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Wright L, Katouli M, Kurtböke Dİ. Isolation and Characterization of Nocardiae Associated with Foaming Coastal Marine Waters. Pathogens 2021; 10:579. [PMID: 34068658 PMCID: PMC8151412 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocardiosis is an infectious disease caused by Nocardia species that occurs worldwide, albeit more prevalently in tropical/subtropical regions. It can appear as either acute, subacute or as a chronic infection mostly with those with a compromised/weakened immune system. Inhalation of spores and or mycelium fragments is the main transmission route for developing pulmonary nocardiosis. In contrast, cutaneous nocardiosis usually occurs via direct contact. In the subtropical region of the Sunshine Coast in Australia foaming events with thick and persistent and orange-brown color foam have been observed during summer seasons in the near shore marine environments. This study reports the existence of nocardiae in these near shore marine environments by the use of a novel isolation method which used the gas requirements of nocardiae as a selective battery. A total of 32 nocardiae were isolated with the use of this novel method and subsequently conducted molecular identification methods confirmed that the isolates belonged to the genus Nocardia. Twenty-one isolates out of the 32 were closely related to N. nova strains MGA115 and one was related to CBU 09/875, in addition when compared with human pathogenic nocardiae twenty of the isolates were found to be related to N. nova strain JCM 6044. Isolates displayed varied resistance against some of the antibiotics tested when interpretation threshold recommended the Comite de L'Antibiogramme de la Societe Francaise de Microbiologie were used. The highest level of resistance against cefotaxime (n = 27) and ceftriaxone (n = 24). Some of the isolates (n = 6) that displayed resistance to selected antibiotics also possessed potential human pathogenic characteristics such as adherence and translocation through human long epithelial cells as well as displaying phage resistance (n = 26). They might thus present a potential public health risk if frequently encountered through exposure to aerosols generated by the foam as well as direct contact through a wound. Preventative measures to control the growth of nocardiae in such environments such as the control of pollutants, might prevent potential infections that might be caused by these bacteria in humans as well as in marine animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D. İpek Kurtböke
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia; (L.W.); (M.K.)
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2
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Molecular Characterization and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Nocardia Species Isolated from the Soil; A Comparison with Species Isolated from Humans. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8060900. [PMID: 32549367 PMCID: PMC7355893 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8060900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nocardia species, one of the most predominant Actinobacteria of the soil microbiota, cause infection in humans following traumatic inoculation or inhalation. The identification, typing, phylogenetic relationship and antimicrobial susceptibilities of 38 soil Nocardia strains from Lara State, Venezuela, were studied by 16S rRNA and gyrB (subunit B of topoisomerase II) genes, multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA), whole-genome sequencing (WGS), and microdilution. The results were compared with those for human strains. Just seven Nocardia species with one or two strains each, except for Nocardia cyriacigeorgica with 29, were identified. MLSA confirmed the species assignments made by 16S rRNA and gyrB analyses (89.5% and 71.0% respectively), and grouped each soil strain with its corresponding reference and clinical strains, except for 19 N. cyriacigeorgica strains found at five locations which grouped into a soil-only cluster. The soil strains of N. cyriacigeorgica showed fewer gyrB haplotypes than the examined human strains (13 vs. 17) but did show a larger number of gyrB SNPs (212 vs. 77). Their susceptibilities to antimicrobials were similar except for beta-lactams, fluoroquinolones, minocycline, and clarithromycin, with the soil strains more susceptible to the first three (p ≤ 0.05). WGS was performed on four strains belonging to the soil-only cluster and on two outside it, and the results compared with public N. cyriacigeorgica genomes. The average nucleotide/amino acid identity, in silico genome-to-genome hybridization similarity, and the difference in the genomic GC content, suggest that some strains of the soil-only cluster may belong to a novel subspecies or even a new species (proposed name Nocardia venezuelensis).
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3
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Fan Y, Xie T, Pang Y, Zhu L, Zhou S. Percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy for the treatment of lateral recess stenosis secondary occurred the discal fungus infection. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:175. [PMID: 32188432 PMCID: PMC7081584 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03211-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This is a case of lateral recess stenosis secondary occurred the discal fungus infection treated with percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy (PTED). There has been no relevant reports before. Case presentation A 49-year-old patient who had taken itraconazole for 13 months for lateral recess stenosis secondary occurred the discal fungus infection complained of gradually worsening radiating pain and numbness in the back and inguinal and inner thigh region of right side. In order to relieve the radiating neuralgia and reduce the damage to spinal stability, the minimally invasive PTED was performed.The patient’s prognosis was assessed using Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). During the follow-up, the patient’s ODI and VAS scores were decreased significantly. The radiating pain in the inguinal and inner thigh region of right side were significantly alleviated and the discomfort caused by lower back instability was improved by plaster vest. Discussion and conclusion PTED not only avoids further damage to the stability of the lumbar spine, but also effectively relieves the symptoms of leg neuroradialgia caused by lateral recess stenosis secondary occurred the discal fungus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Fan
- The Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Tao Xie
- The affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou, 261# huansha road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou City, 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yao Pang
- The Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China
| | - Liulong Zhu
- The Affiliated Hangzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, China.,The affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou, 261# huansha road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou City, 310006, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shaobo Zhou
- The affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou, 261# huansha road, Shangcheng District, Hangzhou City, 310006, Zhejiang Province, China.
