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Gupta R, Kaushik N, Negi M, Kaushik NK, Choi EH. Molecular insights: Proteomic and metabolomic dissection of plasma-induced growth and functional compound accumulation in Raphanus sativus. Food Chem 2024; 435:137548. [PMID: 37804729 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of plasma-activated water (PAW) on Raphanus sativus (radish) roots at the level of proteins and metabolites. PAW treatment induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrogen oxide species (NOx) in radish and enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Proteomic analysis resulted in the identification of 6054 proteins, including 1845 PAW-modulated proteins that were majorly associated with energy metabolism, ROS-detoxification, phytohormones signaling, and biosynthesis of glucosinolates. Subsequent metabolomics analysis identified 314 metabolites, of which 194 showed significant differences in response to PAW treatment. In particular, PAW treatment triggered the accumulation of functional compounds such as vitamin C, vitamin B5, glutathione, and glucosinolates, the well-known characteristic compounds of the Brassicaceae family. Further, integrating proteomics and metabolomics data provided novel insights into the molecular mechanism governing plasma-induced growth and the accumulation of these functional compounds in radish plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong,18323, South Korea.
| | - Manorma Negi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea.
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea.
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Department of Plasma Bio Display, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, South Korea.
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2
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Siddeeg A, Afzaal M, Saeed F, Ali R, Shah YA, Shehzadi U, Ateeq H, Waris N, Hussain M, Raza MA, Al-Farga A. Recent updates and perspectives of fermented healthy super food sauerkraut: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2135531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azhari Siddeeg
- Department of Food Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzaal
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Farhan Saeed
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Rehman Ali
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Yasir Abbas Shah
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Umber Shehzadi
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Huda Ateeq
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Numra Waris
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Muzzamal Hussain
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Muhammad Ahtisham Raza
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Gezira, Wad Medani, Sudan
| | - Ammar Al-Farga
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Changes in the content of glucosinolates, polyphenols and carotenoids during lactic-acid fermentation of cruciferous vegetables: a mini review. Food Chem X 2022; 16:100457. [PMID: 36339323 PMCID: PMC9626883 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cruciferous vegetables as fermented products has been used since ancient times. During fermentation of cruciferous vegetables complete fermentation of glucosinolates occur. Fermentation decrease the content of complex polyphenols, while increase the content of polyphenols in free form. Carotenoid content decrease during fermentation of cruciferous vegetables.
Cruciferous vegetables are considered functional foods because of their content of health-related compounds. They are grown and consumed in various cultures around the world. Fermentation as a preservation method for cruciferous vegetables has been used since ancient times. This process results in fermented products that have a unique flavour and odour, high bioactivity, and a distinctly different phytochemical profile than raw vegetables. In this mini review, we summarize data on changes in phytochemical content during lactic-acid fermentation of various cruciferous vegetables. The main focus was on the changes in the group of glucosinolates, polyphenols and carotenoids.
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Effect of Main Vegetable Ingredient on the Glucosinolate, Carotenoids, Capsaicinoids, Chlorophylls, and Ascorbic Acid Content of kimchis. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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5
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Ciska E, Honke J, Drabińska N. Changes in glucosinolates and their breakdown products during the fermentation of cabbage and prolonged storage of sauerkraut: Focus on sauerkraut juice. Food Chem 2021; 365:130498. [PMID: 34243119 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Sauerkraut juice has not gained much scientific attention to date. Therefore, this study aimed to track changes in glucosinolates (GLS) during fermentation of white cabbage and the formation of corresponding breakdown products in sauerkraut and sauerkraut juice separately and to evaluate their stability during prolonged storage of the final products. The results obtained indicate that both sauerkraut and sauerkraut juice are a good source of bioactive compounds: ascorbigen and isothiocyanates. The stability of individual compounds during storage varied, and the absolute content of phytochemicals depended on the content of native GLS in the raw material and its bacterial composition. The dominant compound was ascorbigen, stable in acidic pH in both sauerkraut and sauerkraut juice, even after prolonged storage. Sauerkraut juice was also found as a rich source of bioactive isothiocyanates. One 250 mL glass of sauerkraut juice (after two weeks) can deliver approx. 75 μmol of bioactive ascorbien and isothiocyanates, hence it can be considered as functional food, delivering beneficial health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Ciska
- Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Joanna Honke
- Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Natalia Drabińska
- Department of Chemistry and Biodynamics of Food, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10 Str., 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland.
