletes in each sprint event were extracted from the World Athletics Top lists. Independent t-tests with Holm corrections were performed using the season's best performance of the top 100 and top 20 athletes in each year to identify significant differences between years for each sprint discipline. Following the classification of shoes worn by the top 20 athletes in each event during their annual best race (AFT or non-AFT), separate linear mixed-model regressions were performed to determine the influence of AFT on performance times. Results For the top 100 and top 20 athletes, there were no significant differences year-to-year in any sprint event prior to the release of AFT (2016-2019). There were significant differences between AFT years (2021 or 2022) and pre-AFT years (2016-2019) in eight out of 10 events. These differences ranged from a 0.40% improvement (men's 100 m) to a 1.52% improvement (women's 400 m hurdles). In the second analysis, multiple linear mixed model regressions revealed that the use of AFT was associated with improved performance in six out of ten events, including the men's and women's 100 m, women's 200 m, men's 110 m hurdles, women's 100 m hurdles and women's 400 m hurdles (estimate range: -0.037 - 0.521, p = <0.001 - 0.021). Across both analyses, improvements were more pronounced in women's sprint events than men's sprint events. Conclusion Following a period of stability, there were significant improvements in most sprint events which may be partly explained by advances in footwear technology. These improvements appear to be mediated by event, sex and potentially level of athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Mason
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, University Jean Monnet Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Andreas Groll
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Bezuglov E, Ahmetov II, Lazarev A, Mskhalaya G, Talibov O, Ustinov V, Shoshorina M, Bogachko E, Azimi V, Morgans R, Hackney AC. The relationship of testosterone levels with sprint performance in young professional track and field athletes. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114344. [PMID: 37689381 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that higher testosterone levels may provide an athletic advantage. Therefore, it is of practical interest to examine the association between testosterone levels and power- and strength-related traits in young professional track and field athletes, and to consider the factors that determine testosterone levels. The study involved 68 young professional athletes (45 females, 17.3 ± 2.6 years; 23 males, 18.2 ± 1.9 years). Testosterone levels were assessed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. All subjects performed two 20 m and two 30 m sprint trials, and countermovement jump without arm-swing. A bioimpedance analysis of body composition was carried out and biological maturity was examined using the Khamis-Roche method. The average testosterone levels were 26.4 ± 9.6 nmol/l and 1.5 ± 0.7 nmol/l in males and females, respectively. In female athletes, testosterone levels did not correlate with any of traits. Males with the highest testosterone levels were significantly faster in the 20 m (p = 0.033) and 30 m (p = 0.014) sprint trials compared to males with lower testosterone levels. Testosterone levels in males were positively associated with fat mass (p = 0.027), and degree of biological maturation (p = 0.003). In conclusion, we found a positive relationship between testosterone levels and sprint performance in young male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bezuglov
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia; Academy of Talents, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Artemii Lazarev
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - George Mskhalaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, European Medical Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Talibov
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia; Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vjacheslav Ustinov
- International Medical Center for Processing and Cryostorage of Biomaterials, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Shoshorina
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elizaveta Bogachko
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Violetta Azimi
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ryland Morgans
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Köhler HP, Witt M. Energy flow in men's javelin throw and its relationship to joint load and performance. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16081. [PMID: 37744222 PMCID: PMC10516106 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Performance in javelin throwing is dependent on the release speed and therefore the energy transferred to the javelin. Little is known about the flow of mechanical energy in javelin throwing and whether there is a connection to joint loading and throwing performance. The purpose of the study was therefore to investigate (1) the energy flow within the kinetic chain of the throwing arm, (2) how it is related to performance and joint loads and (3) how joint forces and torques are used to transfer, generate and absorb mechanical energy. Methods The kinematics of 10 experienced javelin throwers were recorded using a 12-camera infrared system. 16 markers were placed on the athlete's body, five on the javelin to track the movement of each segment. A segmental power analysis was carried out to calculate energy flow between upper body, upper arm, forearm and hand. Stepwise regression analysis was used to calculate the variable that best predicts release speed and joint loads. Results The results indicate that the higher the peak rate of energy transfer from the thorax to the humerus, the higher the release speed and the joint loads. While there were no differences between the peak rate of energy transfer in the different joints, the energy transferred differed depending on whether joint forces or torques were used. It can be further shown that higher joint torques and thus higher rotational kinetics at the shoulder are linked to higher release speeds. Thus, the movements of the upper body can be of great influence on the result in javelin throwing. Furthermore, the data show that athletes who are able to transfer more energy through the shoulder, rather than generate it, experience a smaller joint loading. An effective technique for improved energy transfer can thus help perform at the same level while lowering joint stress or have higher performance at the same joint loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Peter Köhler
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Sport Science Faculty, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maren Witt
- Department of Biomechanics in Sports, Sport Science Faculty, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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15
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Pacewicz CE, Smith AL. Communication profiles and sport experiences of collegiate track and field athletes. Psychol Sport Exerc 2023; 68:102450. [PMID: 37665900 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Athletes often communicate with one another and exchange information, attitudes, and feelings that can influence their sport experiences. In an effort to better understand the sport communication context, the purpose of the current study was to (a) describe communication profiles of athletes (b) examine potential predictors (i.e., team identity, sex) of profile membership, and (c) examine the salience of these profiles by assessing profile group differences on athletes' perceptions of burnout, engagement, satisfaction, and enjoyment. DESIGN Cross-sectional survey-based study. METHOD Collegiate track and field athletes (N = 219) completed measures of demographic information, team communication, team identity, burnout, engagement, enjoyment, and satisfaction. Communication profiles were examined using latent profile analysis. Using the three-step method in Mplus, possible prediction of profile membership and profile differences in perceptions of sport experiences were examined. RESULTS Three profiles emerged: the Less Effective Communicators, the Supportive Communicators, and the Functional Communicators. Athletes with greater team identity were more likely to be in the Supportive Communicators profile (p < 0.001), male participants were more likely to be in the Functional Communicators profile (p < 0.05) than the other profiles, and female participants were less likely to be in the Less Effective Communicators profile than the Supportive Communicators profile (p < 0.05). The Less Effective Communicators had greater perceptions of burnout (ps < 0.01) and lower perceptions of engagement (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05), satisfaction (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001), and enjoyment (p < 0.001 and p < 0.05) than the Supportive and Functional Communicators. Supportive Communicators had greater satisfaction (p < 0.001) and enjoyment (p < 0.001) than the Functional Communicators. CONCLUSIONS Different profiles of communication in track and field athletes may have implications for athletes' sport experiences and warrant continued study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alan L Smith
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, USA
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16
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Sado N, Yoshioka S, Fukashiro S. Mechanical power flow from trunk and lower limb joint power to external horizontal power in the track and field block start. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:1903-1912. [PMID: 35913105 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2109067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Sprint start performance is measured as the horizontal external power, the time-average rate of horizontal kinetic energy generation. Although joint powers have been examined, not all segment rotations on which positive powers are exerted necessarily contribute to forward propulsion; details regarding horizontal power remain unclear. Here we show the contributions of segment rotations to the forward and upward propulsion. We calculated the joint power exerted on each segment and the contributions from segment rotations to the normalised average horizontal and vertical external powers (P ^ hori z ¯ and P ^ vert ¯ ) during the sprint start by 12 male sprinters. Over half P ^ hori z ¯ (55 ± 6%) is due to the front thigh rotation (0.30 ± 0.04), on which the hip and knee exert positive power. Pelvic rotation does not contribute to P ^ hori z ¯ (0.00 ± 0.01). This highlights the importance of the hip-extensors strength and the need for it accompanied by the lumbar-extensors strength cancelling out the hip-extensors action on the pelvis and promoting hip-extensor-induced thigh rotation. The front thigh rotation decreases P ^ vert ¯ (-0.08 ± 0.02). P ^ vert ¯ is primarily induced by rotations of the thorax (0.04 ± 0.01), lumbar region (0.06 ± 0.02), and pelvis (0.04 ± 0.01). Rotations of the lower-limb segments did not contribute to upward propulsion. Therefore, the front thigh induces downward movement, which is counterbalanced by the trunk segments. We bridge the gap in the current understanding from joint power to P ^ hori z ¯ . We present a case involving segments on which positive joint powers are exerted similarly but play different roles: forward or upward propulsion, thereby providing insights into directional control mechanisms in explosive initiation of motion. HIGHLIGHTSWe examined the contributions of segment rotations to the normalised average horizontal and vertical external powers (P ^ hori z ¯ , P ^ vert ¯ ): the sprint start performance and the parameter to assess upward propulsion.Over half the total P ^ hori z ¯ (55 ± 6%) is due to the front thigh rotation, while the front thigh rotation decreases P ^ vert ¯ , which was counterbalanced by rotations of the thorax, lumbar region, and pelvis.We bridge the gap in the current understanding from joint power to P ^ hori z ¯ and further present a case involving segments on which positive joint powers are exerted but play different roles: forward or upward propulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsuki Sado
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Senshi Fukashiro
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Japan Women's College of Physical Education, Tokyo, Japan
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Baumgartner T, Paassen B, Klatt S. Extracting spatial knowledge from track and field broadcasts for monocular 3D human pose estimation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14031. [PMID: 37640789 PMCID: PMC10462612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41142-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Collecting large datasets for investigations into human locomotion is an expensive and labor-intensive process. Methods for 3D human pose estimation in the wild are becoming increasingly accurate and could soon be sufficient to assist with the collection of datasets for analysis into running kinematics from TV broadcast data. In the domain of biomechanical research, small differences in 3D angles play an important role. More precisely, the error margins of the data collection process need to be smaller than the expected variation between athletes. In this work, we propose a method to infer the global geometry of track and field stadium recordings using lane demarcations. By projecting estimated 3D skeletons back into the image using this global geometry, we show that current state-of-the-art 3D human pose estimation methods are not (yet) accurate enough to be used in kinematics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Baumgartner
- Institute for Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Paassen
- German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Klatt
- Institute for Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
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Malliaropoulos N, Bikos G, Tsifountoudis I, Alaseirlis D, Christodoulou D, Padhiar N, Maffulli N. Therapeutic ultrasound related pain threshold in elite track & field athletes with tibial bone stress injuries. Surgeon 2023; 21:225-229. [PMID: 35927163 DOI: 10.1016/j.surge.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tibial stress injuries are challenging in terms of early diagnosis, management strategy, and safe return-to-play. In the present study, pain production associated with the application of therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) was used as a primary diagnostic tool to assess tibial bone stress injuries, and the sensitivity of this procedure was compared with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). SUBJECT AND METHODS The study was designed as a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data on tibial bone stress injuries in elite Track and field athletes attending the National Track and Field Athletics Centre in Thessaloniki, Greece, in the period 1995-2007. All patients underwent evaluation by TUS, and the sensitivity of the procedure was compared with MRI. RESULTS Four of 29 athletes showed a positive TUS examination for stress injury while MRI showed normal findings. Additionally, 5 athletes evidenced MRI findings typical of a tibial bone stress injury, while TUS evaluation was negative. Using MRI as the standard, TUS displayed a sensitivity of 79.2%. CONCLUSION Therapeutic ultrasound is a reproducible modality with satisfactory reliability and sensitivity related to MRI, and could represent a useful tool for clinicians to primarily assess suspected tibial bone stress injuries in high qualification Track and Field athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Malliaropoulos
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Clinic, Asklipiou, Thessaloniki, Greece; Sports Clinic, Rheumatology Department, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK; Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK.