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4
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Kashfi R, Kelsey C, Gang DJ, Call DR, Gang DR. Metabolomic Diversity and Identification of Antibacterial Activities of Bacteria Isolated From Marine Sediments in Hawai'i and Puerto Rico. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:23. [PMID: 32158766 PMCID: PMC7052060 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a growing concern worldwide and consequently metabolomic tools are being applied increasingly in efforts aimed at identifying new antimicrobial compounds. Marine bacteria-derived compounds have shown great promise in this area. A metabolomics-based study was undertaken to study the diversity of secondary metabolites from marine sediment bacteria isolated from different locations of Hawai’i and Puerto Rico. This effort included characterizing the biodiversity in the sediment samples and searching for antibacterial activity and associated compounds. Bacterial strains were isolated using several different nutrient agars and culture conditions. DNA sequencing (16s rDNA) was used for phylogenetic characterization. Antibacterial activity was assessed against antibiotic-resistant strains of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. Ethyl acetate extracted bacterial secondary metabolites were measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, processed in Progenesis QI and further analyzed by partial least squares-discriminant analysis using MetaboAnalyst 3. Among the strains (n = 143) that were isolated from these two geographical areas and tested for antibiotic activity, 19 exhibited antibacterial activity against at least one antibiotic-resistant human pathogen. One strain from Hawai’i possessed broad-spectrum activity against all five pathogens. Metabolite profiles were diverse and separated the strains into two clusters in PCA analysis that mirrored geographical origin of the isolated strains. A diversity of bacteria and potential antibacterial compounds were observed in this study. Marine environments represent an opportunity to discover a rich diversity of antibacterial compounds for which resistance mechanisms may be uncommon in human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhnaz Kashfi
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Charles Kelsey
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - David Jorgen Gang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Douglas R Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - David R Gang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
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Teixeira Ribeiro AI, da Cruz Burema M, de Souza Borges AP, de Melo Bruno VC, Brandini Néspoli PE, Colodel EM, Furlan Gouvêa FH, Dutra V, Nakazato L, Ribeiro MG, de Aguiar DM. Pyogranulomatous pleuropneumonia caused by Nocardia asiatica in a dog coinfected with canine morbillivirus (canine distemper virus). Vet Med Sci 2019; 6:25-31. [PMID: 31573747 PMCID: PMC7036312 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nocardia asiatica causing pyogranulomatous pleuropneumonia is reported for the first time in a dog coinfected with canine morbillivirus (CM), diagnosed based on epidemiological, clinical, haematological, images, microbiological, histopathological, polymerase chain reaction and hsp65 gene sequencing findings. The immunosuppression of CM probably favoured the opportunistic behaviour of N. asiatica. Despite the therapeutic measures, the animal died, mainly due to respiratory distress. The association of methods to improve early diagnosis, therapy procedures and prognosis of canine nocardiosis is discussed, as well as the close relationship between pets and their owners, which may favour the transmission of pathogens such as Nocardia from pets‐to‐humans, which poses an emerging public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allyne Isabela Teixeira Ribeiro
- Infectious Diseases Sector, Veterinary Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary (HOVET-FAVET), Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Valéria Dutra
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, HOVET-FAVET, UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Luciano Nakazato
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, HOVET-FAVET, UFMT, Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Márcio Garcia Ribeiro
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Tan YE, Chen SCA, Halliday CL. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and species distribution of medically relevant Nocardia species: Results from a large tertiary laboratory in Australia. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2019; 20:110-117. [PMID: 31400449 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2019.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are limited surveillance studies on the epidemiology and resistance rates ofNocardia spp. in Australia, particularly in the jurisdiction of New South Wales. This study aimed to investigate the species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of a large number of contemporary (2011-2016) clinical Nocardia spp. referred to a large tertiary hospital in Sydney, Australia. METHODS A total of 270Nocardia spp. isolates identified to species level by dual-target gene sequencing were investigated. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using a Sensititre™ RAPMYCOI panel, with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range and geometric mean MIC obtained for each species and drug combination. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and species distribution were analysed. RESULTS The respiratory system is the most affected site in nocardiosis. In this study, Nocardia nova complex was the most frequently isolated Nocardia spp. (n = 80; 29.6%), followed by Nocardia cyriacigeorgica (n = 61; 22.6%), Nocardia brasiliensis (n = 52; 19.3%) and Nocardia farcinica (n = 38; 14.1%). Of the tested isolates, 9.3% and 59.3% displayed resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) and imipenem, respectively. Nocardia farcinica accounted for the highest number of SXT-resistant isolates. High imipenem resistance in N. cyriacigeorgica is atypical to its drug pattern but has been reported elsewhere. All tested isolates remained susceptible to linezolid, with only 0.7% exhibiting resistance to amikacin. CONCLUSION Linezolid and amikacin remain good empirical options for treatment of nocardiosis. Routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing ofNocardia is advisable with the detection of sulfonamide resistance and atypical antibiograms in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen Ee Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore.