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6
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Almushayti AY, Brandt K, Carroll MA, Scotter MJ. Current analytical methods for determination of glucosinolates in vegetables and human tissues. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1643:462060. [PMID: 33770631 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have indicated the potential effects of glucosinolates and their metabolites against cancer as well as other non-communicable diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and neurodegenerative disorders. However, information on the presence and quantity of glucosinolates in commonly consumed vegetables and in human fluids is sparse, largely because well-standardised methods for glucosinolate determination are not available, resulting in published data being inconsistent and conflicting. Thus, studies published since 2002 on the most recent developments of glucosinolate extraction and identification have been collected and reviewed with emphasis on determination of the intact glucosinolates by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS. This overview highlights the glucosinolate extraction methods used, the stability of glucosinolates during extraction, the availability of stable isotope labelled internal standards and the use of NMR for purity analysis, as well as the current analytical techniques that have been applied for glucosinolate analysis, e.g. liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS). It aims to interpret the findings with a focus on the development of a validated method, which will help to determine the glucosinolate content of vegetative plants and human tissues, and the identification and determination of selected glucosinolate metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albatul Y Almushayti
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK; College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Qassim University, Qassim, KSA.
| | - Kirsten Brandt
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
| | - Michael A Carroll
- School of Natural & Environmental Sciences-Chemistry, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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Matrix- and Technology-Dependent Stability and Bioaccessibility of Strawberry Anthocyanins during Storage. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 10:antiox10010030. [PMID: 33396664 PMCID: PMC7824345 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are often associated with health benefits. They readily degrade during processing and storage but are also dependent on the matrix conditions. This study investigated how strawberry anthocyanins are affected by preservation technologies and a relatively protein-rich kale juice addition during storage. A strawberry–kale mix was compared to a strawberry–water mix (1:2 wt; pH 4), untreated, thermally, pulsed electric fields (PEF) and high-pressure processing (HPP) treated, and evaluated for anthocyanin stability and bioaccessibility during refrigerated storage. The degradation of strawberry anthocyanins during storage followed first-order kinetics and was dependent on the juice system, preservation technology and anthocyanin structure. Generally, the degradation rate was higher for the strawberry–kale mix compared to the strawberry–water mix. The untreated sample showed the highest degradation rate, followed by HPP, PEF and, then thermal. The relative anthocyanin bioaccessibility after gastric digestion was 10% higher for the thermally and PEF treated samples. Anthocyanin bioaccessibility after intestinal digestion was low due to instability at a neutral pH, especially for the strawberry–kale mix, and after thermal treatment. The storage period did not influence the relative bioaccessibility; yet, the absolute content of bioaccessible anthocyanins was decreased after storage. This research further presents that processing and formulation strongly affect the stability and bioaccessibility of anthocyanins during storage.
