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Claussen MC, Currie A, Koh Boon Yau E, Nishida M, Martínez V, Burger J, Creado S, Schorb A, Nicola RF, Pattojoshi A, Menon R, Glick I, Whitehead J, Edwards C, Baron D. First international consensus statement on sports psychiatry. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14627. [PMID: 38610076 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Sports psychiatry is a young field of medicine and psychiatry that focuses on mental health among athletes, and sports and exercise within psychiatry and mental disorders. However, the development of sports psychiatry and its fields of activity vary from region to region and are not uniform yet. Sports psychiatry and the role of sports psychiatrists have also already been discussed in the field of sports and exercise medicine, and within medical teams in competitive and elite sports. A uniform definition on sports psychiatry, its fields of activity, sports psychiatrist, and the essential knowledge, skills, and abilities (plus attitudes, eKSA+A) of the sports psychiatrist were developed as part of an International Society for Sports Psychiatry (ISSP) Summit, as well as First International Consensus Statement on Sports Psychiatry. Three fields of activity can be distinguished within sports psychiatry: (i) mental health and disorders in competitive and elite sports, (ii) sports and exercise in prevention of and treatment for mental disorders, and (iii) mental health and sport-specific mental disorders in recreational sports. Each of these fields have its own eKSA+A. The definitions on sports psychiatry and sports psychiatrists, as well as the framework of eKSA+A in the different fields of activity of sports psychiatrists will help to unify and standardize the future development of sports psychiatry, establish a standard of service within sports psychiatry and together with the neighboring disciplines, and should be included into current, and future sports psychiatry education and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Christian Claussen
- Clinic for Depression and Anxiety, Psychiatric Centre Muensingen, Münsingen, Switzerland
- Research Group Sports Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Research, Department of Adult Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Clinic Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alan Currie
- Regional Affective Disorders Service, Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
| | - Eugene Koh Boon Yau
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Masaki Nishida
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Vania Martínez
- Centro de Medicina Reproductiva y Desarrollo Integral del Adolescente, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths, Santiago, Chile
| | - James Burger
- HIV Mental Health Research Unit, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Alexander Schorb
- University Hospital of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Roberto Fernandes Nicola
- Department of Science, Health and Performance, Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Amrit Pattojoshi
- Department of Psychiatry, Hi-Tech Medical College and Hospital, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha, India
| | - Ranjit Menon
- Mentalogue Sports & Exercise Psychiatry Clinic, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ira Glick
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jim Whitehead
- International Society for Sports Psychiatry, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Carla Edwards
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Kitchener, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Baron
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California, USA
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Baumann L, Schneeberger AR, Currie A, Iff S, Seifritz E, Claussen MC. Mental Health in Elite Coaches. Sports Health 2024:19417381231223472. [PMID: 38246889 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231223472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Coaches play an important role in promoting mental health in elite sports. However, they themselves are exposed to risks affecting their mental health, and their fears and worries are often overlooked. Moreover, it remains unclear how coaches' mental health affects their athletes' mental health. OBJECTIVE To create a compilation of the literature on (1) elite coaches' mental health and (2) how coaches' mental health influences elite athletes' mental health. Building on this, recommendations for improving coaches' psychological well-being should be elaborated upon and discussed. DATA SOURCES A literature search was conducted up to November 30, 2021, using the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, and SportDiscus. STUDY SELECTION Studies reporting elite coaches' mental health symptoms and disorders and the influence of elite coaches' mental health on elite athletes' mental health were included. STUDY DESIGN Scoping review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. DATA EXTRACTION Data regarding elite coaches' mental health, as well as their influence on athletes' mental health and performance, were included in a descriptive analysis. The PRISMA guidelines were used to guide this review. RESULTS Little research has been done on elite coaches' mental health disorders, although studies confirm that they do experience, for example, symptoms of burnout, anxiety, and depression. The influence of coaches' mental health on their athletes is underinvestigated, with research focused mainly on the influence of coaches' stress. CONCLUSION Knowledge about coaches' mental health is still limited. Coaches' poor mental health diminishes coaching performance and might impair athletes' mental health. Coaches should receive more support, including sports psychiatric care and education on the importance of mental health. This could improve the mental health of both coaches and athletes, and positively affect athlete performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Baumann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Alan Currie
- Regional Affective Disorders Service, Cumbria Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK
- Exercise Sport and Rehabilitation Therapies, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
| | - Samuel Iff
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinic for Depression and Anxiety, Psychiatric Centre Münsingen, Switzerland
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Pichler EM, Ewers S, Ajdacic-Gross V, Deutschmann M, Exner J, Kawohl W, Seifritz E, Claussen MC. Athletes are not at greater risk for death by suicide: A review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:569-585. [PMID: 36648386 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suicide represents a major mental and public health issue. Elite athletes share certain individual and environmental characteristics that may increase their risk for mental illnesses, ultimately leading to suicide. This notion conflicts with the general perception of athletes, being the healthiest representatives of society. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was carried out through PubMed and Embase databases for relevant publications. RESULTS Recent calls for investigating suicidality among athletes resulted in a considerable amount of literature providing some evidence regarding lower rates of suicide among professional and high-performance athletes as well as similar incidence and prevalence of mental conditions, which are known as risk factors for suicide. Nevertheless, special attention is required in this population as predisposing and precipitating factors might differ from classical features of suicidality in the general population. Sports physicians, sports psychiatrists, and other mental health professionals in elite sports should be aware of early signs of affective disorders, risk of recreational drug abuse, misuse of performance-enhancing medications, sport-specific environmental stressors, serious physical injuries, and presence of physical or mental illness, all of which may increase suicidality. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is with suicide with higher severity correlated with increased risk. Compared to active athletes, former athletes may have higher rates of suicide due to common life stressors occurring after sports retirement. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest a multidisciplinary approach to suicidality in elite athletes, the main goal of which should be the reduction of suicide-related morbidity and mortality. Further research is required to clarify the existing gaps in the current knowledge of the issue. While having lower rates of suicide, athletes share some similar (affective disorders, drug abuse, mental and physical illness) and unique factors (misuse of performance-enhancing substances, sports-related stressors, sports injuries, TBI) putting them at risk of suicide during active career and retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Pichler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Services Aargau, Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Simon Ewers
- Klinikum Fünfseenland, Fachklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Wallerfangen, Germany
| | - Vladeta Ajdacic-Gross
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Deutschmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Exner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfram Kawohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Services Aargau, Windisch, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Clienia Schlössli AG, Oetwil am See, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Private Clinic Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland.,Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
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Breckwoldt T, Fröhlich S, Iff S, Bitar R, Spörri J, Scherr J, Seifritz E, Quednow BB, Claussen MC. A stabilizing factor?–Video gaming among elite athletes during the first lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychol 2022; 13:880313. [DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.880313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesLittle is known about the extent of video gaming among elite athletes, specifically under stressful conditions like those induced by the current COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intensity and extent of video gaming in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, during which the usual daily routine of many athletes was disrupted.MethodsOverall, 203 elite athletes from Switzerland who participated in Olympic sports or in “International Olympic Committee”—approved disciplines were interviewed using an online questionnaire. They were questioned on their video game consumption during the first Swiss lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as on their athletic performance and economic circumstances. Additionally, mental and physical health were assessed by standardized questionnaires. From this questionnaire data, predictors of gaming time were evaluated using multivariable analysis.ResultsBefore the lockdown, 21% of the participating athletes played video games regularly. The average playing time was 15.8 h per month within the gamer group. During the first lockdown, 29% of athletes reported gaming regularly, and within the gamer group the average gaming time increased significantly, by 164%. The mental health burden showed significant differences between gamers and non-gamers regarding existential fears during the lockdown, the ability to cope with governmental measures due to COVID-19 and total sleeping time. However, there was no statistical difference in respect to standardized scales for depressive symptoms, sleep behavior, and anxiety. Higher video gaming time during the lockdown was significantly associated with male gender and previous gaming before the COVID-19 lockdown.ConclusionVideo gaming time increased significantly during the first lockdown. Whether video gaming among elite athletes hereby functions as an effective coping behavior remains to be shown and requires more research.
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Iff S, Fröhlich S, Halioua R, Imboden C, Spörri J, Scherr J, Butzke I, Seifritz E, Claussen MC. Training Patterns and Mental Health of Bodybuilders and Fitness Athletes During the First Lockdown of the COVID-19 Pandemic—A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:867140. [PMID: 35592589 PMCID: PMC9110826 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.867140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:Government restrictions during the first COVID-19 lockdown, such as the closure of gyms and fitness centers, drastically limited the training opportunities of bodybuilders and fitness athletes (BoFA) who rely on indoor training facilities. This provided a unique situation to investigate the effect of training limitations on the training patterns, training adaptive strategies and mental health of BoFAs.ObjectivesThe primary aim of this study was to investigate differences in the training patterns and the mental health of BoFA before and during the first COVID-19 lockdown. The secondary aim was to assess whether BoFA who exhibited features of muscle dysmorphia were affected differently from the group that did not.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted with 85 BoFAs by means of an online questionnaire asking about sports activity, intensity, subjective physical performance, and economic status, including primary or secondary occupations before (from memory) and during lockdown, current physical health problems and financial fears, symptoms of depression, sleep disorders, anxiety (trait and state), muscle dysmorphia, coping mechanisms and actions during the first lockdown in Switzerland.ResultsTraining patterns and mental health of BoFA were influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic and first lockdown. During lockdown, the physical activity on the BoFA dropped significantly from 2.3 ± 0.8 h per day to 1.6 ± 0.9 h per day (p < 0.001), the subjective training intensity decreased significantly from 85.7 ± 13.2% to 58.3 ± 28.3% (p < 0.001) and the subjective performance declined significantly from 83.4 ± 14.3% to 58.2 ± 27.8% (p < 0.001) of maximal performance. In comparison to those without risk for body dysmorphia, participants at risk rated their maximal performance significantly lower and scored significantly higher for depression, sleep disorders and anxiety.ConclusionThis study showed the significant changes on the training patterns of BoFA before and during the first COVID-19 lockdown and poor mental health scores of BoFA during the lockdown itself, with those at risk of muscle dysmorphia scoring statistically worse regarding mental health than those with no risk of muscle dysmorphia. To better understand the particularities of BoFA, further investigation is needed to understand their psychology and in particular the effect of training restrictions on it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Iff
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Samuel Iff
| | - Stefan Fröhlich