| | - Sharon C-A Chen
- Clinical Mycology Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Catriona L Halliday
- Clinical Mycology Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services, Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), New South Wales Health Pathology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia; Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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7
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Hemmersbach-Miller M, Catania J, Saullo JL. Updates on Nocardia Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in Solid Organ Transplantation. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2019; 21:27. [PMID: 31227922 DOI: 10.1007/s11908-019-0684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Due to their immunocompromised status, solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at risk for Nocardia infections. These infections often necessitate early invasive diagnostics alongside prolonged, often combination antimicrobial therapy. This review summarizes the importance of this pathogen in skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) in SOT recipients inclusive of recently reported cases in the literature and an update on the epidemiology, diagnostics, and management. RECENT FINDINGS Six studies with 13 isolated SSTIs due to Nocardia have been published in the last 5 years in SOT recipients. The most common underlying type of transplant was kidney and time from transplantation to infection varied from 6 months to 16 years. Misdiagnosis was frequent. Available identified species included N. brasiliensis (2), N. farcinica (2), N. flavorosea (1), N. abscessus (1), N. anaemiae (1), N. asteroides (1), N. nova (1), and N. vinacea (1). Treatment choice and duration varied widely, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was utilized most often with no documented infection relapse. Nocardia SSTIs can occur both in isolation and as a component of a disseminated infection. Overall, isolated Nocardia SSTIs are uncommon in SOT recipients and are often initially misdiagnosed. They present multiple challenges to the clinician including evaluation for potential co-pathogens and/or non-infectious processes and ruling out the presence of disseminated infection. While trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole remains the agent of choice for management of most isolated SSTIs, therapy must be tailored to the individual patient based on species-specific susceptibility patterns and formal susceptibility testing, site(s) of infection, and patient tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Hemmersbach-Miller
- Infectious Diseases Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Jelena Catania
- Infectious Disease Section, Orlando Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Orlando, FL, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jennifer L Saullo
- Infectious Diseases Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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8
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Restrepo A, Clark NM. Nocardia infections in solid organ transplantation: Guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation. Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13509. [PMID: 30817024 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
These updated guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Community of Practice of the American Society of Transplantation review the diagnosis, prevention, and management of Nocardia infections after solid organ transplantation (SOT). Nocardia infections have increased in the last two decades, likely due to improved detection and identification methods and an expanding immunocompromised population. The risk of developing nocardiosis after transplantation varies with the type of organ transplanted and the immunosuppression regimen used. Nocardia infection most commonly involves the lung. Disseminated infection can occur, with spread to the bloodstream, skin, or central nervous system. Early recognition of the infection and initial appropriate treatment is important to achieve good outcomes. Species identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing are strongly recommended, as inter- and intraspecies susceptibility patterns can vary. Sulfonamide is the first-line treatment of Nocardia infections, and combination therapy with at least two antimicrobial agents should be used initially for disseminated or severe nocardiosis. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) prophylaxis may be helpful in preventing Nocardia infection after SOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Restrepo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Nina M Clark
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois
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9
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[Cerebral and pulmonary nocardiosis to Nocardia abscessus in an immunocompetent Algerian patient]. J Mycol Med 2019; 28:531-537. [PMID: 29773433 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nocardial brain abscess is often occurring in immunocompromised patients. It is uncommon in immunocompetent individuals. Here, the authors describe a case of cerebral and pulmonary nocardiosis mimicking a metastatic tumor in an apparently health 40-year-old Algerian male. The patient presented multiple brain abscess revealed by inaugural epileptic seizure. He was afebrile and presented with left hemiparesis. Staging imaging showed a nodular lung lesion in the apical segment of the right lower lobe. The patient underwent double craniotomy for resection of the lesion. Culture of the resected specimen isolated Nocardia abscessus. The patient was initially started on intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and intravenous amikacine. He was switched to oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. He finished seven months of antibiotic therapy with a good clinical response. Imaging revealed reduction in the brain abscess and a complete resolution of the lung lesion. Cotrimoxazole was stopped after twelve months of therapy. After two years, the health status of our patient improves day after day. He is however regularly under medical supervision for control exams.