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8
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Sychrovský V, Šaman D, Fiala R, Humpa O, Sýkora J, Kessler P, Blechta V, Dobrev P, Schraml J. Ascorbigen A-NMR identification. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2019; 57:1084-1096. [PMID: 31257662 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The connectivities of all atoms in ascorbigen A, an important metabolite, were determined unambiguously for the first time. The connectivity between carbon atoms was established by 2D INADEQUATE, and one-bond 13 C-13 C coupling constants were determined for all pairs of directly connected carbon atoms except for two strongly coupled carbon pairs. The 13 C-13 C coupling in one of the pairs was proved by a modification of standard INADEQUATE; however, the signals from the other pair were too weak to be observed. The connectivity within the two strongly coupled C-C pairs was confirmed by a combination of COSY and gHSQC; the latter experiment also identified all C-H bonds. The proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1 H NMR) spectra in dry dimethyl sulfoxide allowed identification and assignment of the signals due to NH and OH protons. The derived structure, 3-((1H-indol-3-yl)methyl)-3,3a,6-trihydroxytetrahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan-2(5H)-one, agrees with the structure suggested for ascorbigen A in 1966. The density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that among 16 possible stereoisomers, only two complied with the almost zero value of the measured 3 J(H6-H6a). Of the two stereoisomers, 3S,3aS,6S,6aR and 3R,3aR,6R,6aS, the latter was excluded on synthetic grounds. The nuclear Overhauser effect measurements unveiled close proximity between H2' proton of the indole and the H6a proton of the tetrahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan part. Detailed structural interpretation of the measured NMR parameters by means of DFT NMR was hampered by rotational flexibility of the indole and tetrahydrofuro[3,2-b]furan parts and inadequacy of Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM) solvent model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Sychrovský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - David Šaman
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the CAS, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Jan Sýkora
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | | | - Vratislav Blechta
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the CAS, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Schraml
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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9
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Sun J, Charron CS, Novotny JA, Peng B, Yu L, Chen P. Profiling glucosinolate metabolites in human urine and plasma after broccoli consumption using non-targeted and targeted metabolomic analyses. Food Chem 2019; 309:125660. [PMID: 31670121 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Broccoli is a popular brassica vegetable and its consumption may decrease the occurrence of cancer in certain populations. To gain insight into the metabolites that may induce physiological responses to broccoli intake, a non-targeted metabolomic approach and a targeted approach for analysis of glucosinolate metabolites were developed using high resolution accurate mass spectrometry. A human study was conducted in which 6 subjects consumed a single meal of 200 g of uncooked broccoli florets. The metabolomic analysis revealed changes in endogenous metabolites and a decrease in hippuric acid after broccoli consumption. Targeted analysis using high-resolution, accurate mass-mass spectrometry (HRAM-MS) enabled detection of low concentrations (nM) of glucosinolate metabolites in human urine and plasma. Glucosinolate metabolites were found in human urine (13) and plasma (8), respectively. Metabolites from methoxyl-indole glucosinolates, arising from broccoli consumption, are reported for the first time. Most glucosinolate metabolites reached their peak concentration in urine 2-4 h after consumption while, in plasma, peak maxima were achieved 2 h after intake. The results suggest that glucoraphanin metabolites (sulforaphane, sulforaphane cysteine, sulforaphane N-acetyl cysteine) and indole metabolites (ascorbigen and methoxyl ascorbigen from indole glucosinolates) may serve as marker compounds for the intake of broccoli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghao Sun
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Craig S Charron
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Components and Health Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Janet A Novotny
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Components and Health Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Bing Peng
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Liangli Yu
- University of Maryland, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Pei Chen
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
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10
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Liapakis IE, Tzouganakis AC, Paschalis EI, Englander M, Christopoulos A, Gloustianou G, Kontoes P. Parry-Romberg syndrome treatment with fat transfer and a new bleaching formula. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 18:1424-1429. [PMID: 30770631 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Parry-Romberg syndrome is a hemifacial atrophy which can be complicated by melasma. We present two cases of Parry-Romberg syndrome, treated by fat transfer and bleaching of the skin using a modified "Kligman's formula." The atrophy, as well as the skin dyschromia, improved, and the results were stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis E Liapakis
- "OpsisClinical", Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Heraklion-Crete, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paraskevas Kontoes
- ISAPS, Athens, Greece.,DrK Medical Group, Athens, Greece.,Plastic, Aesthetic and Laser Surgery Department, HYGEIA Hospital, Kifisia, Athens, Greece
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11