- University Center for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robin Halioua
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jörg Spörri
- University Center for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Scherr
- University Center for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Butzke
- Psychiatriezentrum Münsingen (PZM) Centre for Psychiatry Münsingen, Münsingen, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Private Clinic Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland
- Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
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Butzke I, Iff S, Zitzmann M, Quednow BB, Claussen MC. [Interdisciplinary and Psychiatric Treatment of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Users]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2022; 111:339-344. [PMID: 35473320 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Interdisciplinary and Psychiatric Treatment of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Users Abstract. The prevalence of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS; anabolic steroids) use in recreational sports is underestimated. Due to the influence of social media, an increase in AAS use in recreational sports and in the general population is to be expected. AAS use is associated with significant physical and mental health consequences, and the psychiatric consequences include the risk of developing addictive behaviour. The widespread stigmatization of AAS use also by professionals often undermines users' trust in physicians and drives them into the arms of so-called "gurus." The tightening of anti-doping practices in sports and an exclusively prohibitive stance have so far failed to convincingly curb the problem in recreational sports. Harm reduction strategies could help patients to get the help they need from primary care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Butzke
- Klinik für Psychose und Abhängigkeit, PZM Psychiatriezentrum Münsingen AG, Münsingen, Schweiz
| | - Samuel Iff
- Klinik für Psychose und Abhängigkeit, PZM Psychiatriezentrum Münsingen AG, Münsingen, Schweiz
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
| | - Michael Zitzmann
- Centrum für Reproduktionsmedizin und Andrologie, Abteilung für Klinische und Operative Andrologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
- Privatklinik Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Schweiz
- Erwachsenenpsychiatrie, Psychiatrische Dienste Graubünden, Chur, Schweiz
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Butzke I, Iff S, Zitzmann M, Quednow BB, Claussen MC. Interdisciplinary and Psychiatric Treatment of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Users. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2022; 111:e339-e344. [PMID: 35473322 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS; anabolic steroids) use in recreational sports is underestimated. Due to the influence of social media, an increase in AAS use in recreational sports and in the general population is to be expected. AAS use is associated with significant physical and mental health consequences, and the psychiatric consequences include the risk of developing addictive behaviour. The widespread stigmatization of AAS use also by professionals often undermines users' trust in physicians and drives them into the arms of so-called "gurus." The tightening of anti-doping practices in sports and an exclusively prohibitive stance have so far failed to convincingly curb the problem in recreational sports. Harm reduction strategies could help patients to get the help they need from primary care providers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Butzke
- Clinic for Psychosis and Dependence, PZM Psychiatry Center Münsingen AG, Münsingen, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Iff
- Clinic for Psychosis and Dependence, PZM Psychiatry Center Münsingen AG, Münsingen, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zitzmann
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Department of Clinical and Operative Andrology, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Germany
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Clinic for Psychosis and Dependence, PZM Psychiatry Center Münsingen AG, Münsingen, Switzerland
- Private Clinic Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland
- Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
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Iff S, Gähwiler R, Butzke I, Quednow BB, Claussen MC. Recognizing IPED Use in Clinical Practice. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2022; 111:e333-e337. [PMID: 35473328 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The non-medical use of image- and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs) is widespread in the fitness and bodybuilding scene. The reasons for IPED use are often hedonistic in nature and they are used in so-called "cycles" over several weeks. The most common side effects are: testicular atrophy, acne, hypersexuality, hypertension, gynecomastia, lipid metabolism disorders, mood swings, hair loss, and policythemia. Common consequences following IPED use are: decreased libido, oligo- or azoospermia, and erectile dysfunction. To reduce undesirable side effects and consequences, IPED users often take medications for self-treatment; occasionally IPED users also mention such medications and ask for them in the general medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuell Iff
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinic for Psychosis and Dependence, PZM Psychiatry Center Münsingen AG, Switzerland
| | - Roman Gähwiler
- Center for Sports Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Butzke
- Clinic for Psychosis and Dependence, PZM Psychiatry Center Münsingen AG, Switzerland
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Private Clinic Wyss, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
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Iff S, Butzke I, Zitzmann M, Schneiter R, Hunziker M, Quednow BB, Claussen MC. [IPED Use in Recreational Sports]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2022; 111:345-349. [PMID: 35473327 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
IPED Use in Recreational Sports Abstract. Abtract: IPED consumers seek medical advice when uncertain as to their use. Due to shame or fear of stigmatization IPED consumers are often reluctant to talk about their drug use; they fear prejudice and a lack of experience when caring for this specific patient group. In order to strengthen trust, a non-judgmental, non-stigmatizing and supportive attitude is essential. The interaction should primarily lead to an understanding of why AAS are being used, what the patient's concerns are, and why medical help is being sought, without judgment or condemnation of the behavior. If no motivation to abstain from drug use is found during the consultation, harm reduction should be sought and the consequences of use addressed. Regular talks and active harm reduction can increase the confidence in evidence-based treatment to achieve personal motivation to abstain under medical supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Iff
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
| | - Ingo Butzke
- Klink für Psychose und Abhängigkeit, PZM Psychiatriezentrum Münsingen AG, Münsingen, Schweiz
| | - Michael Zitzmann
- Centrum für Reproduktionsmedizin und Andrologie, Abteilung für Klinische und Operative Andrologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Deutschland