| | - Georgios Bikos
- Euromedica-Arogi Rehabilitation Clinic, Pylaia, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Dimosthenis Alaseirlis
- General Clinic-Euromedica, Thessaloniki, Greece; First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | - Nat Padhiar
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK; London Sports Care, BMI London Independent Hospital, London, UK.
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK; First Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Salerno, Italy; Institute of Science and Technology in Medicine, Keele University School of Medicine, Stoke on Trent, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Remmel, L, Ben-Zaken, S, Meckel, Y, Nemet, D, Eliakim, A, and Jürimäe, J. The genetic basis of decathlon performance: an exploratory study. J Strength Cond Res 37(8): 1660-1666, 2023-Decathlon is a combined track and field competition consisting of 10 different events, most of which are anaerobic-type events. Therefore, it is assumed that an anaerobic genetic predisposition might be prevalent among decathletes. Yet, to the best of our knowledge, the genetic basis of decathlon performance had not been studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence genetic polymorphisms associated with power performance (AGT, rs699, Met235Thr T/C), speed (ACTN3, rs1815739 C1747T), aerobic endurance (PPARD, rs2016520 T294C), and lactate clearance (MCT1, rs1049434 A1470T) among decathletes. One hundred thirty-seven male track and field athletes (51 sprinters and jumpers, 59 long distance runners, and 27 decathletes) participated in the study. Genomic DNA was extracted from buccal epithelial cells. Genotypes were determined using the Taqman allelic discrimination assay. Decathletes had a higher prevalence of the ACTN3 RR genotype, which is associated with speed ability, and a lower prevalence of the PPARD CC genotype, which is associated with endurance performance compared with long-distance runners. Decathletes had a higher prevalence of the AGT CC genotype associated with strength performance and a higher prevalence of the MCT1 TT genotype, which is associated with improved lactate transport compared with both sprinters and jumpers and long-distance runners. The results suggest that a favorable genetic polymorphism for strength-related capability might be advantageous for decathletes, whereas a genetic makeup favoring aerobic performance is not necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sigal Ben-Zaken
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya, Israel; and
| | - Yoav Meckel
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya, Israel; and
| | - Dan Nemet
- Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
| | - Alon Eliakim
- Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Kfar-Saba, Israel
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Brustio PR, Stival M, Boccia G. Relative age effect reversal on the junior-to-senior transition in world-class athletics. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:903-909. [PMID: 37555554 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2245647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
The relative age effect (RAE) is a selection bias resulting from the interaction between the selected dates and birthdates. Nevertheless, the impact of birthdate on the junior-to-senior transition in international track and field is unclear. This study aimed to quantify the RAE's magnitude and test if birthdate affects the junior-to-senior transition rate. The birthdate and performances of 5,766 sprinters (female: 51.0%) and 5,863 jumpers (female: 45.9%) were collected. Elite athletes (operationally defined as the World's all-time Top 200, 100 and 50 athletes) were identified according to Under 18 and Senior categories. Skewed quartile distributions were observed in the Under 18 (effect size ranged = 0.15-0.10) but not in the Senior category. RAE magnitude increased according to performance level (i.e., from Top 200 to Top 50) and was higher in males than females. Relatively younger athletes showed significantly higher transition rates with a higher chance of maintaining top level in the senior category (odds ratio (OR) ~ 1.64). The probability of maintaining success was lower for sprinters than jumpers (OR ~ 0.70), influenced by decade of birth and continental place but similar for male and female athletes. Data corroborate that relatively younger athletes are disadvantaged in the junior category but advantaged when transitioning to the senior category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Riccardo Brustio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuromuscular Function Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mattia Stival
- Deparment of Economics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Gennaro Boccia
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Neuromuscular Function Research Group, School of Exercise & Sport Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Asensio Castañeda E, Navarro RM, Chamorro JL, Ospina-Betancurt J. A Holistic Vision of the Academic and Sports Development of Elite Spanish Track and Field Athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:5153. [PMID: 36982063 PMCID: PMC10049223 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20065153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combining sports and studies could be stressful, but beneficial for the athletes' career development. This study explores resources and barriers in the combination of the sports and academic life spheres during the lifespan of elite Spanish track-and-field athletes. METHODS Seven elite Spanish track-and-field athletes participated in a semistructured interview about their experiences to establish a dual career combining sports and studies/work. Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) followed to analyze data. RESULTS Findings show that elite Spanish track-and-field athletes face educational and institutional barriers to developing a dual career. Time management, social support, and additional resources could play a key role in the success or failure to develop a dual career. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that, to overcome dual-career barriers, athletes are resourceful if social support is provided at both the micro (coaches, families, etc.) and macro (political and educational institutions) levels. It also shows that pursuing an academic career can help in alleviating inherent tensions to athletic life and in finding personal balance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael M. Navarro
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Chamorro
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Hum-878 Research Team, Health Research Centre, Department of Psychology, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Jonathan Ospina-Betancurt
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Valoración del Rendimiento Deportivo, Actividad Física y Salud, y Lesiones Deportivas (REDAFLED), Universidad de Valladolid, 42005 Soria, Spain
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Bulgay C, Kasakolu A, Kazan HH, Mijaica R, Zorba E, Akman O, Bayraktar I, Ekmekci R, Koncagul S, Ulucan K, Semenova EA, Larin AK, Kulemin NA, Generozov EV, Balint L, Badicu G, Ahmetov II, Ergun MA. Exome-Wide Association Study of Competitive Performance in Elite Athletes. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030660. [PMID: 36980932 PMCID: PMC10048216 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to identify genetic variants associated with personal best scores in Turkish track and field athletes and to compare allelic frequencies between sprint/power and endurance athletes and controls using a whole-exome sequencing (WES) approach, followed by replication studies in independent cohorts. The discovery phase involved 60 elite Turkish athletes (31 sprint/power and 29 endurance) and 20 ethnically matched controls. The replication phase involved 1132 individuals (115 elite Russian sprinters, 373 elite Russian endurance athletes (of which 75 athletes were with VO2max measurements), 209 controls, 148 Russian and 287 Finnish individuals with muscle fiber composition and cross-sectional area (CSA) data). None of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) reached an exome-wide significance level (p < 2.3 × 10−7) in genotype–phenotype and case–control studies of Turkish athletes. However, of the 53 nominally (p < 0.05) associated SNPs, four functional variants were replicated. The SIRT1 rs41299232 G allele was significantly over-represented in Turkish (p = 0.047) and Russian (p = 0.018) endurance athletes compared to sprint/power athletes and was associated with increased VO2max (p = 0.037) and a greater proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibers (p = 0.035). The NUP210 rs2280084 A allele was significantly over-represented in Turkish (p = 0.044) and Russian (p = 0.012) endurance athletes compared to sprint/power athletes. The TRPM2 rs1785440 G allele was significantly over-represented in Turkish endurance athletes compared to sprint/power athletes (p = 0.034) and was associated with increased VO2max (p = 0.008). The AGRN rs4074992 C allele was significantly over-represented in Turkish sprint/power athletes compared to endurance athletes (p = 0.037) and was associated with a greater CSA of fast-twitch muscle fibers (p = 0.024). In conclusion, we present the first WES study of athletes showing that this approach can be used to identify novel genetic markers associated with exercise- and sport-related phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celal Bulgay
- Sports Science Faculty, Bingol University, 12000 Bingol, Turkey
| | - Anıl Kasakolu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, 06000 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hasan Hüseyin Kazan
- Medical Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, 1010–1107 Nicosia, Cyprus
- DESAM Institute, Near East University, 1010–1107 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Raluca Mijaica
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University, 500068 Braşov, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Erdal Zorba
- Sports Science Faculty, Gazi University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Onur Akman
- Sports Science Faculty, Bayburt University, 69000 Bayburt, Turkey
| | - Isık Bayraktar
- Sports Science Faculty, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, 07450 Alanya, Turkey
| | - Rıdvan Ekmekci
- Sports Science Faculty, Pamukkale University, 20160 Denizli, Turkey
| | | | - Korkut Ulucan
- Sports Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Marmara University, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ekaterina A. Semenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sport, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 420138 Kazan, Russia
| | - Andrey K. Larin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay A. Kulemin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Edward V. Generozov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lorand Balint
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University, 500068 Braşov, Romania
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University, 500068 Braşov, Romania
| | - Ildus I. Ahmetov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
- Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 115093 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5AF, UK
| | - Mehmet Ali Ergun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
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23