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Müller TM, Böttcher C, Glawischnig E. Dissection of the network of indolic defence compounds in Arabidopsis thaliana by multiple mutant analysis. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2019; 161:11-20. [PMID: 30798200 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Characteristic for cruciferous plants is the synthesis of a complex array of defence-related indolic compounds. In Arabidopsis, these include indol-3-ylmethyl glucosinolates (IMGs), as well as stress-inducible indole-3-carbaldehyde (ICHO)/indole-3-carboxylic acid (ICOOH) derivatives and camalexin. Key enzymes in the biosynthesis of the inducible metabolites are the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP71A12, CYP71A13 and CYP71B6 and Arabidopsis Aldehyde Oxidase 1 (AAO1). Multiple mutants in the corresponding genes were generated and their metabolic phenotypes were comprehensively analysed in untreated, UV exposed and silver nitrate-treated leaves. Most strikingly, ICOOH and ICHO derivatives synthesized in response to UV exposure were not metabolically related. While ICHO concentrations correlated with IMGs, ICOOH derivatives were anti-correlated with IMGs and partially dependent on CYP71B6. The AAO1 genotype was shown to not only be important for ICHO metabolism but also for the accumulation of 4-pyridoxic acid, suggesting a dual role of AAO1 in vitamin B6 metabolism and IMG degradation in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Müller
- Chair of Botany, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Christoph Böttcher
- Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Ecological Chemistry, Plant Analysis and Stored Product Protection, Königin-Luise-Str. 19, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Erich Glawischnig
- Chair of Botany, Department of Plant Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Emil-Ramann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany; Microbial Biotechnology, TUM Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Technical University of Munich, Schulgasse 22, 94315 Straubing, Germany.
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12
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Revelou PK, Kokotou MG, Constantinou-Kokotou V. Determination of indole-type phytonutrients in cruciferous vegetables. Nat Prod Res 2018; 34:2554-2557. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2018.1543680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota-Kyriaki Revelou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chemical Laboratories, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maroula G. Kokotou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chemical Laboratories, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Violetta Constantinou-Kokotou
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Chemical Laboratories, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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González-Hidalgo I, Moreno DA, García-Viguera C, Ros-García JM. Effect of industrial freezing on the physical and nutritional quality traits in broccoli. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2018; 25:56-65. [PMID: 30153746 DOI: 10.1177/1082013218795807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Broccoli was blanched and frozen at industrial scale to ascertain the physical and nutritional changes that take place in industrial processing. Colour, texture, ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acids, glucosinolates, phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity, mineral nutrients and microstructure were evaluated. Blanching and freezing caused a decrease in lightness and firmness. Losses of phenolic compounds and ascorbic acid + dehydroascorbic acid reached about 57% and 30%, respectively. The antioxidant capacity was similar in fresh and treated broccoli, and the glucosinolates remained constant. These results show that frozen broccoli retains antioxidants compounds, vitamin C and glucosinolates even after industrial processing, meaning that industrially frozen broccoli intended for human consumption can be considered rather similar to the fresh product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés González-Hidalgo
- 1 Department of Food Science & Technology and Human Nutrition, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Diego A Moreno
- 2 Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | | | - José María Ros-García
- 1 Department of Food Science & Technology and Human Nutrition, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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14
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Ascorbic Acid and Glucosinolate Levels in New Czech Cabbage Cultivars: Effect of Production System and Fungal Infection. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23081855. [PMID: 30046026 PMCID: PMC6222616 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23081855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional value and disease-preventive effects of cabbage are well-known. Levels of the antioxidant compounds ascorbic acid (AA) and glucosinolates (GSL) in new Czech cabbage cultivars were determined in the context of different production systems. The contents of AA and GSLs in cabbage biomass were determined by HPLC. Individual GSLs were identified according to their exact masses with sinigrin used as the external standard. Artificial infection with A. brassicicola generally raised the AA levels. The major GSLs (≥10 mg kg−1) were glucobrassicin, sinigrin, and glucoiberin. Indole and aliphatic GSLs were present, but no aromatic ones were detected. Ecological growth conditions and the artificial fungal infection increased the total content of GSLs and, also, of the methoxylated indole GSLs. Sulforaphane, iberin, indole-3-carbinol, and ascorbigen resulting from the hydrolysis of GSLs were found in both cultivars. The amounts and profiles of GSLs present in the two Czech cultivars demonstrated their good nutritional value. The decomposition products sulforaphane, iberin, indole-3-carbinol, and ascorbigen detected improve its health-promoting qualities and represent a suitable component of the human diet.