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Klinik für Endokrinologie/Diabetologie, Universitätsspital Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
| | | | - Boris B Quednow
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
- Privatklinik Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Schweiz
- Erwachsenenpsychiatrie, Psychiatrische Dienste Graubünden, Chur, Schweiz
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Halioua R, Claussen MC. [The Social Perspective of Body Changing Behaviors]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2022; 111:323-326. [PMID: 35473325 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Social Perspective of Body Changing Behaviors Abstract. In clinical practice, patients who are strongly dissatisfied with the condition or appearance of their body are common. Many of them try to shape their body according to their own ideals by means of body practices. However, this is about much more than mere appearance. The body is a central element of one's identity. The relationship we have with our body is socially shaped and reflects questions about who we are and how we want to be perceived. The needs for attachment and control represent central motives here: In the need for attachment, body practice primarily serves social recognition, whether to stand out positively or not negatively. In the case of the need for control, the body serves as a docile object of self-empowerment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Halioua
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich
- Privatklinik Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Schweiz
- Erwachsenenpsychiatrie, Psychiatrische Dienste Graubünden, Chur, Schweiz
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Claussen MC. [Not Available]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2022; 111:315-316. [PMID: 35734970 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Christian Claussen
- Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Sportpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie (SGSPP), Schweiz
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
- Privatklinik Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Schweiz
- Erwachsenenpsychiatrie, Psychiatrische Dienste Graubünden, Chur, Schweiz
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12
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Abstract
IPED consumers seek medical advice when uncertain as to their use. Due to shame or fear of stigmatization IPED consumers are often reluctant to talk about their drug use; they fear prejudice and a lack of experience when caring for this specific patient group. In order to strengthen trust, a non-judgmental, non-stigmatizing and supportive attitude is essential. The interaction should primarily lead to an understanding of why AAS are being used, what the patient's concerns are, and why medical help is being sought, without judgment or condemnation of the behavior. If no motivation to abstain from drug use is found during the consultation, harm reduction should be sought and the consequences of use addressed. Regular talks and active harm reduction can increase the confidence in evidence-based treatment to achieve personal motivation to abstain under medical supervision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Iff
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ingo Butzke
- Clinic for Psychosis and Addiction, PZM Psychiatry Center Münsingen AG, Münsingen, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zitzmann
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Department of Clinical and Operative Andrology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Roger Schneiter
- Department of Endocrinology/Diabetology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuela Hunziker
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland
- Private Clinic Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland
- Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
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13
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Claussen MC. Sports Psychiatry in Popular Sports. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2022; 111:e315-e316. [PMID: 35734969 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Christian Claussen
- Swiss Society for Sports Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (SSSPP), Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Private Clinic Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland
- Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
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14
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Iff S, Gähwiler R, Butzke I, Quednow BB, Claussen MC. [Recognizing IPED Use in Clinical Practice]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2022; 111:333-337. [PMID: 35473323 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recognizing IPED Use in Clinical Practice Abstract. The non-medical use of image- and performance-enhancing drugs (IPEDs) is widespread in the fitness and bodybuilding scene. The reasons for IPED use are often hedonistic in nature and they are used in so-called "cycles" over several weeks. The most common side effects are: testicular atrophy, acne, hypersexuality, hypertension, gynecomastia, lipid metabolism disorders, mood swings, hair loss, and policythemia. Common consequences following IPED use are: decreased libido, oligo- or azoospermia, and erectile dysfunction. To reduce undesirable side effects and consequences, IPED users often take medications for self-treatment; occasionally IPED users also mention such medications and ask for them in the general medical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Iff
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
- Klink für Psychose und Abhängigkeit, PZM Psychiatriezentrum Münsingen AG, Münsingen, Schweiz
| | | | - Ingo Butzke
- Klink für Psychose und Abhängigkeit, PZM Psychiatriezentrum Münsingen AG, Münsingen, Schweiz
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich, Schweiz
- Privatklinik Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Schweiz
- Erwachsenenpsychiatrie, Psychiatrische Dienste Graubünden, Chur, Schweiz
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15
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Smith AJ, Buadze A, Claussen MC, Seifritz E, Liebrenz-Rosenstock M. On the same team: A call for increased medicolegal knowledge exchanges between forensic psychiatry and sports psychiatry. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1041891. [PMID: 36419973 PMCID: PMC9676247 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1041891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Buadze
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Private Clinic Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland.,Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Claussen MC, Imboden C, Raas MI, Hemmeter U, Seifritz E, Hofmann CG. [Sports Psychiatry in Competitive Sports - Interdisciplinary and Interprofessional Care and Collaboration]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2022; 110:213-219. [PMID: 35291868 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sports Psychiatry in Competitive Sports - Interdisciplinary and Interprofessional Care and Collaboration Abstract. Mental complaints and illnesses are common health problems in competitive sports, and mental health, like physical health and performance, is an integral dimension in competitive sports. The promotion of mental health and safe management of mental complaints and illnesses in competitive sports requires a qualified medical discipline for mental health: sports psychiatry as well as an interdisciplinary and interprofessional understanding of care and cooperation. In the following article, sports psychiatry in competitive sports will be addressed and (i) mental health promotion and prevention, (ii) the tandem concept of interprofessional care and collaboration, (iii) diagnosis, treatment, and aftercare of mental disorders and illnesses, and (iv) education and training in sports psychiatry will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Christian Claussen
