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Cumming J, Nordin-Bates SM, Johnson C, Sanchez EN, Karageanes SJ. High time to enhance dancer welfare: a call to action to improve safeguarding and abuse prevention in dance. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001811. [PMID: 38736644 PMCID: PMC11086178 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
While there is a lack of research into abuse in elite dance, numerous allegations of emotional, sexual and physical abuse of dancers can be found anecdotally in the media, legal convictions and personal accounts. As more dancers speak out, the scale of the problem within preprofessional schools and professional companies is becoming apparent. Accordingly, effective safeguarding mechanisms for preventing, identifying and reporting abuse are urgently needed. This viewpoint is intended to raise health professionals' awareness of factors contributing to abusive practices found in dance environments and the potential clinical implications of abuse to dancers' health and well-being. We also call for research and policy engagement on safeguarding and abuse prevention designed and implemented in partnership with stakeholders, aiming to promote safe and positive dance environments for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Cumming
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute for Mental Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Erin N Sanchez
- One Dance UK, Birmingham, UK
- National Institute of Dance Medicine and Science, Birmingham, UK
| | - Steven J Karageanes
- Restorative Physical Medicine, Novi, Michigan, USA
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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2
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Kuvaldina O, Sarkauskiene A, Rybak O, Taran L, Derkach V, Biryuk S, Agostinis-Sobrinho C. Top 10 needs of Ukraine's Olympic sports in hostile conditions: a Delphi study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001653. [PMID: 38410410 PMCID: PMC10895238 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Following the tragic events surrounding the war in Ukraine, which started on 24 February 2022, Russian troops have been destroying many Olympic sports infrastructures and athletes and Olympic sports professionals are suffering serious consequences, and sports talents are being lost. Therefore, this Delphi study aimed to identify the most important needs of Ukraine's Olympic sports in hostile conditions. It sought to formulate priority areas crucial for support during and after the war period, aimed at safeguarding the career prospects of Ukrainian athletes. The study further aimed to identify well-informed priorities for developing Ukraine's Olympic sports. These priorities, once discerned, can be advocated for promotion and prioritisation in present and future agendas, thereby shaping the course of international support and ensuring the preservation of Ukrainian athletes' career prospects. A three-round Delphi study was conducted with 42 participants who had expertise as coaches, athletes and researchers (PhD, professor) in sports science. There was a strong panellist agreement on the needs of Ukraine's Olympic sports in the identified hostile conditions. The list of the final top 10 needs included: (1) 'Develop and maintain the athlete's fitness level'; (2) 'Implementation of a better recovery system for athletes'; and (3) 'To ensure a safe training place for athletes'. The needs identified in this study are of tremendous value and guide efforts to Ukraine's sports talents during wartime and, as a result, will guide the international institutions to direct appropriate aid and international support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kuvaldina
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
- Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding, Mikolaiv, Ukraine
| | - Asta Sarkauskiene
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
| | - Oleh Rybak
- Department of Water Sports, Lviv State University of Physical Culture named after Ivan Bobersky, L'viv, Ukraine
| | - Larysa Taran
- Department of Olympic and Professional Sports, Kharkiv State Academy of Physical Culture, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Viktor Derkach
- Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding, Mikolaiv, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Biryuk
- Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding, Mikolaiv, Ukraine
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3
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Squeo MR, Monosilio S, Gismondi A, Perrone M, Gregorace E, Lemme E, Di Gioia G, Mango R, Prosperi S, Spataro A, Maestrini V, Di Giacinto B, Pelliccia A. Periodic health evaluation in athletes competing in Tokyo 2020: from SARS-CoV-2 to Olympic medals. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001610. [PMID: 38046277 PMCID: PMC10689352 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Tokyo Olympic games were the only games postponed for a year in peacetime, which will be remembered as the COVID-19 Olympics. No data are currently available on the effect on athlete's performance. Aim To examine the Italian Olympic athletes who have undergone the return to play (RTP) protocol after COVID-19 and their Olympic results. Methods 642 Potential Olympics (PO) athletes competing in 19 summer sport disciplines were evaluated through a preparticipation screening protocol and, when necessary, with the RTP protocol. The protocol comprised blood tests, 12-lead resting ECG, transthoracic echocardiogram, cardiopulmonary exercise test, 24-hour Holter-ECG monitoring and cardiovascular MR based on clinical indication. Results Of the 642 PO athletes evaluated, 384 participated at the Olympic Games, 254 being excluded for athletic reasons. 120 athletes of the total cohort of 642 PO were affected by COVID-19. They were evaluated with the RTP protocol before resuming physical activity after a mean detraining period of 30±13 days. Of them, 100 were selected for Olympic Games participation, 16 were excluded for athletic reasons and 4 were due to RTP results (2 for COVID-19-related myocarditis, 1 for pericarditis and 1 for complex ventricular arrhythmias). Among athletes with a history of COVID-19 allowed to resume physical activity after the RTP and selected for the Olympic Games, no one had abnormalities in cardiopulmonary exercise test parameters, and 28 became medal winners with 6 gold, 6 silver and 19 bronze medals. Conclusions Among athletes with COVID-19, there is a low prevalence of cardiac sequelae. For those athletes allowed to resume physical activity after the RTP evaluation, the infection and the forced period of inactivity didn't have a negative impact on athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosaria Squeo
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Monosilio
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gismondi
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Perrone
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Emanuele Gregorace
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Erika Lemme
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Di Gioia
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Mango
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Prosperi
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Spataro
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Viviana Maestrini
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anesthesiological and Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Giacinto
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Pelliccia
- Italian National Olympic Committee, Institute of Sport Medicine and Science, Roma, Italy
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4
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Bezuglov E, Ahmetov II, Lazarev A, Mskhalaya G, Talibov O, Ustinov V, Shoshorina M, Bogachko E, Azimi V, Morgans R, Hackney AC. The relationship of testosterone levels with sprint performance in young professional track and field athletes. Physiol Behav 2023; 271:114344. [PMID: 37689381 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that higher testosterone levels may provide an athletic advantage. Therefore, it is of practical interest to examine the association between testosterone levels and power- and strength-related traits in young professional track and field athletes, and to consider the factors that determine testosterone levels. The study involved 68 young professional athletes (45 females, 17.3 ± 2.6 years; 23 males, 18.2 ± 1.9 years). Testosterone levels were assessed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. All subjects performed two 20 m and two 30 m sprint trials, and countermovement jump without arm-swing. A bioimpedance analysis of body composition was carried out and biological maturity was examined using the Khamis-Roche method. The average testosterone levels were 26.4 ± 9.6 nmol/l and 1.5 ± 0.7 nmol/l in males and females, respectively. In female athletes, testosterone levels did not correlate with any of traits. Males with the highest testosterone levels were significantly faster in the 20 m (p = 0.033) and 30 m (p = 0.014) sprint trials compared to males with lower testosterone levels. Testosterone levels in males were positively associated with fat mass (p = 0.027), and degree of biological maturation (p = 0.003). In conclusion, we found a positive relationship between testosterone levels and sprint performance in young male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Bezuglov
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia; Academy of Talents, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Artemii Lazarev
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - George Mskhalaya
- Department of Internal Medicine, European Medical Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Talibov
- Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sochi, Russia; Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vjacheslav Ustinov
- International Medical Center for Processing and Cryostorage of Biomaterials, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Shoshorina
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Elizaveta Bogachko
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Violetta Azimi
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ryland Morgans
- Department of Sports Medicine and Medical Rehabilitation, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anthony C Hackney
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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5
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McCrary JM, Gould M. Rhythm in sport: Adapted rhythmic training to optimize timing and enhance performance in athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:636-638. [PMID: 37863666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Precise timing, the ability to control exactly when something should be done, integrates physical characteristics like strength, power, and technique into highly skilled sporting actions. Despite timing's indispensability to peak athletic performance, there exist few timing-specific training methods. The authors present a new training approach which adapts exercises from drummers, the elite timing experts, to athletes. This progressive series of rhythmic exercises cultivates a detailed, 'top down' cognitive framework of time which promises to enhance movement precision and efficiency. Use cases demonstrate broad applications of this new training approach across individual and team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Matt McCrary
- Institute of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Germany; Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Michael Gould