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Šamec D, Pavlović I, Radojčić Redovniković I, Salopek-Sondi B. Comparative analysis of phytochemicals and activity of endogenous enzymes associated with their stability, bioavailability and food quality in five Brassicaceae sprouts. Food Chem 2018; 269:96-102. [PMID: 30100490 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Five Brassicaceae sprouts (white cabbage, kale, broccoli, Chinese cabbage, arugula) were comparatively analyzed based on phytochemicals (polyphenols, glucosinolates, carotenoids, chlorophylls, ascorbic acid) content and accompanying enzymes associated with phytochemical stability and bioavailability (peroxidases, myrosinase, and polyphenol-oxidase) that consequently impact food quality. Significantly high content of polyphenols and glucosinolates, as well as a high antioxidant activity were found in white cabbage, followed by kale sprouts. In addition, white cabbage contained higher amount of fibers and lower polyphenol-oxidase activity which potentially indicates prevention of browning and consequently better sprout quality. Arugula and broccoli showed higher activity of myrosinase that may result in higher bioavailability of active glucosinolates forms. According to our data, sprouts are cheap, easy- and fast-growing source of phytochemicals but also they are characterized by different endogenous enzymes activity. Consequently, this parameter should also be taken into consideration in the studies related to the health benefits of the plant-based food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dunja Šamec
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Iva Pavlović
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Branka Salopek-Sondi
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Department of Molecular Biology, Bijenička c. 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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16
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Soares A, Carrascosa C, Raposo A. Influence of Different Cooking Methods on the Concentration of Glucosinolates and Vitamin C in Broccoli. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-017-1930-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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17
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Palani K, Harbaum-Piayda B, Meske D, Keppler JK, Bockelmann W, Heller KJ, Schwarz K. Influence of fermentation on glucosinolates and glucobrassicin degradation products in sauerkraut. Food Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Szaefer H, Krajka-Kuźniak V, Licznerska B, Bartoszek A, Baer-Dubowska W. Cabbage Juices and Indoles Modulate the Expression Profile of AhR, ERα, and Nrf2 in Human Breast Cell Lines. Nutr Cancer 2015; 67:1342-54. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2015.1082111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Evaluation of refrigerated storage in nitrogen-enriched atmospheres on the microbial quality, content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of sauerkrauts. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Tai A, Fukunaga K, Ohno A, Ito H. Antioxidative properties of ascorbigen in using multiple antioxidant assays. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 78:1723-30. [PMID: 25273138 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.932668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidative properties of ascorbigen, one of the major indole-derived compounds of Brassica vegetables, were systematically evaluated using multiple assay systems with comparison to the well-known antioxidants ascorbic acid and Trolox. We first performed assays using model radicals, DPPH radical, galvinoxyl radical, and ABTS radical cation (ABTS(•+)). Ascorbigen showed stronger activity than that of ascorbic acid in the ABTS(•+)-scavenging assay but showed no activity in the DPPH radical- and galvinoxyl radical-scavenging assays. In the ABTS(•+)-scavenging assay, the indole moiety of ascorbigen contributed to scavenging of the radicals to produce indole-3-aldehyde as one of the final reaction products. The activity of ascorbigen was then evaluated by an oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay and an oxidative hemolysis inhibition assay using physiologically relevant peroxyl radicals, AAPH-derived radicals. Ascorbigen showed much stronger antioxidant activity than did ascorbic acid and Trolox. Therefore, antioxidant activity of ascorbigen might be more beneficial than has been thought for daily health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Tai
- a Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences , Prefectural University of Hiroshima , Shobara , Japan