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich
- Privatklinik Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee
- Erwachsenenpsychiatrie, Psychiatrische Dienste Graubünden, Chur
| | | | - Marcel I Raas
- Praxis für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie, Winterthur
| | - Ulrich Hemmeter
- Alters- und Neuropsychiatrie, Psychiatrie St. Gallen Nord, Wil
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich
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17
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Abstract
The Importance of Physical Activity for Mental Health Abstract. Due to the worldwide high prevalence of psychiatric disorders and its association with sedentary behavior and comorbid physical diseases, increasing physical activity in psychiatric populations is of high importance. Regular physical activity is associated with increased mental wellbeing and has shown to have preventive effects on depression, anxiety disorders and probably sleep disorders. Additionally, positive effects on comorbid chronic physical diseases have been found. Exercise as treatment for several weeks has shown to have an antidepressant effect. Similar positive effects on symptoms have been found in anxiety disorders and schizophrenia. Therefore, assessing and promoting physical activity is advisable in clinical psychiatric practice. Patients should be coached to reach at least a weekly average of 150 minutes of moderate and/or 75 minutes of vigorous physical activity. Establishing physical activity and exercise groups is of utmost importance for psychiatric outpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Privatklinik Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich
- Erwachsenenpsychiatrie, Psychiatrische Dienste Graubünden, Chur
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich
| | - Markus Gerber
- Departement für Sport, Bewegung und Gesundheit, Universität Basel, Basel
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18
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Raas MI, Schneeberger AR, Karunaharamoorthy A, Sinsel D, Schmidt RE, Hofmann CG, Imboden C, Hemmeter UM, Seifritz E, Claussen MC. Violence and Abuse in Competitive Sports. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2022; 110:e205-e212. [PMID: 35291864 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Violence and abuse in competitive sports, such as physical and emotional abuse, physical and emotional neglect and sexual abuse, affect children, adolescents and adults alike and lead to severe physical, psychological and social consequences. In current medical and educational care concepts of athletes, there is a lack of consistent integration of sports/psychiatric, clinical psychological and psychotherapeutic, developmental pediatric and developmental psychological expertise. Problem areas arise from fine lines between harassment, non-physical and physical violence. The present position paper includes recommendations for the development of a concept for the protection of mental health in competitive sports and for coping with mental stress and psychological disorders by qualified medical experts in mental health, i.e., child, adolescent and adult psychiatrists with specific expertise in competitive sports: sports psychiatrists. According to the recommendations, experts should also have and further develop competence in other fields, especially in ethics, child protection, protection against violence and abuse in competitive sports, awareness of and dealing with transgression of boundaries, knowledge about child development, and transparency in training structures and relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel I Raas
- Practice for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Winterthur, Switzerland
- Shared first authorship
| | - Andres Ricardo Schneeberger
- Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
- Shared first authorship
| | | | | | - Ralph Erich Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Psychology Section, Psychology and Educational Sciences Faculty, University of Geneva, Suisse
| | | | | | | | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Private Clinic Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland
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19
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Claussen MC. [Not Available]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2022; 110:177-178. [PMID: 35291863 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Christian Claussen
- Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Sportpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie (SGSPP)
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich
- Privatklinik Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee
- Erwachsenenpsychiatrie, Psychiatrische Dienste Graubünden, Chur
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20
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Raas MI, Schneeberger AR, Karunaharamoorthy A, Sinsel D, Schmidt RE, Hofmann CG, Imboden C, Hemmeter UM, Seifritz E, Claussen MC. [Violence and Abuse in Competitive Sports]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2022; 110:205-212. [PMID: 35291866 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Violence and Abuse in Competitive Sports Abstract. Violence and abuse in competitive sports, such as physical and emotional abuse, physical and emotional neglect and sexual abuse, affect children, adolescents and adults alike and lead to severe physical, psychological and social consequences. In current medical and educational care concepts of athletes, there is a lack of consistent integration of sports/psychiatric, clinical psychological and psychotherapeutic, developmental pediatric and developmental psychological expertise. Problem areas arise from fine lines between harassment, non-physical and physical violence. The present position paper includes recommendations for the development of a concept for the protection of mental health in competitive sports and for coping with mental stress and psychological disorders by qualified medical experts in mental health, i.e., child, adolescent and adult psychiatrists with specific expertise in competitive sports: sports psychiatrists. According to the recommendations, experts should also have and further develop competence in other fields, especially in ethics, child protection, protection against violence and abuse in competitive sports, awareness of and dealing with transgression of boundaries, knowledge about child development, and transparency in training structures and relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel I Raas
- Praxis für Kinder-, Jugendpsychiatrie und -psychotherapie, Winterthur
- Gemeinsame Erstautorenschaft
| | - Andres Ricardo Schneeberger
- Erwachsenenpsychiatrie, Psychiatrische Dienste Graubünden, Chur
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
- Gemeinsame Erstautorenschaft
| | | | | | - Ralph Erich Schmidt
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich
- Section de Psychologie, Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l'Éducation, Université de Genève, Genf