- School of Music, Theatre & Dance, University of Michigan, USA; Residential College, College of Literature Science & the Arts, University of Michigan, USA; Center for World Performance Studies, College of Literature Science & the Arts, University of Michigan, USA
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6
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Hoare E, Reyes J, Olive L, Willmott C, Steer E, Berk M, Hall K. Neurodiversity in elite sport: a systematic scoping review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001575. [PMID: 37342788 PMCID: PMC10277550 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this systematic scoping review is to understand the extent and scope of evidence regarding neurodiversity in elite sport. This systematic scoping review considered epidemiological studies, com mentary and viewpoints papers, systematic review and meta-analyses, and any intervention or clinical treatment, management and practice studies in relation to neurodiversity in elite sport. Case studies and grey literature were ineligible for review. Neurodivergence included neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and specific learning disorders. Elite sport was defined as Olympic, Paralympic, national, international, professional and semiprofessional sport. The final 23 studies included in this review comprised 10 observational studies, 4 systematic/narrative reviews, 6 commentary/position statements and 3 qualitative studies. The literature reflected a major focus on ADHD as a risk factor for concussion and prognosis for postconcussion recovery. Further, there was a focus on the medical management of ADHD, regarding adherence to sporting antidoping regulations. One study focused on the experience of autism in athletes in elite sport settings through qualitative interviews. One study focused on anxiety disorders in elite athletes, with ADHD emerging as a major risk factor. There is a strong rationale for future research to build on the evidence for neurodiversity in elite sport to foster supportive and inclusive elite sporting environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Hoare
- IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Australian Football League, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Reyes
- Australian Football League, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Turner Institute for Brain & Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lisa Olive
- IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
- Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre of Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Catherine Willmott
- Australian Football League, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Turner Institute for Brain & Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Emma Steer
- Clinical and Educational and Developmental Psychologist, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- Orygen, National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre of Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Hall
- Australian Football League, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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7
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van Hattum JC, Verwijs SM, Boekholdt SM, Groenink M, Planken RN, van Randen A, Nederveen AJ, Moen MH, Wijne CACM, Daems JJN, Velthuis BK, van de Sande DAJ, Spee R, de Vries ST, van der Veen MJ, Pinto YM, Wilde AAM, Jorstad HT. ELITE: rationale and design of a longitudinal elite athlete, extreme cardiovascular phenotyping, prospective cohort study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001505. [PMID: 36756286 PMCID: PMC9900067 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The cardiovascular benefits of physical exercise are well-known. However, vigorous exercise has also been associated with adverse cardiac effects. To improve our understanding of cardiovascular adaptation to exercise versus maladaptation and pathology, the limits of adaptation should be firmly established using state-of-the-art diagnostic modalities. We therefore initiated the Evaluation of Lifetime participation in Intensive Top-level sports and Exercise (ELITE) cohort to investigate the longitudinal (beneficial and pathological) cardiovascular effects of intensive elite sports and exercise. Methods and analysis ELITE is a prospective, multicentre, longitudinal cohort study. Elite athletes, from the age of sixteen, are recruited in The Netherlands. The primary objective is to determine the association between elite sports and exercise-induced cardiac remodelling, cardiac pathology, and health benefits over time. Secondary objectives include determining and identifying genetic profiles of elite athletes, and how these are associated with cardiac indices. ELITE will collect data from consultations, electrocardiography, echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and training- and injury data. ELITE will also collect blood for biobanking and cardiogenetics. Follow-up will take place at intervals of two to five years, and after the elite athletes' professional careers have ended. In addition, a subcohort of ELITE has been established to investigate cardiac sequelae following infections associated with myocardial involvement, including SARS-CoV-2. ELITE is a prospective observational study; therefore, analyses will be primarily explorative. Ethics and dissemination This study has been approved by the Medical Ethics Review Board of the Amsterdam University Medical Centers (NL71682.018.19). The results of the study will be disseminated by publication in peer-reviewed journals (Netherlands Trial Register number: NL9328).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette C van Hattum
- Cardiology, UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd M Verwijs
- Cardiology, UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Matthijs Boekholdt
- Cardiology, UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Groenink
- Cardiology, UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Nils Planken
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adrienne van Randen
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aart J Nederveen
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten H Moen
- Dutch National Olympic Committee & National Sports Federation, High-Performance Team, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joelle J N Daems
- Cardiology, UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Ruud Spee
- Cardiology, Maxima Medical Center, Veldhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Yigal M Pinto
- Cardiology, UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur A M Wilde
- Cardiology, UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harald T Jorstad
- Cardiology, UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Schmid MJ, Örencik M, Gojanovic B, Schmid J, Conzelmann A. Period prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections and willingness to vaccinate in Swiss elite athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001330. [PMID: 35789552 PMCID: PMC9243493 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives (1) To assess the period prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infections and willingness to vaccinate in Swiss elite athletes and (2) to evaluate whether sociodemographic and sport-related characteristics were associated with infection of SARS-CoV-2 in athletes. Methods A total of 1037 elite athletes (Mage=27.09) were surveyed in this cross-sectional study. They were asked whether they had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 and whether they would like to be vaccinated. Characteristics of a possible COVID-19 illness were also recorded. Results During the first year of the pandemic, 14.6% of all Swiss elite athletes were found to be infected with SARS-CoV-2, and 5.4% suspected that they had been infected. Male athletes, young athletes and team sports athletes had an increased likelihood of being infected with SARS-CoV-2. There was considerable heterogeneity in the duration and severity of a COVID-19 illness in athletes. Overall, 68% of respondents indicated a willingness to be vaccinated if they were offered an opportunity to do so. Conclusion In the first year of the pandemic, Swiss elite athletes were tested more often positive for SARS-CoV-2 than the general Swiss population. Because COVID-19 illness can impair health for a relatively long time, sports federations are advised to motivate athletes to be vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Merlin Örencik
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Boris Gojanovic
- La Tour Sport Medicine, Hôpital de La Tour, Meyrin, Geneva, Switzerland.,Interdisciplinary Center for Adolescent Sports Medicine, Woman-Mother-Child Department (DFME), Lausanne University and CHUV Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Schmid
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Achim Conzelmann
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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9
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Robinson PG, Murray A, Watson M, Close G, Kinane DF. Risk assessment and implementation of risk reduction measures is not associated with increased transmission of SARS-CoV-2 compared with standard isolation at professional golf events. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001324. [PMID: 35601139 PMCID: PMC9108433 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this prospective study was to report incidence and transmission of SARS-CoV-2, among professional golfers and essential support staff undergoing risk assessment and enhanced risk reduction measures when considered a close contact as opposed to standard isolation while competing on the DP World Tour during the 2021 season. Methods This prospective cohort study included all players and essential support staff participating in 26 DP World Tour events from 18 April 2021 to 21 November 2021. High-risk contacts were isolated for 10 days. Moderate-risk contacts received education regarding enhanced medical surveillance, had daily rapid antigen testing for 5 days, with reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tesing on day 5, mandated mask use and access to outside space for work purposes only. Low-risk contacts typically received rapid antigen testing every 48 hours and RT-PCR testing on day 5. Results The total study cohort compromised 13 394 person-weeks of exposure. There were a total of 30 positive cases over the study period. Eleven contacts were stratified as ‘high risk’. Two of these subsequently tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. There were 79 moderate-risk contact and 73 low-risk contacts. One moderate-risk contact subsequently tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 but did not transmit the virus. All other contacts, remained negative and asymptomatic to the end of the tournament week. Conclusions A risk assessment and risk reduction-based approach to contact tracing was safe in this professional golf event setting when Alpha and Delta were the predominant variants. It enabled professional golfers and essential support staff to work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Gordon Robinson
- Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Orthopaedics, Edinburgh, UK.,European Tour Performance Institute, Virginia Water, UK
| | - Andrew Murray
- European Tour Performance Institute, Virginia Water, UK.,Physical Activity for Health Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Matt Watson
- European Tour Performance Institute, Virginia Water, UK
| | - Graeme Close
- European Tour Performance Institute, Virginia Water, UK.,Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Denis F Kinane
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Medical and Scientific Department, Cignpost Diagnostics, Farnborough, UK