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21
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Wolkers-Rooijackers J, Thomas S, Nout M. Effects of sodium reduction scenarios on fermentation and quality of sauerkraut. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Wang CH, Huang HS, Dai NT, Sheu MJ, Chang DM. Ascorbigen Induces Dermal Papilla Cell Proliferation in Vitro
, but Fails to Modulate Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia in Vivo. Phytother Res 2013; 27:1863-7. [PMID: 23494732 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsiu Wang
- Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy, Tri-Service General Hospital; National Defense Medical Center; Taipei Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Hsu-Shan Huang
- School of Pharmacy; National Defense Medical Center; Taipei Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Niann-Tzyy Dai
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery; Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center; Taipei Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Ming-Jen Sheu
- Division of Hepatogastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine; Chi-Mei Medical Center; Tainan Taiwan Republic of China
| | - Deh-Ming Chang
- Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy, Tri-Service General Hospital; National Defense Medical Center; Taipei Taiwan Republic of China
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23
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Licznerska BE, Szaefer H, Murias M, Bartoszek A, Baer-Dubowska W. Modulation of CYP19 expression by cabbage juices and their active components: indole-3-carbinol and 3,3'-diindolylmethene in human breast epithelial cell lines. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:1483-92. [PMID: 23090135 PMCID: PMC3715682 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of white cabbage and sauerkraut juices of different origin and indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and diindolylmethane (DIM) on expression of CYP19 gene encoding aromatase, the key enzyme of estrogen synthesis. Methods Human breast cell lines (MCF7, MDA-MB-231 and MCF10A) were examined to compare the action of cabbage juices versus their active components (I3C, DIM). Real-time PCR and Western blot were used in order to analyse CYP19 mRNA and protein, respectively. Results Remarkable differences in the effect on CYP19 transcript and protein level were found between the cabbage juices (in 2.5–25 mL/L concentrations) and indoles (in 2.5–50 μM doses) in the three cell lines. While cabbage juices at the lower doses diminished the aromatase expression in nontumorigenic/immortalized MCF10A breast cells (0.25–0.86-fold change, P < 0.05), I3C and DIM were more efficient in decreasing the aromatase expression in estrogen-dependant MCF7 breast cancer cells (0.24–0.82-fold change, P < 0.05). Inhibition of aromatase by juice obtained from cabbage grown on industrial farm was correlated with the induction of apoptosis (1.7–1.8-fold change, P < 0.01) in MCF10A cells. In estrogen-independent MDA-MB-231 cells, up-regulation of CYP19 expression by I3C and DIM (1.5–2.0-fold change, P < 0.05) was observed. Similarly, in MCF7 cells juices increased aromatase expression (1.1–2.2-fold change, P < 0.05). Conclusion These results, particularly that obtained in nontumorigenic/immortalized MCF10A cells, suggest that chemopreventive activity of cabbage against breast cancer observed in epidemiological studies may be partly explained by inhibition of the aromatase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara E Licznerska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Kátay E, Németh ZI, Ott PG, Tyihák E, Kátay G. Enzymic Methylation of Ascorbigen and Demethylation of Its N-Methyl Derivative by Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola Bacteria. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2253-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Szaefer H, Licznerska B, Krajka-Kuźniak V, Bartoszek A, Baer-Dubowska W. Modulation of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 Expression by Cabbage Juices and Indoles in Human Breast Cell Lines. Nutr Cancer 2012; 64:879-88. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2012.690928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Szaefer H, Krajka-Kuźniak V, Bartoszek A, Baer-Dubowska W. Modulation of Carcinogen Metabolizing Cytochromes P450 in Rat Liver and Kidney by Cabbage and Sauerkraut Juices: Comparison with the Effects of Indole-3-carbinol and Phenethyl Isothiocyanate. Phytother Res 2011; 26:1148-55. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Szaefer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry; University of Medical Sciences; Poznań; Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Bartoszek