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Ma F, Kang M, Liao YH, Lee GZ, Tang Q, Tang C, Ding YH, Zhong DJ. Nocardial spinal epidural abscess with lumbar disc herniation: A case report and review of literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e13541. [PMID: 30544463 PMCID: PMC6310552 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Nocardial spinal epidural abscess is rare. The diagnosis is often difficult to make and, if delayed, poses a high risk of long-term disability. Nocardial spinal epidural abscess with severe lumbar disc herniation has not previously been reported. PATIENT CONCERNS A 50-year-old man presented with progressive lumbago and leg pain for 6 weeks after receiving acupuncture therapy, and then the patient suddenly occurred urine retention after walking. DIAGNOSES Clinical examination revealed sign of cauda equina syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a Lumbar(L)4 to L5 disc herniation, L3 to Sacrum(S)1 epidural abscess, and L2 to S1 paravertebral abscess. The causative organism was Nocardia farcinica. INTERVENTIONS An urgent paravertebral abscess debridement and right L4 to L5 laminectomy were performed. Simultaneously, the disc tissue protruding into the spinal canal was removed, as well as irrigation and drainage. And antimicrobial treatment was continued for 12 months. OUTCOMES Fortunately, the patient was able to walk with a cane and urinate autonomously without a catheter, although this remained difficult 7 days after surgery. After 1 year of treatment, the patient has recovered completely and returned to work. LESSONS Nocardial spinal epidural abscess with severe lumbar disc herniation is extremely rare. Pain from spinal degenerative diseases often masks the early symptoms of spinal infection. It's worth noting that invasive treatment of spine is a way of causing spinal nocardial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ma
- Department of Spine Surgery
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yin Huan Ding
- Department of Medical laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou City, China
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McTaggart LR, Chen Y, Poopalarajah R, Kus JV. Incubation time and culture media impact success of identification of Nocardia spp. by MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 92:270-274. [PMID: 30025971 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Identification of Nocardia can be challenging, even by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS). We examined the impact of incubation duration, culture media and bead-beading on identification success. When isolates were grown for 3 days on SAB (Saboround dextrose agar), then extracted using a bead-beating, ethanol/formic acid (EtOH/FA) procedure, MALDI-ToF MS correctly identified 36.4% to species level. By contrast, 80.9% of isolates were correctly identified to species level when processed with the standard EtOH/FA extraction from Columbia blood agar (CBA) cultures incubated until colonies first appeared. Excluding rare species, the latter approach correctly identified 93.0% of isolates of commonly-encountered Nocardia species when additional database entries were included to expand representation of select species. We demonstrate that while bead-beating has little impact on identification success by MALDI-ToF MS, analysis of early growth is crucial. Additionally, culture media that promotes quick growth of Nocardia (e.g. CBA) is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R McTaggart
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1M1
| | - Yan Chen
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1M1
| | | | - Julianne V Kus
- Public Health Ontario, 661 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1M1.
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Marín M, Ruiz A, Iglesias C, Quiroga L, Cercenado E, Martín-Rabadán P, Bouza E, Rodríguez-Sánchez B. Identification of Nocardia species from clinical isolates using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Clin Microbiol Infect 2018; 24:1342.e5-1342.e8. [PMID: 29933050 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of Nocardia isolates still represents a challenge for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) despite its acceptance for most bacterial and fungal isolates. In this study we evaluate the identification of Nocardia isolates using direct spotting and an updated database. Overall, 82 Nocardia isolates belonging to 13 species were identified by DNA sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA and secA1 genes. Nine of these well-characterized isolates from 6 Nocardia species were used to create an in-house library. The remaining 73 isolates were directly spotted on the target plate and on-plate protein extraction was performed. The protein spectra obtained were analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS using the BDAL database (Bruker Daltonics) updated with 6,903 MSPs or the combination of this commercial database and our in-house library. As a result, the use of the commercial database alone and in combination with the in-house library yielded 94.5% and 95.9% of correct species-level identifications, respectively, No isolate was misidentified at the genus level with either database. Besides, the use of the in-house library allowed the species-level identification of a N. otitidiscaviarum isolate that could only be identified at the genus-level with a score value <1.6 using the commercial database. In conclusion, the implementation of the direct spotting method and the in-house database provided a high rate of correct species assignment of Nocardia isolates despite the low number of isolates added. Further addition of well-characterized Nocardia isolates may ensure the rapid, accurate and inexpensive identification of most isolates encountered in the routine of the microbiology laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marín
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain; Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Ruiz
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Iglesias
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain
| | - L Quiroga
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Cercenado
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES CB06/06/0058), Madrid, Spain; Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - P Martín-Rabadán
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Bouza
- Medicine Department, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain.