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10
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De Bosscher R, Dausin C, Janssens K, Bogaert J, Elliott A, Ghekiere O, Van De Heyning CM, Sanders P, Kalman J, Fatkin D, Herbots L, Willems R, Heidbuchel H, La Gerche A, Claessen G. Rationale and design of the PROspective ATHletic Heart (Pro@Heart) study: long-term assessment of the determinants of cardiac remodelling and its clinical consequences in endurance athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001309. [PMID: 35368514 PMCID: PMC8935177 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise-induced cardiac remodelling (EICR) results from the structural, functional and electrical adaptations to exercise. Despite similar sports participation, EICR varies and some athletes develop phenotypic features that overlap with cardiomyopathies. Training load and genotype may explain some of the variation; however, exercise ‘dose’ has lacked rigorous quantification. Few have investigated the association between EICR and genotype. Objectives (1) To identify the impact of training load and genotype on the variance of EICR in elite endurance athletes and (2) determine how EICR and its determinants are associated with physical performance, health benefits and cardiac pathology. Methods The Pro@Heart study is a multicentre prospective cohort trial. Three hundred elite endurance athletes aged 14–23 years will have comprehensive cardiovascular phenotyping using echocardiography, cardiac MRI, 12-lead ECG, exercise-ECG and 24-hour-Holter monitoring. Genotype will be determined using a custom cardiomyopathy gene panel and high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays. Follow-up will include online tracking of training load. Cardiac phenotyping will be repeated at 2, 5, 10 and 20 years. Results The primary endpoint of the Pro@Heart study is the association of EICR with both training load and genotype. The latter will include rare variants in cardiomyopathy-associated genes and polygenic risk scores for cardiovascular traits. Secondary endpoints are the incidence of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, physical performance and health benefits and their association with training load and genotype. Conclusion The Pro@Heart study is the first long-term cohort study to assess the impact of training load and genotype on EICR. Trial registration number NCT05164328; ACTRN12618000716268.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben De Bosscher
- Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Cardiology, KU Leuven University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Kristel Janssens
- Cardiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jan Bogaert
- Radiology, KU Leuven University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adrian Elliott
- Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Olivier Ghekiere
- Cardiology, Jessa Hospital Campus Virga Jesse, Hasselt, Belgium.,Cardivacsular Sciences, University Hasselt Biomedical Research Institute Rehabilitation Research Center, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Caroline M Van De Heyning
- Cardiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.,Cardiovascular Sciences, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Prashanthan Sanders
- Cardiology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jonathan Kalman
- Cardiology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diane Fatkin
- Inherited Heart Diseases, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lieven Herbots
- Cardiology, Jessa Hospital Campus Virga Jesse, Hasselt, Belgium.,Cardivacsular Sciences, University Hasselt Biomedical Research Institute Rehabilitation Research Center, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Rik Willems
- Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Cardiology, KU Leuven University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hein Heidbuchel
- Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.,Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - André La Gerche
- Department of Cardiology, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guido Claessen
- Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Cardiology, KU Leuven University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Abstract
When an athlete wears a mouthguard, the position of the lower jaw is changed by virtue of the teeth being unable to occlude. Little research is available in in this area, which have indicated both positive impact and no positive impact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Fine
- CPD, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
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12
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Taberner M, Haddad FS, Dunn A, Newall A, Parker L, Betancur E, Cohen DD. Managing the return to sport of the elite footballer following semimembranosus reconstruction. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000898. [PMID: 33178446 PMCID: PMC7640780 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamstring strains are the most common injury in elite football and typically occur during high-speed running. Despite its important contribution to power production in the late swing phase, injury to the semimembranosus (SM) is less common than to the biceps femoris, but may involve the free tendon and depending on the degree of retraction, warrant surgical repair. Few case reports detail clinical reasoning, supported by objective data during rehabilitation in elite footballers, and none have described the return to sport (RTS) process following this type of hamstring injury. In this article, we outline the management and RTS of an English Premier League (EPL) footballer who suffered a high-grade SM proximal tendon tear during training. Due to the degree of retraction of the free tendon, the player underwent surgical reconstruction at the recommendation of an orthopaedic surgeon. Early physiotherapy care, nutritional support, on- and off-pitch injury-specific reconditioning and global athletic development are outlined, alongside strength and power diagnostic and global positioning systems data, assessment of pain, player feedback and MRI informed clinical reasoning and shared decision-making during the RTS process. 18 weeks post-surgery the player returned to team training, transferring to a new club 3 weeks later. 2.5 years post RTS, the player remains free of re-injury playing regularly in the EPL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt Taberner
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Fares S Haddad
- University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, London, UK
| | - Andy Dunn
- Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
- The OrthTeam, Spire Healthcare Ltd, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam Newall
- Medical Department, Everton Football Club, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lloyd Parker
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
- Nutrition Department, Everton Football Club, Liverpool, UK
| | - Esteban Betancur
- Sports Science Center (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Colombia
| | - Daniel D Cohen
- Sports Science Center (CCD), Colombian Ministry of Sport (Mindeporte), Colombia
- Masira Research Institute, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
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13
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Karrer Y, Halioua R, Mötteli S, Iff S, Seifritz E, Jäger M, Claussen MC. Disordered eating and eating disorders in male elite athletes: a scoping review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000801. [PMID: 33178441 PMCID: PMC7642204 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Eating disorders (ED) and disordered eating (DE) among male elite athletes share some of the characteristics seen in female elite athletes and the population, but also exhibit some key differences. Objective Scoping review of ED and DE in male elite athletes. Methods In May 2020, a comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted for DE and ED in male elite athletes. Results We identified 80 studies which included 47 uncontrolled, 14 controlled studies, one interventional trial and 18 reviews. Discussion There was a wide range of definitions of DE and a high level of heterogeneity regarding competitive level, age and sport type. In adult male elite athletes, ED prevalence rates up to 32.5% were found, higher than in the general population. Prevalence was not higher in young/adolescent male elite athletes. The most frequently associated factor was competing in weight-sensitive sports. Male elite athletes tended to exhibit less body dissatisfaction than controls and were not always associated with DE. There were no studies looking at the prognosis or reporting an evidence-based approach for the management of DE in male elite athletes. Conclusion Existing literature indicates high prevalence of DE and ED in male elite athletes, with a wide range of aetiopathogenesis. There is a need for longitudinal studies to characterise the pathology and long-term outcomes, as well as develop standardised tools for assessment and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Karrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robin Halioua
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Mötteli
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Jäger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Psychiatrie Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
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14
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Abstract
Mental health in elite sport is receiving more publicity due to an increase in male athletes sharing their personal experiences. Sports injury is recognised as the major risk factor for psychological distress amongst male athletes, although anecdotally this may be that athletes are more likely to discuss their emotional wellbeing when related to the injury they are experiencing. Stress can be amplified within elite sport and the pressure they experience in relation to competition and performance can be exacerbated by adverse life events. This ongoing stress does not end when their sporting career does, it can follow them into retirement. The physical and psychological demands placed upon them by the sporting environment may predispose athletes to developing depression. As an athlete’s symptoms of mental illness intensify, their performance can be negatively affected leaving them vulnerable and exposed to further symptoms of common mental disorders. The pressure of performance can also expose male athletes to overtraining syndrome which can be difficult to distinguish from depression. Male athletes are more vulnerable to eating disorders compared with males in the general population and they do have anxieties, particularly around their bodies, but find it difficult to disclose their concerns. In addition to this, male athletes are more likely to use substances, including opioids to improve both sport and non-sport performance. Despite the prevalence of common mental disorders in male athletes, stigma still exists, and although some athletes discuss their issues publicly after their career has ended, the majority of athletes prefer to remain silent. There remains a view that athletes who seek help for psychological problems may be seen as weak. Although there is an improvement in help-seeking attitudes within elite sport, further research and education is needed to encourage men to talk about their mental health, share their experiences and to enjoy a greater sense of emotional wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Souter
- Sheffield Hallam University, Faculty of Health & Wellbeing, F426 Robert Winston Building, 11-15 Broomhall Road, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK.