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Miranda-Oliveira P, Branco M, Fernandes O. Accuracy and Interpretation of the Acceleration from an Inertial Measurement Unit When Applied to the Sprint Performance of Track and Field Athletes. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:1761. [PMID: 36850357 PMCID: PMC9968079 DOI: 10.3390/s23041761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to assess sprinting using a developed instrument encompassing an inertial measurement unit (IMU) in order to analyze athlete performance during the sprint, as well as to determine the number of steps, ground contact time, flight time, and step time using a high-speed camera as a reference. Furthermore, we correlated the acceleration components (XYZ) and acceleration ratio with the performance achieved in each split time obtained using photocells. Six athletes (four males and two females) ran 40 m with the IMU placed on their fifth lumbar vertebra. The accuracy was measured through the mean error (standard deviation), correlation (r), and comparison tests. The device could identify 88% to 98% of the number of steps. The GCT, flight time, and step time had mean error rates of 0.000 (0.012) s, 0.010 (0.011) s, and 0.009 (0.009) s when compared with the high-speed camera, respectively. The step time showed a correlation rate of r = 0.793 (p = 0.001) with no statistical differences, being the only parameter with high accuracy. Additionally, we showed probable symmetries, and through linear regression models identified that higher velocities result in the maximum anteroposterior acceleration, mainly over 0-40 m. Our device based on a Wi-Fi connection can determine the step time with accuracy and can show asymmetries, making it essential for coaches and medical teams. A new feature of this study was that the IMUs allowed us to understand that anteroposterior acceleration is associated with the best performance during the 40 m sprint test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Miranda-Oliveira
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
- School of Technology and Management (ESTG), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Portuguese Athletics Federation (FPA), 2799-538 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marco Branco
- Escola Superior de Desporto de Rio Maior, Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-751 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Orlando Fernandes
- Sport and Health Department, School of Health and Human Development, Universidad de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
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24
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Bonavolontà V, Gallotta MC, Zimatore G, Curzi D, Ferrari D, Vinciguerra MG, Guidetti L, Baldari C. Chronic Effects of Asymmetric and Symmetric Sport Load in Varsity Athletes across a Six Month Sport Season. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2023; 20:2186. [PMID: 36767552 PMCID: PMC9916379 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The relation between specific sport practice and possible spine modifications is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different sports on the spine in adult varsity athletes across a six month sports season. Forty-four athletes (24.5 ± 3 years) were divided into two groups according to the typology of the sport practiced: the symmetric sports group (S, 22 athletes: track and field running, n = 14; cycling, n = 8), and the asymmetric sports group (A, 22 athletes: tennis, n = 22). The participants' spines were evaluated with Formetric® 4D rasterstereographic analysis at the beginning (BL), in the middle (INT), and at the end (FIN) of the season. Twenty-five parameters were measured in an average 4D modality. The results showed that the intervention factor (BL vs. FIN) had a significant effect on dimple distance (p < 0.05) and on left lateral deviation (BL vs. FIN and INT vs. FIN, p < 0.01 and p < 0.01, respectively). Statistical differences were found for the sport typology factor for pelvic antero-retroversion and right lateral deviation. For left lateral deviation, no modulation was found for the sport typology. Asymmetric versus symmetric sport loads showed small statistical differences in a non-professional sample of adult athletes. The practice of asymmetric sports should also be encouraged without exceeding the total number of hours per week.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Bonavolontà
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Gallotta
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Zimatore
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
| | - Davide Curzi
- Department Unicusano, University Niccolò Cusano, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Dafne Ferrari
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
- Department Unicusano, University Niccolò Cusano, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giulia Vinciguerra
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Laura Guidetti
- Department Unicusano, University Niccolò Cusano, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Baldari
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, eCampus University, 22060 Novedrate, Italy
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25
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Valenta M, Botek M, Krejčí J, McKune A, Sládečková B, Neuls F, Bajgar R, Klimešová I. Acute pre-exercise hydrogen rich water intake does not improve running performance at maximal aerobic speed in trained track and field runners: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279307. [PMID: 36538554 PMCID: PMC9767360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of acute, pre-exercise, hydrogen rich water (HRW) ingestion on running time to exhaustion at maximal aerobic speed in trained track and field runners. METHODS Twenty-four, male runners aged 17.5 ± 1.8 years, with body mass index = 21.0 ± 1.3 kg⋅m-2, and maximal oxygen uptake = 55.0 ± 4.6 ml⋅kg-1⋅min-1 (mean ± standard deviation) participated in this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. All runners ingested 1260 ml of HRW which was divided into four doses and taken at 120 min (420 ml), 60 min (420 ml), 30 min (210 ml), and 10 min (210 ml) prior to exercise. The running protocol consisted of three phases: warm-up performed at 10 km⋅h-1 for 3 min, followed by a transition phase performed at an individually determined speed (10 km⋅h-1 + maximal aerobic speed)/2 for 1 min, and finally the third phase performed at individual maximal aerobic speed until exhaustion. Time to exhaustion, cardiorespiratory variables, and post-exercise blood lactate concentration were measured. RESULTS When running to exhaustion at maximal aerobic speed, compared with placebo, HRW had no significant effects on the following variables: time to exhaustion (217 ± 49 and 227 ± 53 s, p = 0.20), post-exercise blood lactate concentration (9.9 ± 2.2 and 10.1 ± 2.0 mmol⋅L-1, p = 0.42), maximal heart rate (186 ± 9 and 186 ± 9 beats⋅min-1, p = 0.80), and oxygen uptake (53.1 ± 4.5 and 52.2 ± 4.7 ml⋅kg-1⋅min-1, p = 0.33). No variable assessed as a candidate moderator was significantly correlated with time to exhaustion (Spearman's correlation coefficients ranged from -0.28 to 0.30, all p ≥ 0.16). CONCLUSIONS Pre-exercise administration of 1260 ml of HRW showed no ergogenic effect on running performance to exhaustion at maximal aerobic speed in trained track and field runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Valenta
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Botek
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Krejčí
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Andrew McKune
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise (UCRISE), University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
- Discipline of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Barbora Sládečková
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Neuls
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Bajgar
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Klimešová
- Department of Natural Sciences in Kinanthropology, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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26
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Kontro TK, Bondarev D, Pyykönen KM, von Bonsdorff M, Laakso L, Suominen H, Korhonen MT. Motives for competitive sports participation in masters track and field athletes: Impact of sociodemographic factors and competitive background. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275900. [PMID: 36322532 PMCID: PMC9629627 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Masters athletes due to their lifelong engagement in sport represent a unique group to study motivation for regular physical activity, but there is less scientific data on the sport motives in masters athletes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the association of age, sex, education, nationality, competitive background and training amount with sport motives of masters track and field athletes. METHODS 811 (254 women) athletes aged 35-89 years participated in European Veterans Athletics Championships in the year of 2000. Sport motives were assessed with a questionnaire and categorized into1) well-being, 2) competitive and performance 3) health and fitness motives. RESULTS Men considered health and fitness motives more important than women (p = 0.022). Over 65-year-old athletes considered health and fitness motives more important than the youngest, 35-49-year age group (p<0.001). Education was not associated with sport motives, while motives varied significantly among different nationalities. Athletes from Nordic Countries considered well-being motives more important than Southern Europeans (p<0.001) or Western Europeans (p<0.05). Athletes from Nordic Countries (p = 0.003), Eastern Europe (p<0.001) and Central Europe (p<0.001) found health and fitness motives more meaningful than athletes from the British Isles. Furthermore, athletes with competitive background before the age of 35 and training amount more than 7.5 h a week found competitive and performance motives more important than athletes without a competitive history (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that age, sex, nationality and former athleticism are associated with sports motives among international level masters track and field athletes. It seems that while for masters athletes with competitive background performance motives dominate, for older adults, particularly for males, health and fitness motives are more important. In addition, when designing the exercise interventions for older adults, different sport motives across countries should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titta K. Kontro
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Dmitriy Bondarev
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Mikaela von Bonsdorff
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lauri Laakso
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Harri Suominen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marko T. Korhonen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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27