| | | | | | | | - Erich Seifritz
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Erwachsenenpsychiatrie, Psychiatrische Dienste Graubünden, Chur
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich
- Privatklinik Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee
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21
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Claussen MC. Sports Psychiatry in "Praxis". Praxis (Bern 1994) 2022; 110:e177-e178. [PMID: 35291870 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Christian Claussen
- Swiss Society for Sports Psychiatry and Psychotherapy (SSSPP)
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Private Clinic Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland
- Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
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22
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Hofmann CG, Claussen MC. The Three-Level Curriculum Sports Psychiatry and an Evaluation of the First Course "Basic Health Care in Sports Psychiatry". Praxis (Bern 1994) 2022; 110:180-184. [PMID: 35291857 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to scientific progress and diversification in medicine and psychiatry, there is a need for specialization in sports psychiatry. Therefore, the SSSPP has been developing a curriculum on sports psychiatry. Different backgrounds and approaches within the above-mentioned areas are presented here since they have influenced the development of the three-level curriculum. The structure of the three-level curriculum, which contains theory, practical experience, and supervision, encompassing 80 hours of additional training, will also be explained. Within this curriculum, basic knowledge in sports medicine, sports psychology, sports science, and applied sports theory will also be taught. Other subjects include sports and exercise on mental disorders, mental disorders in competitive sports, sports as a coping strategy, and other contents. Moreover, different contents and key topics of the curriculum's three levels will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Private Clinic Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland
- Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
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23
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Hofmann CG, Claussen MC. Sports Psychiatric Diagnostics in Competitive Sports - Establishing a Clinical Standard. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2022; 110:e220-e223. [PMID: 35291858 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mental complaints and disorders are common in competitive sports. Despite this, they are not recognized sufficiently in Pre-Participation Examinations (PPE) yet. We present a structured, staged model of sports psychiatric diagnosis containing a Psychiatric Basic Assessment (PBA) within the annual PPE as well as a Sports Psychiatric Evaluation (SPE) in case of conspicuous PBA results. The PBA should be designed as a compact as well as sensitive and specific instrument. An optional three-stage SPE by specialists for both psychiatric disciplines should preferably include a general psychiatric assessment, a clinical interview and a symptom- or disorder-specific diagnosis and examination. Such a staged approach should be time-efficient and well accepted by the athletes. The model proposed here will hopefully contribute as a clinical standard to the early detection of mental disorders requiring treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, UniversityofZurich,Switzerland
- Private Clinic Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland
- Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
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24
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Abstract
Due to the worldwide high prevalence of psychiatric disorders and its association with sedentary behavior and comorbid physical diseases, increasing physical activity in psychiatric populations is of high importance. Regular physical activity is associated with increased mental wellbeing and has shown to have preventive effects on depression, anxiety disorders and probably sleep disorders. Additionally, positive effects on comorbid chronic physical diseases have been found. Exercise as treatment for several weeks has shown to have an antidepressant effect. Similar positive effects on symptoms have been found in anxiety disorders and schizophrenia. Therefore, assessing and promoting physical activity is advisable in clinical psychiatric practice. Patients should be coached to reach at least a weekly average of 150 minutes of moderate and/or 75 minutes of vigorous physical activity. Establishing physical activity and exercise groups is of utmost importance for psychiatric outpatients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Private Clinic Wyss, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Abstract
Mental complaints and illnesses are common health problems in competitive sports, and mental health, like physical health and performance, is an integral dimension in competitive sports. The promotion of mental health and safe management of mental complaints and illnesses in competitive sports requires a qualified medical discipline for mental health: sports psychiatry as well as an interdisciplinary and interprofessional understanding of care and cooperation. In the following article, sports psychiatry in competitive sports will be addressed and (i) mental health promotion and prevention, (ii) the tandem concept of interprofessional care and collaboration, (iii) diagnosis, treatment, and aftercare of mental disorders and illnesses, and (iv) education and training in sports psychiatry will be presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Christian Claussen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Private Clinic Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee, Switzerland
- Adult Psychiatry, Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
| | | | - Marcel I Raas
- Practice for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Winterthur, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Hemmeter
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Psychiatry St. Gallen North, Wil, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Hofmann CG, Claussen MC. [Sports Psychiatric Diagnostics in Competitive Sports - Establishing a Clinical Standard]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2022; 110:220-223. [PMID: 35291867 DOI: 10.1024/1661-8157/a003843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sports Psychiatric Diagnostics in Competitive Sports - Establishing a Clinical Standard Abstract. Mental complaints and disorders are common in competitive sports. Despite this, they are not recognized sufficiently in Pre-Participation Examinations (PPE) yet. We present a structured, staged model of sports psychiatric diagnosis containing a Psychiatric Basic Assessment (PBA) within the annual PPE as well as a Sports Psychiatric Evaluation (SPE) in case of conspicuous PBA results. The PBA should be designed as a compact as well as sensitive and specific instrument. An optional three-stage SPE by specialists for both psychiatric disciplines should preferably include a general psychiatric assessment, a clinical interview and a symptom- or disorder-specific diagnosis and examination. Such a staged approach should be time-efficient and well accepted by the athletes. The model proposed here will hopefully contribute as a clinical standard to the early detection of mental disorders requiring treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich, Universität Zürich, Zürich