| | - Robin Lewis
- Sheffield Hallam University, Faculty of Health & Wellbeing, M104 Mundella House, 34 Collegiate Crescent, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK
| | - Laura Serrant
- Manchester Metropolitan University, Brooks Building Manchester Campus, Manchester, UK
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin T Thorpe
- Football Exchange, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.,Science and Medicine Department, Manchester United Football Club, Manchester, UK
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16
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Smoliga
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, USA
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18
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Périard JD, Racinais S, Timpka T, Dahlström Ö, Spreco A, Jacobsson J, Bargoria V, Halje K, Alonso JM. Strategies and factors associated with preparing for competing in the heat: a cohort study at the 2015 IAAF World Athletics Championships. Br J Sports Med 2016; 51:264-270. [PMID: 27815238 PMCID: PMC5318647 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Assess exertional heat illness (EHI) history and preparedness in athletes competing in a World Athletics Championships under hot/humid conditions and identify the factors associated with preparedness strategies. METHODS Of the 207 registered national teams invited to participate in the study, 50 (24%) accepted. The 957 athletes (49% of all 1965 registered) in these teams were invited to complete a precompetition questionnaire evaluating EHI history, heat stress prevention (heat acclimatisation, precooling and hydration) and recovery. Responses from 307 (32%) athletes were separated in field events, sprints, middle-distance and long-distance running, and decathlon/heptathlon for analysis. RESULTS 48% of athletes had previously experienced EHI symptoms and 8.5% had been diagnosed with EHI. 15% heat acclimatised (∼20 days) before the championships. 52% had a precooling strategy, ice slurry ingestion (24%) being the most prevalent and women using it more frequently than men (p=0.005). 96% of athletes had a fluid consumption strategy, which differed between event categories (p<0.001). The most common volumes planned on being consumed were 0.5-1 L (27.2%) and ≥2 L (21.8%), water being the most frequent. 89% of athletes planned on using at least one recovery strategy. Female sex (p=0.024) and a previous EHI diagnosis increased the likelihood of using all 3 prevention strategies (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS At a World Championships with expected hot/humid conditions, less than one-fifth of athletes heat acclimatised, half had a precooling strategy and almost all a hydration plan. Women, and especially athletes with an EHI history, were more predisposed to use a complete heat stress prevention strategy. More information regarding heat acclimatisation should be provided to protect athlete health and optimise performance at major athletics competitions in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien D Périard
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sébastien Racinais
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Toomas Timpka
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Örjan Dahlström
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Armin Spreco
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jenny Jacobsson
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Swedish Athletics Association, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Victor Bargoria
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Karin Halje
- Athletics Research Center, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Young Adults Centre, Region Östergötland, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Juan-Manuel Alonso
- Sports Medicine Department, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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19
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Abstract
Eating disorders and disordered eating are more common in high performance sports than the general population, and particularly so in high performance aesthetic sports. This paper presents some of the conceptual difficulties in understanding and diagnosing eating disorders in high performance gymnasts. It presents qualitative and quantitative data from a study designed to ascertain the pattern of eating disorder symptoms, depressive symptoms and levels of self-esteem among national and international level gymnasts from the UK in the gymnastic disciplines of sport acrobatics, tumbling, and rhythmic gymnastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Oon Ai Tan
- Institute of Life Sciences 2, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Room 306, Floor 3, Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Raff Calitri
- Psychology Applied to Health, College House, University of Exeter Medical School, St. Luke's Campus, Magdalen Road, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Andrew Bloodworth
- Interprofessional Studies, College of Human and Health Sciences, Floor 7, Vivian Tower, Swansea University Singleton Campus, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Michael J McNamee
- College of Engineering, Swansea University Bay Campus, Fabian Way, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
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20
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Tran G, Smith TO, Grice A, Kingsbury SR, McCrory P, Conaghan PG. Does sports participation (including level of performance and previous injury) increase risk of osteoarthritis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50:1459-1466. [PMID: 27683348 PMCID: PMC5136708 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the relationship between sport and osteoarthritis (OA), and specifically to determine whether previous participation, in terms of level (elite or non-elite), type of sport, intensity or previous injury, was associated with OA. METHODS This systematic review was developed using PRISMA guidelines. Databases were searched (to May 2016). Narrative review and meta-analysis (with risk ratio (RR) and 95% CIs) approaches were undertaken where appropriate. Study quality was assessed using GRADE. RESULTS 46 studies were included. Narratively, 31 studies reported an increased risk of OA, with 19 demonstrating an increased risk in elite athletes. There was an increased risk after sports exposure (irrespective of type; RR 1.37; 95% CI 1.14 to 1.64; 21 studies). It remained uncertain whether there was a difference in risk of OA between elite and non-elite athletes (RR 1.37; 95% CI 0.84 to 2.22; 17 studies). The risk was higher in soccer (RR 1.42; 95% CI 1.14 to 1.77; 15 studies) but lower in runners (RR 0.86; 95% CI 0.53 to 1.41; 12 studies). 9 studies showed an association with the intensity of sport undertaken and OA. 5 studies demonstrated a higher prevalence of OA following meniscectomies and anterior cruciate ligament tears. Overall, the evidence was of GRADE 'very low' quality. CONCLUSIONS There was very low-quality evidence to support an increased relationship between sports participation and OA in elite participants. It is unclear whether there is a difference in risk between elite and non-elite participants with further prospective studies needed to evaluate this. Pooled findings suggested that significant injuries were associated with OA in soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui Tran
- Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Toby O Smith
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Adam Grice
- Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Sarah R Kingsbury
- Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Paul McCrory
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre-Austin Campus, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Philip G Conaghan
- Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,NIHR Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, Nottingham, UK
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Tucker
- Department of Medicine, University of the Free State School of Medicine, Bloemfontein, Free State, South Africa World Rugby (Pty) Ltd, Dublin, Ireland
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22
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Mountjoy M, Dijkstra HP. Swimming in H2O: two parts heart + one part obsession. Br J Sports Med 2016; 50:568-9. [PMID: 27127295 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-095681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada IOC Medical Commission-Games Group FINA Bureau; Sport Medicine Liaison
| | - H P Dijkstra
- Sports Medicine Department, Aspetar Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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23
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Myint J, Latham K, Mann D, Gomersall P, Wilkins AJ, Allen PM. The relationship between visual function and performance in rifle shooting for athletes with vision impairment. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2016; 2:e000080. [PMID: 27900160 PMCID: PMC5117046 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paralympic sports provide opportunities for those who have an impairment that might otherwise be a barrier to participation in regular sporting competition. Rifle shooting represents an ideal sport for persons with vision impairment (VI) because the direction of the rifle can be guided by auditory information when vision is impaired. However, it is unknown whether those with some remaining vision when shooting with auditory guidance would be at an advantage when compared with those with no vision at all. If this were the case then it would be necessary for those with and without remaining vision to compete in separate classes of competition. Materials and method The associations between shooting performance and 3 measures of visual function thought important for shooting were assessed for 10 elite VI shooters currently classified as VI. A conventional audiogram was also obtained. Results The sample size, though small, included the majority of European VI shooters competing at this level. The relationships between visual functions and performance confirmed that individuals with residual vision had no advantage over those without vision when auditory guidance was available. Auditory function was within normal limits for age, and showed no relationship with performance. Summary The findings suggest that rifle-shooting athletes with VI are able to use auditory information to overcome their impairment and optimise performance. Paralympic competition should be structured in a way that ensures that all shooters who qualify to compete in VI shooting participate within the same class irrespective of their level of VI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Myint