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Fostiak K, Bichowska M, Trybulski R, Trabka B, Krzysztofik M, Rolnick N, Filip-Stachnik A, Wilk M. Acute Effects of Ischemic Intra-Conditioning on 30 m Sprint Performance. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:12633. [PMID: 36231933 PMCID: PMC9566271 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of ischemic intra-conditioning applied during rest intervals on 30 m sprint performance. Thirty-four trained male (n = 12) and female (n = 22) track and field and rugby athletes volunteered to participate in the study (age = 19.6 ± 4 years; training experience = 5.3 ± 1.9 years). In a randomized and counterbalanced order, participants performed six sets of 30 m sprints under three different testing conditions: without ischemic intra-conditioning, and with ischemic intra-conditioning at 60% or 80% arterial occlusion pressure applied bilaterally before the first trial of the sprint and during the rest periods between all sprint trials. During experimental sessions, subjects perform 6 × 30 m sprints with a 7 min rest interval between attempts. The cuffs were applied following a 1 min rest period and lasted for 5 min before being released at the 6th minute to allow for reperfusion (1 min + 5 min ischemic intra-conditioning + 1 min reperfusion). The two-way repeated measures ANOVA did not show statistically significant condition × set interaction for time of the sprint (p = 0.06; η2 = 0.05). There was also no main effect of ischemic intra-conditioning for any condition (p = 0.190; η2 = 0.05). This study indicates that ischemic intra-conditioning did not enhance the performance of 30 m sprints performed by athletes. However, ischemic intra-conditioning did not decrease performance either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Fostiak
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marta Bichowska
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Robert Trybulski
- Provita Zory Medical Center, 44-240 Zory, Poland
- Department of Medical Sciences, The Wojciech Korfanty School of Economics, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Bartosz Trabka
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 500 05 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nicholas Rolnick
- The Human Performance Mechanic, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, New York, NY 10468, USA
| | - Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland
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Miranda-Oliveira P, Branco M, Fernandes O. Accuracy of Inertial Measurement Units When Applied to the Countermovement Jump of Track and Field Athletes. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:7186. [PMID: 36236284 PMCID: PMC9571243 DOI: 10.3390/s22197186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to assess the countermovement jump (CMJ) using a developed instrument encompassing an off-the-shelf Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) in order to analyze performance during the contraction phase, as well as to determine the jump height and the modified reactive strength index (RSImod), using force plate (FP) data as reference. Eight athletes (six males and two females) performed CMJs with the IMU placed on their fifth lumbar vertebra. Accuracy was measured through mean error (standard deviation), correlation, and comparison tests. The results indicated high accuracy, high correlation (r), and no statistical differences between the IMU and the FP for contraction time (r = 0.902; ρ < 0.001), negative impulse phase time (r = 0.773; ρ < 0.001), flight time (r = 0.737; ρ < 0.001), jump time (r = 0.708; ρ < 0.001), RSImod (r = 0.725; ρ < 0.001), nor minimum force (r = 0.758; ρ < 0.001). However, the values related to the positive impulse phase did not have the expected accuracy, as we used different devices and positions. Our results demonstrated that our developed instrument could be utilized to identify the contraction phase, jump height, RSImod, and minimum force in the negative impulse phase with high accuracy, obtaining a signal similar to that of an FP. This information can help coaches and athletes with training monitoring and control, as the device has simpler applicability making it more systematic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Miranda-Oliveira
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Cooperativa de Ensino Superior CRL, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
- School of Technology and Management (ESTG), Polytechnic of Leiria, 2411-901 Leiria, Portugal
- Portuguese Athletics Federation (FPA), 2799-538 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Marco Branco
- Escola Superior de Desporto de Rio Maior, Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Estudo da Performance Humana (CIPER), Faculdade Motricidade Humana da Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-751 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Orlando Fernandes
- Sport and Health Department, School of Health and Human Development, Universidad de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
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29
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Gundersen H, Harris A, Grendstad H, Kristoffersen M, Guttormsen A, Dalen T, Rygh CB. Performance in youth track and field is associated with birth quartile. A register-based study among athletes in Norway from 10 years to senior level. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273472. [PMID: 36067169 PMCID: PMC9447911 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Earlier studies have demonstrated that the oldest in a competition class are more likely to succeed than the youngest, a phenomenon called relative age effect (RAE). Track and field give us an opportunity to investigate the advantage of being born early in the year based upon actual performance, since objective criteria are the performance indicators. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of RAE in Norwegian track and field athletes in events where physical capacity is important for success. Methods All individual season best results from the register of The Norwegian Athletics Federation (n = 28 999) obtained in all competition classes from the age of 10 years to senior in both sexes on 60m and 600m from 2011 to 2020 were downloaded. One-way ANOVA and LSD post hoc analyses were used to analyze performance differences according to birth quartiles between athletes. Further, odds ratios (OR) were used to calculate the odds of being among the top-100 for athletes for those born in the first quartile of the year compared to the last. Results The RAE was present in several of the competition classes in sprint compared to middle-distance running, and in more male than female competition classes. Overall, the OR of being among the top-100 in one of the competition classes on 60m sprint when born in first quartile compared to last quartile was 2.88 [2.30–3.62] for males and 1.54 [1.26–1.89] for females. Conclusion Being born early in the year in events with high demand for specific physical capacities is an advantage in both sexes in most of the youngest competition classes. In males, the advantage of being born early in the year lasted longer in sprint than in middle-distance running, indicating that puberty affects performance in sprint and middle-distance running differently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Gundersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Anette Harris
- Department of Psychosocial Science, Faculty of Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Halvard Grendstad
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Morten Kristoffersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Atle Guttormsen
- NMBU School of Economics and Business, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Terje Dalen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Faculty of Teacher Education and Arts, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Cecilie Brekke Rygh
- Department of Health and Functioning, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
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30
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Edouard P, Pollock N, Guex K, Kelly S, Prince C, Navarro L, Branco P, Depiesse F, Gremeaux V, Hollander K. Hamstring Muscle Injuries and Hamstring Specific Training in Elite Athletics ( Track and Field) Athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:10992. [PMID: 36078705 PMCID: PMC9518337 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to describe hamstring muscle injury (HMI) history and hamstring specific training (HST) in elite athletes. A secondary aim was to analyse the potential factors associated with in-championships HMI. METHODS We conducted a prospective cohort study to collect data before and during the 2018 European Athletics Championships. Injury and illness complaints during the month before the championship, HMI history during the entire career and the 2017-18 season, HST (strengthening, stretching, core stability, sprinting), and in-championship HMI were recorded. We calculated proportions of athletes with HMI history, we compared HST according to sex and disciplines with Chi2 tests or ANOVA, and analysed factors associated with in-championship HMI using simple model logistic regression. RESULTS Among the 357 included athletes, 48% reported at least one HMI during their career and 24% during the 2017-18 season. Of this latter group, 30.6% reported reduced or no participation in athletics' training or competition at the start of the championship due to the hamstring injury. For HST, higher volumes of hamstring stretching and sprinting were reported for disciplines requiring higher running velocities (i.e., sprints, hurdles, jumps, combined events and middle distances). Five in-championship HMIs were recorded. The simple model analysis showed a lower risk of sustaining an in-championships HMI for athletes who performed more core (lumbo-pelvic) stability training (OR = 0.49 (95% CI: 0.25 to 0.89), p = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS Our present study reports that HMI is a characteristic of the athletics athletes' career, especially in disciplines involving sprinting. In these disciplines, athletes were performing higher volumes of hamstring stretching and sprinting than in other disciplines. Further studies should be conducted to better understand if and how HST are protective approaches for HMI in order to improve HMI risk reduction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Edouard
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM EA 7424), University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, 42023 Saint Etienne, France
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
- European Athletics Medical & Anti-Doping Commission, European Athletics Association (EAA), 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Noel Pollock
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London W1T 7HA, UK
- National Performance Institute, British Athletics, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Kenny Guex
- School of Health Sciences (HESAV), HES-SO University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Sprints, Hurdles and Relays, Swiss Athletics, Haus des Sports, 3063 Ittigen, Switzerland
| | - Shane Kelly
- National Performance Institute, British Athletics, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- Ballet Healthcare, The Royal Ballet, London WC2E 9DA, UK
| | - Caroline Prince
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, EA 7424, 73000 Chambéry, France
- Physiotherapy Department and Motion Analysis Lab, Swiss Olympic Medical Center, La Tour Hospital, 1217 Meyrin, Switzerland
- Société Française des Masseurs Kinésithérapeute du Sport, SFMKS-Lab, 93380 Pierrefitte-sur-Seine, France
| | - Laurent Navarro
- Mines Saint-Etienne, U1059 Sainbiose, INSERM, Centre CIS, University Lyon, University Jean Monnet, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Pedro Branco
- European Athletics Medical & Anti-Doping Commission, European Athletics Association (EAA), 1007 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Depiesse
- CH Chalons en Champagne et Institut Mutualiste de Montsouris, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Gremeaux
- Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Centre de Médecine du Sport, Division de Médecine Physique et Réadaptation, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
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Munro D. Are there lane advantages in track and field? PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271670. [PMID: 35921267 PMCID: PMC9348673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shorter distance events in track and field are replete with folk tales about which lane assignments on the track are advantageous. Estimating the causal effect of lane assignments on race times is a difficult task as lane assignments are typically non-random. To estimate these effects I exploit a random assignment rule for the first round of races in short distance events. Using twenty years of data from the IAAF world athletic championships and U20 world championships, there is no evidence of lane advantages in the 100m. Contrary to popular belief, the data suggest that outside lanes in the 200m and 400m produce faster race times. In the 800m, which is unique in having a lane break, there is some weak evidence that outside lanes producer slower race times, possibly reflecting the advantage of inside lanes having an established position on the track at the lane break. Given that these results do not support common convictions on lane advantages, they also serve as an interesting case study on false beliefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Munro
- Economics Department, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Lim MA, Kurniawan AA, Budisusilo W, Siregar YP. Rehabilitation Approach Postarthroscopic Partial Meniscectomy of Medial Meniscus in an Elite Track and Field Sprinter: A Case Report. Curr Sports Med Rep 2022; 21:174-185. [PMID: 35703743 DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wawan Budisusilo
- Eminence Sports Medicine and Human Performance Center, Jakarta, INDONESIA
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Timpka T, Dahlström Ö, Fagher K, Adami PE, Andersson C, Jacobsson J, Svedin CG, Bermon S. Vulnerability and stressors on the pathway to depression in a global cohort of young athletics ( track and field) athletes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7901. [PMID: 35552502 PMCID: PMC9098515 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This research set out to identify pathways from vulnerability and stressors to depression in a global population of young athletes. Retrospective data were collected at age 18-19 years from Athletics athletes (n = 1322) originating from Africa, Asia, Europe, Oceania, and the Americas. We hypothesised that sports-related and non-sports-related stressors in interaction with structural vulnerability instigate depression. Path modelling using Maximum likelihood estimation was employed for the data analysis. Depression caseness and predisposition were determined using the WHO-5 instrument. Thirty-six percent of the athletes (n = 480) returned complete data. Eighteen percent of the athletes reported lifetime physical abuse, while 11% reported sexual abuse. Forty-five percent of the athletes had recently sustained an injury. The prevalence of depression caseness was 5.6%. Pathways to depression caseness were observed from female sex (p = 0.037) and injury history (p = 0.035) and to predisposition for depression also through exposure to a patriarchal society (p = 0.046) and physical abuse (p < 0.001). We conclude that depression in a global population of young athletes was as prevalent as previously reported from general populations, and that universal mental health promotion in youth sports should include provision of equal opportunities for female and male participants, injury prevention, and interventions for abuse prevention and victim support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toomas Timpka
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Örjan Dahlström
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kristina Fagher
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health Sciences, Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Lund University, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Paolo Emilio Adami
- World Athletics, Health and Science Department, 98007, Monte Carlo, Monaco
- University of Rome "Foro Italico", 00135, Rome, Italy
| | - Christer Andersson
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jenny Jacobsson
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Health, Medicine, and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Carl Göran Svedin
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 581 83, Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Social Science, Marie Cederschiöld University, 100 61, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- World Athletics, Health and Science Department, 98007, Monte Carlo, Monaco
- LAMHESS, Université Côte d'Azur, 06205, Nice Cedex 03, France
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Valamatos MJ, Abrantes JM, Carnide F, Valamatos MJ, Monteiro CP. Biomechanical Performance Factors in the Track and Field Sprint Start: A Systematic Review. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19074074. [PMID: 35409757 PMCID: PMC8998119 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In athletics sprint events, the block start performance can be fundamental to the outcome of a race. This Systematic Review aims to identify biomechanical factors of critical importance to the block start and subsequent first two steps performance. A systematic search of relevant English-language articles was performed on three scientific databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science) to identify peer-reviewed articles published until June 2021. The keywords “Block Start”, “Track and Field”, “Sprint Running”, and “Kinetics and Kinematics” were paired with all possible combinations. Studies reporting biomechanical analysis of the block start and/or first two steps, with track and field sprinters and reporting PB100m were sought for inclusion and analysis. Thirty-six full-text articles were reviewed. Several biomechanical determinants of sprinters have been identified. In the “Set” position, an anthropometry-driven block setting facilitating the hip extension and a rear leg contribution should be encouraged. At the push-off, a rapid extension of both hips and greater force production seems to be important. After block exiting, shorter flight times and greater propulsive forces are the main features of best sprinters. This systematic review emphasizes important findings and recommendations that may be relevant for researchers and coaches. Future research should focus on upper limbs behavior and on the analysis of the training drills used to improve starting performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Valamatos
- Sport and Health Department, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (J.M.A.); (F.C.); (M.-J.V.); (C.P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Biomechanics and Functional Morphology Laboratory, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-214-149-207
| | - João M. Abrantes
- Sport and Health Department, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (J.M.A.); (F.C.); (M.-J.V.); (C.P.M.)
- Biomechanics and Functional Morphology Laboratory, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Filomena Carnide
- Sport and Health Department, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (J.M.A.); (F.C.); (M.-J.V.); (C.P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Biomechanics and Functional Morphology Laboratory, Faculdade Motricidade Humana, Universidade Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
| | - Maria-José Valamatos
- Sport and Health Department, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (J.M.A.); (F.C.); (M.-J.V.); (C.P.M.)
| | - Cristina P. Monteiro
- Sport and Health Department, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal; (J.M.A.); (F.C.); (M.-J.V.); (C.P.M.)
- Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada da Costa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1499-688 Cruz-Quebrada, Portugal
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35
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James N, Menzies M, Bondell H. In search of peak human athletic potential: A mathematical investigation. Chaos 2022; 32:023110. [PMID: 35232056 DOI: 10.1063/5.0073141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper applies existing and new approaches to study trends in the performance of elite athletes over time. We study both track and field scores of men and women athletes on a yearly basis from 2001 to 2019, revealing several trends and findings. First, we perform a detailed regression study to reveal the existence of an "Olympic effect," where average performance improves during Olympic years. Next, we study the rate of change in athlete performance and fail to reject the notion that athlete scores are leveling off, at least among the top 100 annual scores. Third, we examine the relationship in performance trends among men and women's categories of the same event, revealing striking similarity, together with some anomalous events. Finally, we analyze the geographic composition of the world's top athletes, attempting to understand how the diversity by country and continent varies over time across events. We challenge a widely held conception of athletics that certain events are more geographically dominated than others. Our methods and findings could be applied more generally to identify evolutionary dynamics in group performance and highlight spatiotemporal trends in group composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick James
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Max Menzies
- Beijing Institute of Mathematical Sciences and Applications, Tsinghua University, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Howard Bondell
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Kearney PE, Comyns TM, Hayes P. The Prevalence and Consequences of Within-Sport Specialization in Track and Field Athletics. Res Q Exerc Sport 2021; 92:779-786. [PMID: 32853103 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1776819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to provide an in-depth analysis of the prevalence and consequences of within-sport specialization in track and field in the United Kingdom. Method: The competition histories of top 100 ranked athletes from four representative events (100 m, 800 m, long jump, and shot put) were recorded from a publically-accessible database. Athletes were drawn from Under 20 (U20), U15, and U13 populations from the 2014/15 season, U15 populations from the 2009/10 season, and U13 populations from the 2007/08 season. Athletes' specialization status was defined based upon the number of event groups (sprint, endurance, jump, throw) in which they had recorded at least one performance. Chi-squared tests were used to examine the association between level of specialization at U13 and U15 and both performance and retention at subsequent age grades. Results: Within-sport specialization was rare among U13 and U15 track and field athletes, with approximately 10% of top 100 ranked U13s and 25% of top 100 ranked U15s competing in a single event group only. However, less than 35% of participants competed in sprinting, endurance running, jumping, and throwing events (i.e., diversification). There were no sex differences in the extent of specialization. Top ranked U20 female athletes were more likely to have diversified at U13 than their peers. There was no association between specialization at U13/U15 and subsequent retention. Conclusion: Administrators and coach educators should provide more sophisticated guidance for coaches and parents in relation to within-sport specialization.