- Privatklinik Wyss AG, Münchenbuchsee
- Erwachsenenpsychiatrie, Psychiatrische Dienste Graubünden, Chur
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27
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Imboden C, Claussen MC, Iff S, Quednow BB, Seifritz E, Spörri J, Scherr J, Fröhlich S. COVID-19 Lockdown 2020 Changed Patterns of Alcohol and Cannabis Use in Swiss Elite Athletes and Bodybuilders: Results From an Online Survey. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:759335. [PMID: 34870195 PMCID: PMC8635023 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.759335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: During the COVID-19 pandemic, increased patterns of substance use have been reported in the general population. However, whether this also applies to athletes is not yet clear. This study aimed to detect changes in alcohol consumption and cannabis use in elite athletes and bodybuilders during the first COVID-19 lockdown in Switzerland. Methods: Between April 25 and May 25, 2020, a cross-sectional online survey was conducted among bodybuilders and Swiss elite athletes who were active in Olympic sports and disciplines approved by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on at least the national level. The collected data included information on alcohol and cannabis use during the last month (lockdown) and in the year before COVID-19 lockdown (pre-lockdown), daily training times, existential fears on a scale from 1 to 100, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depression (PHQ-9), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Results:N = 275 athletes (elite athletes: n = 193; bodybuilders: n = 82) was included in this study. Both pre-lockdown and during lockdown, more bodybuilders used cannabis (both time points: p < 0.001) than elite athletes, and more elite athletes drank alcohol (pre-lockdown: p = 0.005, lockdown: p = 0.002) compared to bodybuilders. During lockdown, fewer athletes drank alcohol compared to before, but those who continued drinking did so on more days per week (p < 0.001, Eta2 = 0.13). Elite athletes were more likely to increase their drinking with 17.7 vs. 8.2% in bodybuilders. When compared to pre-lockdown measures, the number of athletes using cannabis did not change during lockdown. Only three of 203 elite athletes reported using cannabis during lockdown; this contrasts with 16 of 85 bodybuilders. In a multivariate regression model, existential fears and a lower ISI score were significant predictors for increased alcohol consumption during the lockdown in the entire sample. In a model based on elite athletes only, male sex and a lower ISI score predicted increased alcohol consumption. In a bodybuilder-based model, predictors of increased alcohol consumption were existential fears and trait anxiety. Conclusion: We suggest identifying athletes who are at risk for increased alcohol and cannabis use; we suggest this to be able to professionally support them during stressful times, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Private Clinic Wyss, Muenchenbuchsee, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Iff
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Boris B Quednow
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Experimental and Clinical Pharmacopsychology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Spörri
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Scherr
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Fröhlich
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Claussen MC. Swiss Society for Sports Psychiatry and Psychotherapy SSSPP: annual report 2021 and outlook. Swiss Arch Neurol Psychiatr Psychother 2021. [DOI: 10.4414/sanp.2021.w10047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Imboden C, Claussen MC, Seifritz E, Gerber M. Physical activity for the treatment and prevention of depression: a rapid review of meta-analyses. Dtsch Z Sportmed 2021. [DOI: 10.5960/dzsm.2021.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aim: We conducted an umbrella review of 55 meta-analyses to summarize current evidence on the effects of exercise on depression. Results: Aerobic, resistance or combined exercise for several weeks as well as mind-body exercise has shown to yield significant moderate effects on depression severity in adult patients, including the elderly. The effect diminishes when only high-quality studies are analyzed but reaches similar magnitude of other efficacious treatments. Additionally, exercise showed positive effects on sleep, cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life in depressed patients. In children and adolescents and during the peripartum period, exercise interventions have been found have small-to-moderate effects, but studies varied in methodology and methodical quality could be improved (heterogeneous samples, blinding). Regular physical activity has been shown to have a protective effect on incident depression in adults, reducing odds by 17 to 21%. In children and adolescents, the effect tends to be smaller. Across 15 meta-analyses in samples with physical diseases, exercise-regimes have been shown to have positive effects on depressive symptoms in chronic conditions (such as pain, obesity or cardiovascular disease), cancer survivors, and in post-stroke, neurological and cardiovascular conditions, as well as in diabetes, chronic kidney disease, arthritis and HIV. Discussion: Exercise and physical activity have a wide range of benefits for depression and depressive symptoms in at-risk populations. Further research is needed to find optimal dose and duration of exercise-treatment and ways to sustainably increase physical activity in psychiatric populations and patients with chronic diseases. Key Words: Exercise, Aerobic, Resistance, Depressive Symptoms, At-Risk Population
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Exner J, Bitar R, Berg X, Pichler EM, Herdener M, Seifritz E, Claussen MC. Use of psychotropic substances among elite athletes - a narrative review. Swiss Med Wkly 2021; 151:w20412. [PMID: 33638352 DOI: 10.4414/smw.2021.20412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Elite athletes may use psychotropic substances for recreational reasons, (perceived) performance enhancement or self-medication. Causes can overlap. For athletes, substance use may be associated with various medical and social risks. Psychoactive substances include alcohol and nicotine, illicit and various prescription drugs, which all have a potential for abuse and dependence. This paper reviews the existing literature on the use of psychoactive substances and associated substance use disorders among elite athletes in terms of prevalence, patterns of use, as well as underlying causes and risk factors. METHODS Due to the heterogeneous and partially fragmentary study data, a narrative approach with selection of applicable publications of a Medline search was chosen. RESULTS The most commonly used psychoactive substances among elite athletes were alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, stimulants and (prescription) opioids. Overall consumption rates are lower in professional sports than in the general population, but use of several substances (smokeless tobacco products, prescription opioids, stimulants) have high prevalence in specific sports and athlete groups. Substance use is subject to multiple risk factors and varies by substance class, sport discipline, country and gender, among other factors. CONCLUSION Knowledge on the underlying causes and patterns of substance use, as well as the prevalence of substance use disorders in professional sports, is still limited. High prevalence of various substances (i.e., nicotine, prescription opioids) may indicate potentially harmful patterns of use, requiring further research. Specific preventive and therapeutic concepts for the treatment of substance use disorders in elite athletes should be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Exner