- Postgraduate Medicine, Life and Medical Sciences , University of Hertfordshire , Hatfield , UK
| | - Keziah Latham
- Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK; Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | - David Mann
- Department of Human Movement Sciences , Research Institute MOVE Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Phil Gomersall
- Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences , Anglia Ruskin University , Cambridge , UK
| | - Arnold J Wilkins
- Department of Psychology , University of Essex , Colchester , UK
| | - Peter M Allen
- Department of Vision and Hearing Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK; Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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24
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Affiliation(s)
- Uğur Erdener
- International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Bere T, Kruczynski J, Veintimilla N, Hamu Y, Bahr R. Injury risk is low among world-class volleyball players: 4-year data from the FIVB Injury Surveillance System. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49:1132-7. [PMID: 26194501 PMCID: PMC4552924 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Little is known about the rate and pattern of injuries in international volleyball competition. Objective To describe the risk and pattern of injuries among world-class players based on data from the The International Volleyball Federation (FIVB) Injury Surveillance System (ISS) (junior and senior, male and female). Methods The FIVB ISS is based on prospective registration of injuries by team medical staff during all major FIVB tournaments (World Championships, World Cup, World Grand Prix, World League, Olympic Games). This paper is based on 4-year data (September 2010 to November 2014) obtained through the FIVB ISS during 32 major FIVB events (23 senior and 9 junior). Results The incidence of time-loss injuries during match play was 3.8/1000 player hours (95% CI 3.0 to 4.5); this was greater for senior players than for junior players (relative risk: 2.04, 1.29 to 3.21), while there was no difference between males and females (1.04, 0.70 to 1.55). Across all age and sex groups, the ankle was the most commonly injured body part (25.9%), followed by the knee (15.2%), fingers/thumb (10.7%) and lower back (8.9%). Injury incidence was greater for centre players and lower for liberos than for other player functions; injury patterns also differed between player functions. Conclusions Volleyball is a very safe sport, even at the highest levels of play. Preventive measures should focus on acute ankle and finger sprains, and overuse injuries in the knee, lower back and shoulder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tone Bere
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacek Kruczynski
- Fédération Internationale de Volleyball, Lausanne, Switzerland Department of General Orthopaedics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Oncology and Traumatology, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Yuichiro Hamu
- Fédération Internationale de Volleyball, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roald Bahr
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar Department of Sports Medicine, Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway Fédération Internationale de Volleyball, Lausanne, Switzerland
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26
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Abstract
The objective of the study was to examine mortality trends and causes of death among professional athletes from the four major sports in North America who died during their playing careers. 205 deceased athletes who were registered as active when they died from the National Basketball Association (NBA), National Football League (NFL), National Hockey League (NHL), and Major League Baseball (MLB) were examined. Results were compared with the Canadian and U.S. general population. The leading causes of death in players reflected the leading causes of death in the Canadian and U.S. general population (i.e., car accidents). Descriptively, NFL and NBA players had a higher likelihood of dying in a car accident (OR 1.75, 95% CI: 0.91-3.36) compared with NHL and MLB players. In addition, NFL and NBA players had a significantly higher likelihood of dying from a cardiac-related illness (OR 4.44, 95% CI: 1.59-12.43). Mortality trends were disproportionate to team size. Overall, death in active athletes is low. Out of 53 400 athletes who have historically played in the four leagues, only 205 died while active (0.38%). Future examinations into the trends and causes of mortality in elite athlete populations will create a better understanding of health-related risks in elite sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lemez
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - N Wattie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Oshawa, Canada
| | - J Baker
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
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27
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Phillips N, Grant ME, Booth L, Glasgow P. Using criteria-based interview models for assessing clinical expertise to select physiotherapists at major multisport games. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49:312-7. [PMID: 25564006 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-094176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benchmarking is an established means of identifying levels of specialist practice and competence-based interviews are a tool used to facilitate this. The London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games (LOCOG) provided an opportunity to introduce a pragmatic approach to assess expert behaviour in large numbers of volunteer physiotherapists. AIM To test inter-tester repeatability of an assessment matrix used to score clinical expertise in a sporting context, followed by reporting on the findings for physiotherapy selection. METHODS Four volunteers were videoed answering an identical sport-specific clinical scenario. Recordings were initially scored by two experienced assessors (gold standard). Subsequently, nine assessors scored the same videos then compared with the gold standard. 602 physiotherapists were assessed during volunteer interviews for LOCOG. Scores were compared to those based on self-reported clinical experience. Cross-tabulation was used to determine levels of agreement for the initial scoring matrix and the relationship between the two scoring systems was analysed. RESULTS Levels of agreement ranged from 22% to 88%. A good correlation (r=0.754 p>0.001) was found between self-reported clinical experience and scenario scores. Marginal data points in the correlational analysis indicated that only 52% of participants attained the same score across assessments. CONCLUSIONS A tool to facilitate assessment for large scale selection could be used for Host Nation physiotherapist selection for Major Games. There is a need to train assessors in this environment, as well as provide detailed matrices, specific to each context being assessed, to ensure that observations can be made on domain-specific and general, non-technical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Phillips
- School of Healthcare Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff University CF14 4XN, Cardiff, UK
| | - Marie-Elaine Grant
- International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland Institute of Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Philip Glasgow
- Sports Institute N Ireland, University of Ulster, Belfast, UK
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28
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Abstract
Competitive tennis in the heat can prompt substantial sweat losses and extensive consequent body water and electrolyte deficits, as well as a level of thermal strain that considerably challenges a player's physiology, perception of effort, and on-court well-being and performance. Adequate hydration and optimal performance can be notably difficult to maintain when multiple same-day matches are played on successive days in hot weather. Despite the recognised effects of the heat, much more research needs to be carried out to better appreciate the broader scope and full extent of the physiological demands and hydration and thermal strain challenges facing junior and adult players in various environments, venues and competition scenarios. However, certain recommendations of best practices should be emphasised to minimise exertional heat illness risk and improve player safety, well-being and on-court performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Bergeron
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford USD School of Medicine, National Youth Sports Health & Safety Institute, , Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
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29
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Calder JDF, Freeman R, Pollock N. Plantaris excision in the treatment of non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy in elite athletes. Br J Sports Med 2014; 49:1532-4. [PMID: 25394422 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achilles tendinopathy is a serious and frequently occurring problem, especially in elite athletes. Recent research has suggested a role for the plantaris tendon in non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy. AIM To assess whether excising the plantaris tendon improved the symptoms of Achilles tendinopathy in elite athletes. METHODS This prospective consecutive case series study investigated 32 elite athletes who underwent plantaris tendon excision using a mini-incision technique to treat medially located pain associated with non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Preoperative and postoperative visual analogue scores (VAS) for pain and the foot and ankle outcome score (FAOS) as well as time to return to sport and satisfaction scores were assessed. RESULTS At a mean follow-up of 22.4 months (12-48), 29/32 (90%) of athletes were satisfied with the results. Thirty of the 32 athletes (94%) returned to sport at a mean of 10.3 weeks (5-27). The mean VAS score improved from 5.8 to 0.8 (p<0.01) and the mean FAOS improved in all domains (p<0.01). Few complications were seen, four athletes experienced short-term stiffness and one had a superficial wound infection. CONCLUSIONS The plantaris tendon may be responsible for symptoms in some athletes with non-insertional Achilles tendinopathy. Excision carries a low risk of complications and may provide significant improvement in symptoms enabling an early return to elite-level sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D F Calder
- Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK Fortius Clinic, London, UK
| | - Richard Freeman
- Chelsea & Westminster Hospital, London, UK Fortius Clinic, London, UK