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Anousaki E, Zaras N, Stasinaki AN, Panidi I, Terzis G, Karampatsos G. Effects of a 25-Week Periodized Training Macrocycle on Muscle Strength, Power, Muscle Architecture, and Performance in Well-Trained Track and Field Throwers. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2728-2736. [PMID: 34319943 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Anousaki, E, Zaras, N, Stasinaki A-N, Panidi, I, Terzis, T, and Karampatsos, G. Effects of a 25-week periodized training macrocycle on muscle strength, power, muscle architecture, and performance in well-trained track and field throwers. J Strength Cond Res 35(10): 2728-2736, 2021-The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of a 25-week macrocycle on strength, power, vastus lateralis (VL) muscle architecture, and competitive track and field throwing performance, in well-trained track and field throwers. Twelve well-trained throwers (age: 24.3 ± 5.5 years, mass: 96.6 ± 9.9 kg, and height: 1.82 ± 0.02 m), participated in the study. All athletes followed a 25-week periodized training program divided into 3 training phases: the hypertrophy/maximum strength phase, the maximum strength/power phase, and the power/speed phase. Measurements were performed at the beginning of the training period (T1), after the first training phase (T2), and after the end of the training period (T3). Measurements included the following: competitive track and field throwing performance; shot put throws; maximum strength (1-RM) in snatch, clean, and squat; countermovement jump (CMJ); and VL muscle architecture. Competitive track and field throwing performance and shot put throws increased from T1 to T3 by 10.9 ± 3.2% (p = 0.001) and 5.1 ± 6.4% (P = 0.049), respectively. 1 RM strength in snatch and squat increased significantly from T1 to T3 by 9.7 ± 8.9% (p = 0.001) and 9.9 ± 7.1% (p = 0.002), respectively. Countermovement jump height increased only from T1 to T2 by 10.9 ± 11.8% (p = 0.026). A significant increase was found for VL fascicle length between T1 and T3 (9.6 ± 11.1%, p = 0.049). Strong correlations were found between the percentage increase of competitive track and field throwing performance with 1 RM snatch (r = 0.571, p = 0.046) and with shot put throws (r = 0.715, p = 0.001). Twenty five weeks of training may increase performance and VL fascicle length, whereas increases in 1 RM snatch and in shot put throws are associated with competitive track and field throwing performance in well-trained throwers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Anousaki
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and
| | - Nikolaos Zaras
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Life and Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Angeliki-Nikoletta Stasinaki
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and
| | - Ioli Panidi
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and
| | - Giorgos Karampatsos
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; and
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Mangine GT, Mangine GT, Eggerth A, Gough J, Stratton MT, Feito Y, VanDusseldorp TA. Endocrine and Body Composition Changes Across a Competitive Season in Collegiate Speed-Power Track and Field Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2067-2074. [PMID: 34100783 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mangine, GT, Eggerth, A, Gough, J, Stratton, MT, Feito, Y, and VanDusseldorp, TA. Endocrine and body composition changes across a competitive season in collegiate speed-power track and field athletes. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2067-2074, 2021-Maintaining lean mass is important for track and field (TF) athletes who compete in speed-power events, but little is known about how lean mass and related hormones might change over an 8- to 10-month collegiate season. Therefore, to monitor changes in free testosterone (T), cortisol (C), and body composition in TF athletes across their entire competitive season, 9 female (20.3 ± 1.2 years, 169 ± 5 cm, and 67.6 ± 8.5 kg) and 7 male (21.1 ± 2.0 years, 181 ± 9 cm, and 77.3 ± 5.9 kg) Division I TF athletes provided resting and fasted blood samples at the onset of their indoor season (baseline), before and on returning from the indoor conference championships (ICCs), at the beginning and end of a heavy midseason training week (HVY), and before leaving for the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Championships. Body composition was also assessed at each of these periods using a 4-compartment model. Except for a 20% reduction (p = 0.030) from ICCs to the onset of HVY in men only, linear mixed models with repeated measures did not reveal any changes in hormone concentrations. Compared with baseline, an overall increase in fat-free mass was observed at HVY (∼2.74%, p = 0.023) before it reduced by 3.81% before the NCAA Championships (p = 0.022). Despite variations in training and competition, resting concentrations of hormones indicative of anabolic status remained relatively consistent over the course of an entire season in speed-power TF athletes. Coaches and athletes may consider monitoring these variables to assess the athlete's response to the changing demands of a competitive season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia ; and
| | - Gerald T Mangine
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia ; and
| | | | - Jeremy Gough
- Athletics, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia
| | - Matthew T Stratton
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia ; and
| | - Yuri Feito
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia ; and
| | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Exercise Science and Sport Management, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, Georgia ; and
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Timpka T, Fagher K, Bargoria V, Gauffin H, Andersson C, Jacobsson J, Nyce J, Bermon S. 'The Little Engine That Could': A Qualitative Study of Medical Service Access and Effectiveness among Adolescent Athletics Athletes Competing at the Highest International Level. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph18147278. [PMID: 34299729 PMCID: PMC8304016 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about provision of medical services to adolescents prior to participating in international top-level sports. This study aimed to investigate experiences of medical service provision among high-level adolescent athletics (track and field) athletes from three continents. A thematic narrative analysis was applied to data collected from 14 athletes by semi-structured interviews. Although competing at the highest international level, these adolescent athletes had difficulties making sense of symptoms of ill health, especially on their own. With increasing exercise loads, the athletes’ medical support needs had extended beyond the capacity of parents and local communities. As there was no organized transfer of the responsibility for medical support to sports organizations, the athletes often had to manage their health problems by themselves. There were major variations among the adolescent athletes with regards to medical service access and quality. The services used ranged from sophisticated computer-assisted biomechanical analyses to traditional healers. Decreased exercise load was the common sports injury treatment. The results of this study demonstrate how the ethical standards underpinning youth sports as well as the equal provision of medical services to adolescents are challenged across the world. Further research on health service provision to adolescent top-level athletes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toomas Timpka
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (K.F.); (V.B.); (H.G.); (C.A.); (J.J.); (J.N.)
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-13-28-10-00 or +46-705-36-43-57
| | - Kristina Fagher
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (K.F.); (V.B.); (H.G.); (C.A.); (J.J.); (J.N.)
- Rehabilitation Medicine Research Group, Department of Health Sciences, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Victor Bargoria
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (K.F.); (V.B.); (H.G.); (C.A.); (J.J.); (J.N.)
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Moi University, Eldoret 30107, Kenya
| | - Håkan Gauffin
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (K.F.); (V.B.); (H.G.); (C.A.); (J.J.); (J.N.)
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Christer Andersson
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (K.F.); (V.B.); (H.G.); (C.A.); (J.J.); (J.N.)
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jenny Jacobsson
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (K.F.); (V.B.); (H.G.); (C.A.); (J.J.); (J.N.)
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - James Nyce
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden; (K.F.); (V.B.); (H.G.); (C.A.); (J.J.); (J.N.)