- Department of Food Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology; Gdańsk University of Technology; Gdańsk; Poland
| | - Wanda Baer-Dubowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry; University of Medical Sciences; Poznań; Poland
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27
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Sosińska E, Obiedziński MW. Effect of processing on the content of glucobrassicin and its degradation products in broccoli and cauliflower. Food Control 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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28
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Zielińska D, Frias J, Peñas E, Valverde S, Zieliński H, Vidal-Valverde C. Electrochemical Determination of Ascorbigen in Sauerkrauts. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-011-9263-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Peñas E, Frias J, Martínez-Villaluenga C, Vidal-Valverde C. Bioactive compounds, myrosinase activity, and antioxidant capacity of white cabbages grown in different locations of Spain. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:3772-3779. [PMID: 21413789 DOI: 10.1021/jf200356m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The influence of two Spanish growing locations with well-differentiated climatic conditions (northern and eastern areas) on the main bioactive compounds, glucosinolates (GLS), total phenolic compounds (TPC), and vitamin C, as well as myrosinase activity and antioxidant capacity in five white cabbage ( Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) cultivars was investigated. Cabbages with the highest concentration of total GLS presented the highest vitamin C level (r = 0.75, P ≤ 0.05) and the lowest antioxidant capacity (r = -0.76, P ≤ 0.05). The cultivars with the highest vitamin C content had the lowest myrosinase activity (r = -0.89, P ≤ 0.05) and antioxidant capacity (r = -0.86, P ≤ 0.05), whereas those with the largest TPC amount showed the highest antioxidant capacity (r = 0.71, P ≤ 0.05). Cabbage cultivars grown in the northern area of Spain with low temperatures and radiation led to higher mean values of myrosinase activity (29.25 U/g dm), TPC (10.0 GAE mg/g dm), and antioxidant capacity (81.6 μmol Trolox/g dm), whereas cultivars grown in the eastern area with high temperature and radiation led to larger mean values of GLS (14.3 μmol/g dm) and vitamin C (5.3 mg/g dm). The results of this investigation provide information regarding the most suitable Spanish growing location to produce white cabbage with an optimized content of health-promoting compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Peñas
- Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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30
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Modulation of rat hepatic and kidney phase II enzymes by cabbage juices: comparison with the effects of indole-3-carbinol and phenethyl isothiocyanate. Br J Nutr 2010; 105:816-26. [PMID: 21092375 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114510004526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The effect of raw cabbage and sauerkraut juices on the expression and activity of phase II enzymes, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), in the rat liver and kidney was compared with that of two commercially available products of glucosinolate degradation: indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC). Male Wistar rats were treated by oral administration with cabbage juices, I3C or PEITC for 4, 10 and 30 d. The results showed that juices, particularly sauerkraut juice as with I3C and PEITC, significantly increased GST and NQO1 activities in the rat liver. The only exception was the 30 d time point of feeding with raw cabbage juice. Cabbage juices, I3C and PEITC affected the hepatic GST μ to the greatest extent and GST α to a lesser extent. The results of the present study also showed that the treatment of rats with juices and compounds tested caused the translocation of the NF-E2-related transcription factor (Nrf2) active subunit from the cytosol to the nucleus, providing an argument for the involvement of this transcription factor in the induction of GST and NQO1. In contrast to the liver, cabbage juices affected only the renal GST θ, while treatment with I3C and PEITC significantly increased the activity of NQO1. Thus, the results of the present study indicate that induction of the key detoxifying enzymes by cabbage juices, particularly sauerkraut, may be responsible for their chemopreventive activity demonstrated by epidemiological studies and in animal models. However, the final effects might be organ or tissue dependent.