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Mountjoy M, Junge A, Benjamen S, Boyd K, Diop M, Gerrard D, van den Hoogenband CR, Marks S, Martinez-Ruiz E, Miller J, Nanousis K, Shahpar FM, Veloso J, van Mechelen W, Verhagen E. Competing with injuries: injuries prior to and during the 15th FINA World Championships 2013 (aquatics). Br J Sports Med 2014; 49:37-43. [PMID: 25326096 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury and illness surveillance is the foundation for the development of prevention strategies. OBJECTIVE To examine injuries among the aquatic disciplines in the 4 weeks prior to and during the 2013 FINA World Championships. METHODS The study was comprised of two components: (1) a retrospective athlete survey recording injuries in the 4 weeks prior to the Championships and (2) a prospective recording of injuries and illnesses by the medical teams of the participating countries and the local host medical team. RESULTS One-third of the 1116 responding athletes reported an injury/physical complaint in the 4 weeks prior to the Championships. Significantly more women (36.7%) than men (28.6%) reported injuries. Divers reported the highest rate of injury/physical complaints (55.7%). At the start of the Championships, 70% of injured respondents (n=258) were still symptomatic; however, full participation was expected by 76%. During the Championships, 186 new injuries were reported (8.3/100 registered athletes) with the highest injury incidence rate in water polo (15.3/100 registered athletes). The most common injured body part was the shoulder (21%). A total of 199 illnesses were reported during the Championships (9.0/100 registered athletes) with the most common diagnosis of illness being gastrointestinal infection. Environmental exposure (allergy, otitis and jellyfish stings) was responsible for 27% of all illnesses in open water swimming. CONCLUSIONS Injuries pose a significant health risk for elite aquatic athletes. A prospective study would improve understanding of out-of-competition injuries. Future injury and illness surveillance at FINA World Championships is required to direct and measure the impact of prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), Lausanne, Switzerland International Olympic Committee (IOC), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Junge
- Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC), Zürich, Switzerland Schulthess Klinik, Zürich, Switzerland Hamburg Medical School (MSH), Germany
| | | | - Kevin Boyd
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), Lausanne, Switzerland University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, Great Britain
| | - Mohamed Diop
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Gerrard
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), Lausanne, Switzerland Medicine Department, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Saul Marks
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), Lausanne, Switzerland Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Jim Miller
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), Lausanne, Switzerland Medicine Department, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, and Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | | | - Farhad Moradi Shahpar
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), Lausanne, Switzerland Department of Sport Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Jose Veloso
- Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA), Lausanne, Switzerland Faculty of Biological Sciences, Catholic University of Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - William van Mechelen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Australian Centre for Research into Injury in Sport and its Prevention (ACRISP), Federation University Australia, SMB Campus, Ballarat, Victoria, Australia
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Needleman I, Ashley P, Fine P, Haddad F, Loosemore M, de Medici A, Donos N, Newton T, van Someren K, Moazzez R, Jaques R, Hunter G, Khan K, Shimmin M, Brewer J, Meehan L, Mills S, Porter S. Oral health and elite sport performance. Br J Sports Med 2014; 49:3-6. [PMID: 25263651 PMCID: PMC4316856 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While the research base is limited, studies have consistently reported poor oral health in elite athletes since the first report from the 1968 Olympic Games. The finding is consistent both across selected samples attending dental clinics at major competitions and more representative sampling of teams and has led to calls from the International Olympic Committee for more accurate data on oral health. Poor oral health is an important issue directly as it can cause pain, negative effects on appearance and psychosocial effects on confidence and quality of life and may have long-term consequences for treatment burden. Self-reported evidence also suggests an impact on training and performance of athletes. There are many potential challenges to the oral health of athletes including nutritional, oral dehydration, exercise-induced immune suppression, lack of awareness, negative health behaviours and lack of prioritisation. However, in theory, oral diseases are preventable by simple interventions with good evidence of efficacy. The consensus statement aims to raise awareness of the issues of oral health in elite sport and recommends strategies for prevention and health promotion in addition to future research strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Peter Fine
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - Fares Haddad
- UCL Institute for Sport Exercise and Health, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rod Jaques
- English Institute of Sport, Bath, UK Faculty of Sport and Exercise Medicine, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Karim Khan
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - John Brewer
- St Mary's University, Twickenham, School of Sport, Health & Applied Science, UK
| | | | - Steve Mills
- Past President, Academy for Sports Dentistry, Farmersville, Illinois, USA
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Kettunen JA, Kujala UM, Kaprio J, Bäckmand H, Peltonen M, Eriksson JG, Sarna S. All-cause and disease-specific mortality among male, former elite athletes: an average 50-year follow-up. Br J Sports Med 2014; 49:893-7. [PMID: 25183628 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate life expectancy and mortality among former elite athletes and controls. METHODS HR analysis of cause-specific deaths sourced from the national death registry for former Finnish male endurance, team and power sports athletes (N=2363) and controls (N=1657). The median follow-up time was 50 years. RESULTS Median life expectancy was higher in the endurance (79.1 years, 95% CI 76.6 to 80.6) and team (78.8, 78.1 to 79.8) sports athletes than in controls (72.9, 71.8 to 74.3). Compared to controls, risk for total mortality adjusted for socioeconomic status and birth cohort was lower in the endurance ((HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.79)) and team (0.80, 0.72 to 0.89) sports athletes, and slightly lower in the power sports athletes (0.93, 0.85 to 1.03). HR for ischaemic heart disease mortality was lower in the endurance (0.68, 0.54 to 0.86) and team sports (0.73, 0.60 to 0.89) athletes. HR for stroke mortality was 0.52 (0.33 to 0.83) in the endurance and 0.59 (0.40 to 0.88) in the team sports athletes. Compared to controls, the risk for smoking-related cancer mortality was lower in the endurance (HR 0.20, 0.08 to 0.47) and power sports (0.40, 0.25 to 0.66) athletes. For dementia mortality, the power sports athletes, particularly boxers, had increased risk (HR 4.20, 2.30 to 7.81). CONCLUSIONS Elite athletes have 5-6 years additional life expectancy when compared to men who were healthy as young adults. Lower mortality for cardiovascular disease was in part due to lower rates of smoking, as tobacco-related cancer mortality was especially low.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, Helsinki, Finland Department of Mental Health and Substance Abuse Services, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland University of Helsinki, Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Bäckmand
- Health and Social Welfare Department, City of Vantaa, Finland
| | - Markku Peltonen
- Department of Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan G Eriksson
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Vasa Central Hospital, Vasa, Finland Folkhälsan Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland Unit of General Practice, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Sarna
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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Sargent C, Schmidt WF, Aughey RJ, Bourdon PC, Soria R, Claros JCJ, Garvican-Lewis LA, Buchheit M, Simpson BM, Hammond K, Kley M, Wachsmuth N, Gore CJ, Roach GD. The impact of altitude on the sleep of young elite soccer players (ISA3600). Br J Sports Med 2014; 47 Suppl 1:i86-92. [PMID: 24282215 PMCID: PMC3903148 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Altitude training is used by elite athletes to improve sports performance, but it may also disrupt sleep. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 2 weeks at high altitude on the sleep of young elite athletes. Methods Participants (n=10) were members of the Australian under-17 soccer team on an 18-day (19-night) training camp in Bolivia, with six nights at near sea level in Santa Cruz (430 m) and 13 nights at high altitude in La Paz (3600 m). Sleep was monitored using polysomnography during a baseline night at 430 m and three nights at 3600 m (immediately after ascent, 1 week after ascent and 2 weeks after ascent). Data were analysed using effect size statistics. Results All results are reported as comparisons with baseline. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was likely lower immediately upon ascent to altitude, possibly lower after 1 week and similar after 2 weeks. On all three nights at altitude, hypopneas and desaturations were almost certainly higher; oxygen saturation was almost certainly lower; and central apnoeas, respiratory arousals and periodic breathing were very likely higher. The effects on REM sleep were common to all but one participant, but the effects on breathing were specific to only half the participants. Conclusions The immediate effects of terrestrial altitude of 3600 m are to reduce the amount of REM sleep obtained by young elite athletes, and to cause 50% of them to have impaired breathing during sleep. REM sleep returns to normal after 2 weeks at altitude, but impaired breathing does not improve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charli Sargent
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, , Adelaide, Australia