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Anthropology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA
| | - Stéphane Bermon
- Health and Science Department, World Athletics, MC 98007 Monte-Carlo, Monaco;
- Laboratoire Motricité Humaine, Expertise, Sport, Santé (LAMHESS), Université Côte d’Azur, CEDEX 03, 06205 Nice, France
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Ben-Zaken, S, Meckel, Y, Nemet, D, Kassem, E, and Eliakim, A. Genetic basis for the dominance of Israeli long-distance runners of Ethiopian origin. J Strength Cond Res 35(7): 1885-1896, 2021-Israeli long-distance runners of Ethiopian origin have a major influence on the track and field long-distance record table. The aim of this study was to determine whether genetic characteristics contribute to this long-distance dominance. We assessed polymorphisms in genes related to endurance (PPARD T/C), endurance trainability (ACSL A/G), speed (ACTN3 R/X), strength (AGT T/C), and the recovery from training (MTC1 A/T and IL6 G/C) among top Israeli long-distance runners of Ethiopian origin (n = 37), Israeli non-Ethiopian origin runners of Caucasian origin (n = 76), and Israeli nonathletic controls (n = 55). Israeli runners of Ethiopian origin had a greater frequency of the PPARD CC + PARGC1A Gly/Gly polymorphism, associated with improved endurance performance, compared with Israeli runners of non-Ethiopian origins (24 vs. 3%, respectively, p < 0.01); a lower frequency of the ACSL AA polymorphism, favoring endurance trainability (8 vs. 20%, respectively, p < 0.05); a greater frequency of the ACTN3 RR polymorphism, associated with sprint performance (35 vs. 20%, respectively, p < 0.05); a greater frequency of the MCT1 AA genotype, associated with improved lactate transport (65 vs. 45%, respectively, p < 0.05); and a lower frequency of IL-6 174C carriers, associated with reduced postexercise muscle damage (27 vs. 40%, respectively, p < 0.01). There was no difference in the frequency of AGT T/C gene polymorphism between the long-distance runners of Ethiopian and non-Ethiopian origin. Frequencies of PPARD CC + PARGC1A Gly/Gly, MCT1 AA, IL-6 174C, and AGT polymorphism were significantly favorable among Ethiopian, but not among non-Ethiopian, origin runners compared with controls. Taken together, results suggest that genetically, the dominance of Israeli long-distance runners of Ethiopian origin relates not only to endurance polymorphisms but also to polymorphisms associated with enhanced speed performance and better training recovery ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Ben-Zaken
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Zinman College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
| | - Yoav Meckel
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, The Zinman College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
| | - Dan Nemet
- Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Child Health and Sports Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel ; and
| | - Eias Kassem
- Pediatric Department, Hilel-Yaffe Medical Center, Hadera, Israel
| | - Alon Eliakim
- Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Child Health and Sports Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel ; and
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Möck S, Hartmann R, Wirth K, Rosenkranz G, Mickel C. Relationship Between Maximal Dynamic Force in the Deep Back Squat and Sprinting Performance in Consecutive Segments Up to 30 m. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:1039-1043. [PMID: 30273292 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Möck, S, Hartmann, R, Wirth, K, Rosenkranz, G, and Mickel, C. Relationship between maximal dynamic force in the deep back squat and sprinting performance in consecutive segments up to 30 m. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 1039-1043, 2021-The sprint (in track and field athletics) is characterized by a fluent transition from predominantly knee extending musculature during the initial acceleration phase toward dominance of the hamstring muscle group thereafter. Because of this change in technique, it can be assumed that there is a decrease of correlation of the maximal dynamic force of the deep back squat and sprinting performance with increasing distance. Therefore, sprinting performance for consecutive intervals (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, and 25-30 m) as well as the 1 repetition maximum (1RM) were determined. Our results show statistically significant (p < 0.01) correlations for both the relationships with the absolute 1RM (r = -0.614 to -0.808) and the relative 1RM (r = -0.646 to -0.749). However, the expected decrease in correlation over distance was not found. The results show that the maximal dynamic force of hip and knee extensors are a basic performance requirement in short-distance sprinting and should be considered in training recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Möck
- Department of Exercise Science, Olympic Training and Testing Center of Hessen, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - René Hartmann
- Department of Human Movement Science and Athletic Training, Institute of Sports Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Klaus Wirth
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria; and
| | - Gregor Rosenkranz
- Department of Sport, Health and Science, St. Marys University, Twickenham, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Mickel
- Department of Human Movement Science and Athletic Training, Institute of Sports Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Kaczka P, Kubicka K, Batra A, Maciejczyk M, Kopera E, Bira J, Zając T. Effects of Co-Ingestion of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate and L-Arginine α-Ketoglutarate on Jump Performance in Young Track and Field Athletes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041064. [PMID: 33805883 PMCID: PMC8064357 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the effect of simultaneous supplementation of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate and L-Arginine α-ketoglutarate on lower limb power and muscle damage in medium distance runners aged 15.3 (±0.9) years old. Methods: The study group consisted of 40 volunteers aged 14–17 years practicing medium distance running for at least two years. The study lasted 12 days and followed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design. All subjects attended a familiarization session on day 0 before the test. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: supplements and placebo group. The same training cycle protocol was used in both groups during the 12-day training period. Morning warm-up involved 10 min jogging at 60–75% of maximal heart rate and countermovement jump height measurement. Main training units were carried out for both groups with the same volume. Training load assessment (the daily session Rating of Perceived Exertion (s-RPE) method) method takes into consideration the intensity and the duration of the training session to calculate the “training load” (TL). Results: At the end of the training cycle, a significant (p = 0.002) decrease in the countermovement jump (CMJ) height was found in the placebo group when compared to the baseline. In the supplement group, there was no decrease in the countermovement jump height. Creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase concentration increased during the training days similarly in both groups and decreased on rest days. There were no differences between groups in enzymes concentration. The research results indicate that the supplement combination used in the supplements group prevented a reduction in the CMJ values. In contrast to the supplements group, in the placebo group, the CMJ changes were statistically significant: a noticeable (p = 0.002) decrease in CMJ was noted between the baseline measurement and the 6th measurement. The well-being of the subjects from both groups changed significantly during the training period, and the intergroup differences in the mood level were similar and not statistically significant. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that the daily co-supplementation with calcium salt of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (7.5 g) and L-Arginine α-ketoglutarate (10 g) during training might help to prevent decline in jump performance. No influence on muscle damage markers or mood was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kaczka
- Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (K.K.); (A.B.); (E.K.); (J.B.); (T.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarzyna Kubicka
- Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (K.K.); (A.B.); (E.K.); (J.B.); (T.Z.)
| | - Amit Batra
- Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (K.K.); (A.B.); (E.K.); (J.B.); (T.Z.)
| | - Marcin Maciejczyk
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Jana Pawła II 78, 31-571 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Edyta Kopera
- Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (K.K.); (A.B.); (E.K.); (J.B.); (T.Z.)
| | - Justyna Bira
- Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (K.K.); (A.B.); (E.K.); (J.B.); (T.Z.)
| | - Tomasz Zając
- Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Mikołowska 72a, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (K.K.); (A.B.); (E.K.); (J.B.); (T.Z.)
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Ben-Zaken S, Meckel Y, Nemet D, Kassem E, Eliakim A. The combined frequencies of the IL-6 G-174C and IGFBP3 A-202C polymorphisms among swimmers and runners. Growth Horm IGF Res 2020; 51:17-21. [PMID: 31978779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies have demonstrated that compared to runners, swimmers carry a higher prevalence of the IL-6 -174C polymorphism and lower single nucleotide polymorphism frequencies of the IGF system. PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to assess the combined frequency of the IL-6 -174G/C and IGFBP3 -202A/C polymorphisms among track and field athletes and swimmers. METHODS Track and field athletes were divided into long-distance runners (major event 5000 m-marathon, n = 63) and power athletes (major event 100-200 m sprints and long jump, n = 67). Swimmers were divided into long-distance swimmers (major event: 400-1500 m, n = 50), and short-distance swimmers (major event: 50-100 m, n = 43). All participants had achieved results that ranked them among the top all-time Israeli athletes in their event, and competed at national and/or international level on a regular basis. RESULTS Carrying both IL-6C and IGFBP3C mutations was significantly greater among long-distance swimmers (LDS - 44%) compared to long distance runners (LDR - 21%, p < .01), and among short distance swimmers (SDS - 49%) compared to sprinters and jumpers (S/J - 28%, p < .05). Among runners, the prevalence of those not carrying either of the two mutations was significantly higher among LDR (25%) compared to S/J (10%, p < .03). CONCLUSION The prevalence of carrying both IL-6C and IGFBP3C mutations was significantly higher among the swimmers compared to runners. It is possible that carrying the IGFBP3C polymorphism is required to compensate for the potential genetically non-beneficial effects of a higher IL-6C genotype and an attenuated IGF system among the swimmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Ben-Zaken
- The Academic College at the Wingate, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wingate Institute, Netanya 42902, Israel.
| | - Yoav Meckel
- The Academic College at the Wingate, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wingate Institute, Netanya 42902, Israel
| | - Dan Nemet
- Meir Medical Center, Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Kfar Saba, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Eias Kassem
- Hillel-Yaffe Medical Center, Pediatric Department, Hadera, Israel
| | - Alon Eliakim
- Hillel-Yaffe Medical Center, Pediatric Department, Hadera, Israel
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Campbell E, Irving R, Poudevigne M, Dilworth L, McFarlane S, Ismail O, Bailey J. Contextual factors and sporting success: The relationship between birth date and place of early development on the progression of Jamaican track and field athletes from junior to senior level. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227144. [PMID: 31881050 PMCID: PMC6934301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding determinants associated with dropout from sport is important for talent development. This study aimed (i) to determine dropout rates for Jamaican track and field athletes and (ii) to examine contextual factors (i.e., relative age effect and place of development) as potential determinants of junior athletes progressing to the senior level. A sample of 1552 track and field athletes (mean age 18.57±0.41 years) who were finalists at the national high school (junior) championships in Jamaica between 2000 and 2017 were evaluated from the Jamaica Athletics Administrative Association database. The database provided birth date, school attendance and performance results. A retrospective analysis was completed to investigate the relationship between junior and senior successes and dropout rates. Chi-square analyses were conducted to examine the distribution of birth date quartiles based on the selection year. Using the Jamaican census information, the population size of regions where participants attended school were categorized and used as a proxy for athletes’ place of development. Results showed that the majority of the participants did not progress to senior levels (81%). The relative age effect was evident for athletes who progressed to the senior level but was not evident for athletes who did not progress. There was a bias towards participants who attended school in regions with a population size between 5000–29 999. This study illuminates some of the contextual factors that may influence the likelihood of progressing from junior to senior levels which may help to inform talent identification, selection and development in the sport of track and field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eon Campbell