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Klinik der Universität Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Bitar
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Klinik der Universität Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Xaver Berg
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Klinik der Universität Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eva-Maria Pichler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Services Aargau AG, Brugg-Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Herdener
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Klinik der Universität Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erich Seifritz
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Klinik der Universität Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Malte Christian Claussen
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie und Psychosomatik, Psychiatrische Klinik der Universität Zürich, Switzerland / Private Clinic Wyss AG, Munchenbuchsee, Switzerland / Psychiatric Services Grisons, Chur, Switzerland
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Karrer Y, Halioua R, Mötteli S, Iff S, Seifritz E, Jäger M, Claussen MC. Disordered eating and eating disorders in male elite athletes: a scoping review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000801. [PMID: 33178441 PMCID: PMC7642204 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Eating disorders (ED) and disordered eating (DE) among male elite athletes share some of the characteristics seen in female elite athletes and the population, but also exhibit some key differences. Objective Scoping review of ED and DE in male elite athletes. Methods In May 2020, a comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted for DE and ED in male elite athletes. Results We identified 80 studies which included 47 uncontrolled, 14 controlled studies, one interventional trial and 18 reviews. Discussion There was a wide range of definitions of DE and a high level of heterogeneity regarding competitive level, age and sport type. In adult male elite athletes, ED prevalence rates up to 32.5% were found, higher than in the general population. Prevalence was not higher in young/adolescent male elite athletes. The most frequently associated factor was competing in weight-sensitive sports. Male elite athletes tended to exhibit less body dissatisfaction than controls and were not always associated with DE. There were no studies looking at the prognosis or reporting an evidence-based approach for the management of DE in male elite athletes. Conclusion Existing literature indicates high prevalence of DE and ED in male elite athletes, with a wide range of aetiopathogenesis. There is a need for longitudinal studies to characterise the pathology and long-term outcomes, as well as develop standardised tools for assessment and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis Karrer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robin Halioua
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Mötteli
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Erich Seifritz
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Jäger
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Psychiatrie Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland
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Ewers SM, Claussen MC. [Sport as applied therapy in patients with schizophrenic psychoses]. Ther Umsch 2018; 75:77-80. [PMID: 29909767 DOI: 10.1024/0040-5930/a000969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sport as applied therapy in patients with schizophrenic psychoses Abstract. Schizophrenic psychoses are serious mental illnesses associated with low life expectancy compared with healthy individuals and other psychiatric disorders. Overweight and associated health problems such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease and smoking-associated lung disease have been shown to be risk factors related to high mortality. Low physical activity and increased sedentary behavior have been identified as the most important behavioral risk factors for cardiovascular diseases in people with schizophrenia. Numerous research results show a positive influence of sport on mental symptoms as well as on physical health. In the studies, however, different types of guided movement with divergent intensity were used in group or single setting. The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde [German Association for Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics] recommends sports and physical exercise interventions for patients with severe mental illnesses. Still, further large randomized controlled trials are needed to investigate the nature, extent and duration, as well as the effect of the methods used in the various stages of the disease. One goal should be the evidence-based implementation of specific and systematic sport and movement interventions as a complementary module in addition to psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment in people with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Manuel Ewers
- 1 Klinikum Fünfseenland Gauting, Fachklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie Gauting
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Claussen MC, Hassanpour K, Jenewein J, Boettger S. Catatonic stupor secondary to gamma-hydroxy-butyric acid (GHB)-dependence and -withdrawal syndrome. Psychiatr Danub 2014; 26:358-359. [PMID: 25377371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Christian Claussen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Zurich, Ramistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland,
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Rohde J, Claussen MC, Kuechenhoff B, Seifritz E, Schuepbach D. Combined symptomatology of psychosis, pica syndrome, and hippocampal sclerosis: a case report. Int J Eat Disord 2013; 46:89-91. [PMID: 23034722 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Pica is the developmentally and culturally inappropriate eating of nonnutritive substances for at least 1 month. Herein, we present the case of a male patient that suddenly showed behavioral changes including aggressiveness, withdrawal, and perceptional disturbances at the age of 12. About 7 years later, pica symptoms emerged additionally. Neither pharmacotherapy nor electroconvulsive therapy led to success. Magnetic resonance imaging showed bilateral sclerosis of the hippocampus. The therapy with carbamazepine, clozapine, diazepam, and zinc finally improved the symptoms including the pica symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Rohde
- Clinic for Affective Disorders and General Psychiatry, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
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Vollmar P, Kullmann JS, Thilo B, Claussen MC, Jacobi H, Wolff B, Kalluri SR, Hartung HP, Nessler S, Hemmer B. Active immunisation with amyloid-β 1–42 severely impairs memory performance in healthy mice through TLR 2/4-dependent activation of the innate immune system. Akt Neurol 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1238380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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