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Roach GD, Schmidt WF, Aughey RJ, Bourdon PC, Soria R, Claros JCJ, Garvican-Lewis LA, Buchheit M, Simpson BM, Hammond K, Kley M, Wachsmuth N, Gore CJ, Sargent C. The sleep of elite athletes at sea level and high altitude: a comparison of sea-level natives and high-altitude natives (ISA3600). Br J Sports Med 2014; 47 Suppl 1:i114-20. [PMID: 24282197 PMCID: PMC3903309 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altitude exposure causes acute sleep disruption in non-athletes, but little is known about its effects in elite athletes. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of altitude on two groups of elite athletes, that is, sea-level natives and high-altitude natives. METHODS Sea-level natives were members of the Australian under-17 soccer team (n=14). High-altitude natives were members of a Bolivian under-20 club team (n=12). Teams participated in an 18-day (19 nights) training camp in Bolivia, with 6 nights at near sea level in Santa Cruz (430 m) and 13 nights at high altitude in La Paz (3600 m). Sleep was assessed on every day/night using activity monitors. RESULTS The Australians' sleep was shorter, and of poorer quality, on the first night at altitude compared with sea level. Sleep quality returned to normal by the end of the first week at altitude, but sleep quantity had still not stabilised at its normal level after 2 weeks. The quantity and quality of sleep obtained by the Bolivians was similar, or greater, on all nights at altitude compared with sea level. The Australians tended to obtain more sleep than the Bolivians at sea level and altitude, but the quality of the Bolivians' sleep tended to be better than that of the Australians at altitude. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to high altitude causes acute and chronic disruption to the sleep of elite athletes who are sea-level natives, but it does not affect the sleep of elite athletes who are high-altitude natives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory D Roach
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, , Adelaide, Australia
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Abstract
Aim To quantify the year-to-year variability of altitude-induced changes in haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) in elite team-sport athletes. Methods 12 Australian-Footballers completed a 19-day (ALT1) and 18-day (ALT2) moderate altitude (∼2100 m), training camp separated by 12 months. An additional 20 participants completed only one of the two training camps (ALT1 additional n=9, ALT2 additional n=11). Total Hbmass was assessed using carbon monoxide rebreathing before (PRE), after (POST1) and 4 weeks after each camp. The typical error of Hbmass for the pooled data of all 32 participants was 2.6%. A contemporary statistics analysis was used with the smallest worthwhile change set to 2% for Hbmass. Results POST1 Hbmass was very likely increased in ALT1 (3.6±1.6%, n=19; mean±∼90 CL) as well as ALT2 (4.4±1.3%, n=23) with an individual responsiveness of 1.3% and 2.2%, respectively. There was a small correlation between ALT1 and ALT2 (R=0.21, p=0.59) for a change in Hbmass, but a moderately inverse relationship between the change in Hbmass and initial relative Hbmass (g/kg (R=−0.51, p=0.04)). Conclusions Two preseason moderate altitude camps 1 year apart yielded a similar (4%) mean increase in Hbmass of elite footballers, with an individual responsiveness of approximately half the group mean effect, indicating that most players gained benefit. Nevertheless, the same individuals generally did not change their Hbmass consistently from year to year. Thus, a ‘responder’ or ‘non-responder’ to altitude for Hbmass does not appear to be a fixed trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake D McLean
- Sport Science Department, Collingwood Football Club, , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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36
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Abstract
Background Endurance athletes have been using altitude training for decades to improve near sea-level performance. The predominant mechanism is thought to be accelerated erythropoiesis increasing haemoglobin mass (Hbmass) resulting in a greater maximal oxygen uptake (). Not all studies have shown a proportionate increase in as a result of increased Hbmass. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the two parameters in a large group of endurance athletes after altitude training. Methods 145 elite endurance athletes (94 male and 51 female) who participated in various altitude studies as altitude or control participants were used for the analysis. Participants performed Hbmass and testing before and after intervention. Results For the pooled data, the correlation between per cent change in Hbmass and per cent change in was significant (p<0.0001, r2=0.15), with a slope (95% CI) of 0.48 (0.30 to 0.67) intercept free to vary and 0.62 (0.46 to 0.77) when constrained through the origin. When separated, the correlations were significant for the altitude and control groups, with the correlation being stronger for the altitude group (slope of 0.57 to 0.72). Conclusions With high statistical power, we conclude that altitude training of endurance athletes will result in an increase in of more than half the magnitude of the increase in Hbmass, which supports the use of altitude training by athletes. But race performance is not perfectly related to relative , and other non-haematological factors altered from altitude training, such as running economy and lactate threshold, may also be beneficial to performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philo U Saunders
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, , Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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Abstract
The dominance of East African distance runners and sprinters of West African origin invites discussion around the contribution of genetic and lifestyle factors to performance. In this review, we focus on the genetic basis for performance. Previous research associating candidate genes such as ACE and ACTN3 to endurance and sprint performance in Caucasian populations has not been replicated in African populations. This may be influenced by numerous factors, including small sample sizes, comparisons across different ethnic populations and problems identifying appropriate control groups. Conceptually, these failures reveal the complex polygenic nature of physiology and performance, and the erroneous application of a candidate gene approach to more genetically diverse African populations. We argue that research has in fact established a role for genes in performance, and that the frequency, rather than the prevalence, of favourable genetic variants within certain populations may account for the performance dominance in these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Tucker
- UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Girard O, Amann M, Aughey R, Billaut F, Bishop DJ, Bourdon P, Buchheit M, Chapman R, D'Hooghe M, Garvican-Lewis LA, Gore CJ, Millet GP, Roach GD, Sargent C, Saunders PU, Schmidt W, Schumacher YO. Position statement--altitude training for improving team-sport players' performance: current knowledge and unresolved issues. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47 Suppl 1:i8-16. [PMID: 24282213 PMCID: PMC3903313 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the limited research on the effects of altitude (or hypoxic) training interventions on team-sport performance, players from all around the world engaged in these sports are now using altitude training more than ever before. In March 2013, an Altitude Training and Team Sports conference was held in Doha, Qatar, to establish a forum of research and practical insights into this rapidly growing field. A round-table meeting in which the panellists engaged in focused discussions concluded this conference. This has resulted in the present position statement, designed to highlight some key issues raised during the debates and to integrate the ideas into a shared conceptual framework. The present signposting document has been developed for use by support teams (coaches, performance scientists, physicians, strength and conditioning staff) and other professionals who have an interest in the practical application of altitude training for team sports. After more than four decades of research, there is still no consensus on the optimal strategies to elicit the best results from altitude training in a team-sport population. However, there are some recommended strategies discussed in this position statement to adopt for improving the acclimatisation process when training/competing at altitude and for potentially enhancing sea-level performance. It is our hope that this information will be intriguing, balanced and, more importantly, stimulating to the point that it promotes constructive discussion and serves as a guide for future research aimed at advancing the bourgeoning body of knowledge in the area of altitude training for team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Research and Education Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Markus Amann
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Robert Aughey
- Exercise and Active Living, Institute of Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Western Bulldogs Football Club, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - David J Bishop
- Exercise and Active Living, Institute of Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | - Robert Chapman
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, High Performance Department, USA Track & Field, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Michel D'Hooghe
- Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) Medical Commission and FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC), Langerei, 71, 8000 Brugge, Belgium
| | - Laura A Garvican-Lewis
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Christopher J Gore
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Department of Physiology—Faculty of Biology and Medicine, ISSUL—Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gregory D Roach
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Charli Sargent
- Appleton Institute for Behavioural Science, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Philo U Saunders
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Walter Schmidt
- Department of Sports Medicine/Sports Physiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Yorck O Schumacher