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
- * E-mail:
| | - Rachael Irving
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Melanie Poudevigne
- Health and Fitness Management, Clayton State University, Morrow, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lowell Dilworth
- Department of Pathology, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Shelly McFarlane
- Caribbean Institute for Health Research, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Olusegun Ismail
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, The University of Technology, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Janel Bailey
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
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Wakahara T, Shiraogawa A. Effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation training on muscle size in collegiate track and field athletes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224881. [PMID: 31721812 PMCID: PMC6853328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation training for 12 weeks on the abdominal muscle size in trained athletes. Male collegiate track and field athletes participated in the present study and were randomly allocated to either training or control groups. Eleven participants of the training group completed a 60-session training program over a 12-week period (23 min/session, 5 days/week) involving neuromuscular electrical stimulation (mostly 20 Hz) for the abdominal muscles in addition to their usual training for the own events. The participants of the control group (n = 13) continued their usual training. Before and after the intervention period, cross-sectional areas of the rectus abdominis and abdominal oblique muscles (the internal and external obliques and transversus abdominis) and subcutaneous fat thickness were measured with magnetic resonance and ultrasound imaging. There were no significant changes in cross-sectional area of the rectus abdominis or abdominal oblique muscles or in subcutaneous fat thickness in the training or control groups after the intervention period. The change in cross-sectional area of the rectus abdominis in each participant was not significantly correlated with pre-training cross-sectional area and neither was the mean value of fat thickness at pre- and post-training. These results suggest that low-frequency (20 Hz) neuromuscular electrical stimulation training for 12 weeks is ineffective in inducing hypertrophy of the abdominal muscles in trained athletes, even when they have a thin layer of subcutaneous fat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Wakahara
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
- Human Performance Laboratory, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Ayumu Shiraogawa
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, Japan
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Błażkiewicz M, Łysoń B, Wit A. Mechanical energy flows between body segments in ballistic track-and-field movements (shot put, discus, javelin) as a performance evaluation method. Acta Bioeng Biomech 2019; 21:31-36. [PMID: 31197282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Seeking a method to evaluate and monitor the performance of the shot put, discus and javelin throw, we analyzed the transfer of mechanical energy between body segments. METHODS The study was conducted on groups consisting of elite throwers on the Polish National Team for each of the aforementioned sport disciplines. The movements of each throw were recorded using Vicon system and Kistler plates. The power and energy fluctuations were computed for the final acceleration phase of each throw. RESULTS In all three disciplines studied, we found an average energy loss of 1.63 J/kg generated from shoulder to wrist. The value of generated energy from ankle to torso initially increased in all disciplines, followed by a descent - with the exception of the javelin throw, where there was an average 27% decrease in both hip joints. We found strong correlations between relative amplitude values of energy and the athlete's personal performance records: -0.8226 (shot put), 0.6008 (discus) and 0.7273 (javelin). CONCLUSIONS Measuring the transfer of mechanical energy between body segments offers a useful method for evaluating the technique of ballistic movements and for monitoring training progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michalina Błażkiewicz
- Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Łysoń
- Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wit
- Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
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Loturco I, Contreras B, Kobal R, Fernandes V, Moura N, Siqueira F, Winckler C, Suchomel T, Pereira LA. Vertically and horizontally directed muscle power exercises: Relationships with top-level sprint performance. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201475. [PMID: 30048538 PMCID: PMC6062113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity to rapidly generate and apply a great amount of force seems to play a key role in sprint running. However, it has recently been shown that, for sprinters, the technical ability to effectively orient the force onto the ground is more important than its total amount. The force-vector theory has been proposed to guide coaches in selecting the most adequate exercises to comprehensively develop the neuromechanical qualities related to the distinct phases of sprinting. This study aimed to compare the relationships between vertically-directed (loaded and unloaded vertical jumps, and half-squat) and horizontally-directed (hip-thrust) exercises and the sprint performance of top-level track and field athletes. Sixteen sprinters and jumpers (including three Olympic athletes) executed vertical jumps, loaded jump squats and hip-thrusts, and sprinting speed tests at 10-, 20-, 40-, 60-, 100-, and 150-m. Results indicated that the hip-thrust is more associated with the maximum acceleration phase (i.e., from zero to 10-m; r = 0.93), whereas the loaded and unloaded vertical jumps seem to be more related to top-speed phases (i.e., distances superior to 40-m; r varying from 0.88 to 0.96). These findings reinforce the mechanical concepts supporting the force-vector theory, and provide coaches and sport scientists with valuable information about the potential use and benefits of using vertically- or horizontally-based training exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bret Contreras
- Auckland University of Technology, Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ronaldo Kobal
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Fernandes
- B3 Track & Field Club, São Paulo, Brazil
- ADAPT—Association of High-Performance Training & Sports Development, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Siqueira
- ADAPT—Association of High-Performance Training & Sports Development, São Paulo, Brazil
- Pinheiros Sport Club, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Timothy Suchomel
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Carroll University, Waukesha, WI, United States of America
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Ben-Zaken S, Meckel Y, Nemet D, Eliakim A. High prevalence of the IGF2 rs680 GG polymorphism among top-level sprinters and jumpers. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 37:26-30. [PMID: 29107196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previous studies have shown that the IGF1 polymorphism is associated with greater muscle mass and improved power athletic ability, but very little is known about the IGF2 polymorphism and athletic performance. PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to assess the frequency distribution of the IGF2 rs680 polymorphism among Israeli athletes. METHODS 185 short- (n=72) and long-distance (n=113) runners, 94 short- (n=44) and long-distance (n=50) swimmers, 54 weight lifters and 111 controls participated in the study. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral EDTA treated anti-coagulated blood using a standard protocol. Genotyping of the IGF2 A/G polymorphism (rs680) was performed using allelic discrimination assay. RESULTS The frequency of IGF2 (rs680) G allele carriers was significantly greater among top compared to national-level track and field sprinters and jumpers (p<0.05). The IGF2 (rs680) GG genotype frequency was significantly greater among track and field sprinters and jumpers compared to weight lifters p<0.02), and among top-level sprinters and jumpers compared to top-level weight lifters p<0.01). There were no statistically significant differences in the IGF2 (rs680) GG genotype frequency among endurance athletes and between the swimmers and the other sports disciplines and the controls. CONCLUSIONS While a single polymorphism cannot determine athletic success or failure, the findings of the present study suggest a potential importance of the IGF2 polymorphism, mainly regarding speed sport performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Ben-Zaken
- The Academic College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Netanya 42902, Israel.
| | - Yoav Meckel
- The Academic College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Netanya 42902, Israel
| | - Dan Nemet
- Meir Medical Center, Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Alon Eliakim
- Meir Medical Center, Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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Abstract
The mechanistic foundations of performance trade-offs are clear: because body size and shape constrains movement, and muscles vary in strength and fibre type, certain physical traits should act in opposition with others (e.g. sprint versus endurance). Yet performance trade-offs are rarely detected, and traits are often positively correlated. A potential resolution to this conundrum is that within-individual performance trade-offs can be masked by among-individual variation in 'quality'. Although there is a current debate on how to unambiguously define and account for quality, no previous studies have partitioned trait correlations at the within- and among-individual levels. Here, we evaluate performance trade-offs among and within 1369 elite athletes that performed in a total of 6418 combined-events competitions (decathlon and heptathlon). Controlling for age, experience and wind conditions, we detected strong trade-offs between groups of functionally similar events (throwing versus jumping versus running) occurring at the among-individual level. We further modelled individual (co)variation in age-related plasticity of performance and found previously unseen trade-offs in throwing versus running performance that manifest through ageing. Our results verify that human performance is limited by fundamental genetic, environmental and ageing constraints that preclude the simultaneous improvement of performance in multiple dimensions. Identifying these constraints is fundamental to understanding performance trade-offs and predicting the ageing of motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Careau
- Canada Research Chair in Functional Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robbie S Wilson
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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Ben-Zaken S, Meckel Y, Nemet D, Eliakim A. The combined frequency of IGF and myostatin polymorphism among track & field athletes and swimmers. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 32:29-32. [PMID: 28007336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The IGF C-1245T (rs35767) and the myostatin (MSTN) Lys(K)-153Arg(R) genetic polymorphism may influence skeletal muscle phenotypes and athletic performance. Carrying the minor IGF T allele and the myostatin rare R allele was associated with higher circulating IGF-I levels, greater muscle mass and improved performance. The aim of the present study was to assess the combined frequency of the IGF 1245T (rs35767) and MSTN 153Arg(R) polymorphism among Israeli track and field athletes (n=111) and swimmers (n=80). DESIGN Track & field athletes were divided to long distance runners (major event 5000m-marathon, n=63) and power athletes (major event 100-200m sprints and long jump, n=48). Swimmers were divided into long-distance swimmers (major event: 400-1500m, n=38), and short-distance swimmers (major event: 50-100m, n=42). RESULTS Carrying both mutations was significantly higher (p<0.05) among long distance runners (LDR, 17%) compared to short distance runners (SDR, 10%), long distance swimmers (LDS, 8%), short distance swimmers (SDS, 2%) and controls (n=111, 7%). Carrying both mutations was significantly higher (p<0.05) among LDS compared to SDS (8% versus 2%, p<0.05). Among LDR and LDS carriers of both mutations, 40% and 25% were of elite level, respectively. Despite the fact that carrying both mutations among SDR and SDS was not greater than controls, all SDR and SDS carriers were elite athletes. CONCLUSION Our finding suggests that carrying both IGF 1245T and MSTN 153Arg(R) polymorphisms may contribute for long distance running success but not necessarily to elite performance. In contrast, although the frequency was not higher than the general population, all carriers of both mutations among short distance runners and swimmers were of elite competitive caliber. Whether evaluation of the IGF 1245T and MSTN 153R polymorphism can be used for sports selection in young athletes needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Ben-Zaken
- The Zinman College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wingate Institute, Israel.
| | - Yoav Meckel
- The Zinman College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Genetics and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wingate Institute, Israel
| | - Dan Nemet
- Meir Medical Center, Child Health and Sports Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Alon Eliakim
- Meir Medical Center, Child Health and Sports Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
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