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31
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Kesinger NG, Langsdorf BL, Yokochi AF, Miranda CL, Stevens JF. Formation of a vitamin C conjugate of acrolein and its paraoxonase-mediated conversion into 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-4-oxooctanal. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:836-44. [PMID: 20353174 PMCID: PMC2858635 DOI: 10.1021/tx900452j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) has been reported to participate in Michael addition reactions in vitro to form vitamin C conjugates with alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, such as acrolein. This study shows evidence for the formation and metabolism of the vitamin C conjugate of acrolein (AscACR) in cultured human monocytic THP-1 cells exposed to acrolein diacetate. By using (18)O and (13)C labeling in combination with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, AscACR was shown to undergo hydrolytic conversion of the ascorbyl lactone into an intermediate carboxylic acid. Subsequent decarboxylation of the carboxylic acid yielded 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroxy-4-oxooctanal (THO). When THP-1 cells were pretreated with ascorbic acid (1 mM, 18 h) and then exposed to acrolein diacetate, THO was detected as its pentafluorobenzyl oxime derivative in the cell lysates and medium. Treatment of THP-1 cells with both ascorbic acid and acrolein diacetate was required for THO formation. The formation of THO from AscACR was facilitated by the lactonase enzymes, human recombinant paraoxonases 1 and 2. THP-1 cells exhibited PON activity, which explains the catalytic conversion of AscACR into THO in these cells. THO was formed in addition to metabolites of the glutathione conjugate of acrolein, indicating that THO formation contributes to the elimination of acrolein in a cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G. Kesinger
- Linus Pauling Institute and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Brandi L. Langsdorf
- Linus Pauling Institute and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Alexandre F. Yokochi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Cristobal L. Miranda
- Linus Pauling Institute and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Jan F. Stevens
- Linus Pauling Institute and the Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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Kesinger NG, Stevens JF. Covalent interaction of ascorbic acid with natural products. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2009; 70:1930-9. [PMID: 19875138 PMCID: PMC2787919 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
While ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is mostly known as a cofactor for proline hydroxylase and as a biological antioxidant, it also forms covalent bonds with natural products which we here refer to as 'ascorbylation'. A number of natural products containing an ascorbate moiety has been isolated and characterized from a variety of biological sources, ranging from marine algae to flowering plants. Most of these compounds are formed either as a result of nucleophilic substitution or addition by ascorbate, e.g. the ascorbigens from Brassica species are ascorbylated indole derivatives. Some ascorbylated tannins appear to be formed from electrophilic addition to dehydroascorbic acid. There are also examples of annulations of ascorbate with dietary polyphenols, e.g. epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and resveratrol derivatives. Herein is a survey of 33 ascorbylated natural products and their reported biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G. Kesinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
| | - Jan F. Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331
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33
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Wagner AE, Ernst I, Iori R, Desel C, Rimbach G. Sulforaphane but not ascorbigen, indole-3-carbinole and ascorbic acid activates the transcription factor Nrf2 and induces phase-2 and antioxidant enzymes in human keratinocytes in culture. Exp Dermatol 2009; 19:137-44. [PMID: 19558496 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.00928.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nrf2 is a basic leucine zipper transcriptional activator essential for the coordinated transcriptional induction of phase-2 and antioxidant enzymes. Brassica vegetables contain phytochemicals including glucoraphanin, the precursor of sulforaphane (SFN) and glucobrassicin, the precursor of indole-3-carbinole (I3C) and ascorbigen (ABG). The degradation products SFN, I3C and ABG may be capable of inducing cytoprotective genes in skin. In this study, we tested the potency of SFN, ABG and I3C in affecting Nrf2-dependent gene expression in human keratinocytes in culture. SFN but not ABG and its precursors I3C and ascorbic acid induced Nrf2 dependent gene expression at a relatively low concentration (5 micromol/l). Induction of Nrf2 due to SFN was accompanied by an increase in mRNA and protein levels of NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1, heme oxygenase 1 and gamma-glutamylcysteine-synthetase. Furthermore, SFN elevated cellular glutathione levels and antagonized tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced NFkappaB transactivation. Therefore, SFN treatment may present a strategy for enhancing the cellular defense mechanisms in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika E Wagner
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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