- Research and Education Centre, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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Koch S, MacInnis MJ, Sporer BC, Rupert JL, Koehle MS. Inhaled salbutamol does not affect athletic performance in asthmatic and non-asthmatic cyclists. Br J Sports Med 2013; 49:51-5. [PMID: 24100289 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Salbutamol may affect lung function and exercise performance differently in individuals with and without asthma. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of inhaled salbutamol on lung function, exercise performance and respiratory parameters during cycling exercise in athletes with a positive response to a eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea (EVH+) and negative (EVH-) challenge, indicative of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. METHODS In a randomised controlled trial with a crossover design, a total of 49 well-trained male athletes (14 EVH+ and 35 EVH-) performed two simulated 10 km time-trials on a cycle ergometer 60 min after the inhalation of either 400 μg of salbutamol or a placebo. Lung function, assessed by forced expiratory volume in 1 s, was measured immediately before and 30 min after inhalation. Performance was measured by mean power output. MEASUREMENTS & MAIN RESULTS Despite a significant increase in lung function after the inhalation of salbutamol compared to the placebo (p<0.001), salbutamol did not affect athletes' perceptions of dyspnoea (p>0.05) or leg exertion (p>0.05) during exercise. Salbutamol did not affect mean power output: EVH+ and EVH- athletes averaged 4.0 (0.5) and 4.1 (0.5) W/kg after salbutamol and 4.0 (0.5) W/kg and 4.0 (0.4) W/kg after placebo, respectively (p>0.05 for each comparison). CONCLUSIONS The inhalation of salbutamol induced a significant increase in resting lung function in EVH+ and EVH- athletes but this improvement in lung function did not translate to improved exercise performance. Salbutamol had no discernible effect on key ventilatory and exercise parameters regardless of EVH challenge outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koch
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin J MacInnis
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Benjamin C Sporer
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Canadian Sport Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James L Rupert
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael S Koehle
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Riley PO, Kent RW, Dierks TA, Lievers WB, Frimenko RE, Crandall JR. Foot kinematics and loading of professional athletes in American football-specific tasks. Gait Posture 2013; 38:563-9. [PMID: 22591791 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to describe stance foot and ankle kinematics and the associated ground reaction forces at the upper end of human performance in professional football players during commonly performed football-specific tasks. Nine participants were recruited from the spring training squad of a professional football team. In a motion analysis laboratory setting, participants performed three activities used at the NFL Scouting Combine to assess player speed and agility: the 3-cone drill, the shuttle run, and the standing high jump. The talocrural and first metatarsophalangial joint dorsiflexion, subtalar joint inversion, and the ground reaction forces were determined for the load bearing portions of each activity. We documented load-bearing foot and ankle kinematics of elite football players performing competition-simulating activities, and confirmed our hypothesis that the talocrural, subtalar, and metatarsophalangeal joint ranges of motion for the activities studied approached or exceeded reported physiological limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O Riley
- Center for Applied Biomechanics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Abstract
Adaptive rowing (AR) at the Paralympic level is accessible for rowers with physical disability. AR was included for the first time in the Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games. Racing distance for all AR events is currently 1000 m, which impedes public recognition of this sport and leads to many organisational challenges during the inclusive World Rowing Championships. The aim of this report was to discuss the feasibility of increasing AR race distance to 2000 m from a sports injury and athletic health perspective. As limited data on injury and illness risks exist in AR, knowledge and experiences had to be taken from other Paralympic sports. The anticipated duration of 2000 m AR competitions is either comparable or considerably lower than that of the other Paralympic disciplines with similar characteristics. AR has inherent injury and health risks especially within thorax, shoulders and low back region, but they are not expected to be significantly modified by increased racing times. Specific considerations need to be taken into account for athletes with a spinal cord injury, like in other sport disciplines. There are no distinctive contra-indications for AR events of 2000 m based on the current literature review and a 10-year experience in this sport. Long-term follow-ups are needed to understand fully the injury and health risk associated with AR and to develop appropriate prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Smoljanovic
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Hospital Center Zagreb, School of Medicine, Zagreb University, Croatia.
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Gajhede-Knudsen M, Ekstrand J, Magnusson H, Maffulli N. Recurrence of Achilles tendon injuries in elite male football players is more common after early return to play: an 11-year follow-up of the UEFA Champions League injury study. Br J Sports Med 2013; 47:763-8. [PMID: 23770660 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-092271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is limited information about Achilles tendon disorders in professional football. AIMS To investigate the incidence, injury circumstances, lay-off times and reinjury rates of Achilles tendon disorders in male professional football. METHODS A total of 27 clubs from 10 countries and 1743 players have been followed prospectively during 11 seasons between 2001 and 2012. The team medical staff recorded individual player exposure and time-loss injuries. RESULTS A total of 203 (2.5% of all injuries) Achilles tendon disorders were registered. A majority (96%) of the disorders were tendinopathies, and nine were partial or total ruptures. A higher injury rate was found during the preseason compared with the competitive season, 0.25 vs 0.18/1000 h (rate ratio (RR) 1.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.0; p=0.027). The mean lay-off time for Achilles tendinopathies was 23±37 (median=10, Q1=4 and Q3=24) days, while a rupture of the Achilles tendon, on average, caused 161±65 (median=169, Q1=110 and Q3=189) days of absence. Players with Achilles tendon disorders were significantly older than the rest of the cohort, with a mean age of 27.2±4 years vs 25.6±4.6 years (p<0.001). 27% of all Achilles tendinopathies were reinjuries. A higher reinjury risk was found after short recovery periods (31%) compared with longer recovery periods (13%) (RR 2.4, 95% CI 2.1 to 2.8; p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Achilles tendon disorders account for 3.8% of the total lay-off time and are more common in older players. Recurrence is common after Achilles tendinopathies and the reinjury risk is higher after short recovery periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariann Gajhede-Knudsen
- Division of Community Medicine, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Discussions of doping often report Goldman's sensational results that half of the elite athletes asked would take a drug that guaranteed sporting success which would also result in their death in 5 years' time. There has never been any effort to assess the properties of the 'Goldman dilemma' or replicate the results in the post World Anti-Doping Agency context. This research evaluated the dilemma with contemporary elite athletes. METHODS Participants at an elite-level track and field meet in North America were segregated into an interview or online response. After basic demographics, participants were presented with three variant 'Goldman' dilemmas counter-balanced for presentation order. RESULTS Only 2 out of 212 samples (119 men, 93 women, mean age 20.89) reported that they would take the Faustian bargain offered by the original Goldman dilemma. However, if there were no consequences to the (illegal) drug use, then 25/212 indicated that they would take the substance (no death condition). Legality also changes the acceptance rate to 13/212 even with death as a consequence. Regression modelling showed that no other variable was significant (gender, competitive level, type of sport) and there was no statistical difference between the interview and online collection method. CONCLUSIONS Goldman's results do not match our sample. A subset of athletes is willing to dope and another subset is willing to sacrifice their life to achieve success, although to a much lesser degree than that observed by Goldman. A larger scale online survey is now viable to answer important questions such as variation across sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Connor
- School of Business, University of New South Wales, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
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44
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Abstract
The possibility of gene doping, defined as the transfer of nucleic acid sequences and/or the use of normal or genetically modified cells to enhance sport performance, is a real concern in sports medicine. The abuse of knowledge and techniques gained in the area of gene therapy is a form of doping, and is prohibited for competitive athletes. As yet there is no conclusive evidence that that gene doping has been practiced in sport. However, given that gene therapy techniques improve continuously, the likelihood of abuse will increase. A literature search was conducted to identify the most relevant proteins based on their current gene doping potential using articles from Pubmed, Scopus and Embase published between 2006 and 2011. The final list of selected proteins were erythropoietin, insulin-like growth factor, growth hormone, myostatin, vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, endorphin and enkephalin, α actinin 3, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPARδ) and cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C). We discuss these proteins with respect to their potential benefits, existing gene therapy experience in humans, potential risks, and chances of detection in current and future anti-doping controls. We have identified PPARδ and PEPCK-C as having high potential for abuse. But we expect that for efficiency reasons, there will be a preference for inserting gene target combinations rather than single gene doping products. This will also further complicate detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toon van der Gronde
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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