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Fatahi-Bafghi M. Nocardiosis from 1888 to 2017. Microb Pathog 2017; 114:369-384. [PMID: 29146497 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The genus Nocardia is an aerobic bacterium, Gram-positive and catalase positive that is in Nocardiaceae family. This bacterium first described by Edmond Nocard in 1888 and is not in human commensal bacteria. To date, nocardiosis incidence is increasing due to increase population growth rate, increase in patients with immune disorder diseases and immunocompromised patients. We surveyed taxonomic position, isolation methods, phenotypic and molecular identification at the genus and species levels, antibiogram, treatment and epidemiology in the world from 1888 to 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Fatahi-Bafghi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
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Valdezate S, Garrido N, Carrasco G, Medina-Pascual MJ, Villalón P, Navarro AM, Saéz-Nieto JA. Epidemiology and susceptibility to antimicrobial agents of the main Nocardia species in Spain. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:754-761. [PMID: 27999029 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aims of this study were to explore the clinical distribution, by species, of the genus Nocardia and to assess the antimicrobial susceptibilities of the 10 most prevalent species identified in Spain. Methods Over a 10 year period (2005-14), 1119 Nocardia strains were molecularly identified and subjected to the Etest. The distribution and resistance trends over the sub-periods 2005-09 and 2010-14 were also examined. Results Of the strains examined, 82.9% belonged to the following species: Nocardia cyriacigeorgica (25.3%), Nocardia nova (15.0%), Nocardia abscessus (12.7%), Nocardia farcinica (11.4%), Nocardia carnea (4.3%), Nocardia brasiliensis (3.5%), Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (3.1%), Nocardia flavorosea (2.6%), Nocardia rhamnosiphila (2.6%) and Nocardia transvalensis (2.4%). Their prevalence values were similar during 2005-09 and 2010-14, except for those of N. abscessus , N. farcinica and N. transvalensis , which fell significantly in the second sub-period ( P ≤ 0.05). The major location of isolation was the respiratory tract (∼86%). Half (13/27) of all strains from the CNS were N. farcinica . Significant differences in MIC results were recorded for some species between the two sub-periods. According to the CLSI's breakpoints, low resistance rates (≤15%) were recorded for seven species with respect to cefotaxime, imipenem and tobramycin; five species showed similar rates with respect to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Linezolid and amikacin were the most frequently active agents. Conclusion The accurate identification of the infecting species and the determination of its susceptibility to antimicrobial agents, given the large number of strains with atypical patterns, are crucial if patients with nocardiosis are to be successfully treated.
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Chen W, Liu Y, Barkema HW, Gao J, De Buck J, Kastelic JP, Liu G, Ali T, Shahid M, Han B. Short communication: Molecular characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility, and pathogenicity of clinical Nocardia cyriacigeorgica isolates from an outbreak of bovine mastitis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8414-8421. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Yarbrough ML, Lainhart W, Burnham CAD. Identification of Nocardia, Streptomyces, and Tsukamurella using MALDI-TOF MS with the Bruker Biotyper. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 89:92-97. [PMID: 28811116 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nocardia species are the most commonly isolated aerobic actinomycetes from human clinical specimens. Our objective was to assess the identification of clinically relevant actinomycetes using the Bruker Biotyper MALDI-TOF system, including comparison of extraction methods, Biotyper library versions, score cutoffs, and media. Banked Streptomyces (n=10), Tsukamurella (n=2), and Nocardia isolates (n=60) were cultured and extracted using three methods: mycobacterial extraction, ethanol formic acid extraction, or direct on-target extraction. Following MALDI-TOF analysis, spectra were analyzed using versions 5 and 6 of the BDAL Biotyper library. Optimal species-level identifications for Nocardia were achieved using BDAL v6 at a score cutoff of ≥1.8 after direct extraction (49/60, 82%). Overall, the Biotyper platform with BDAL v6 accurately identified 12/16 species of Nocardia, demonstrating the utility of MALDI-TOF for identification of clinically relevant actinomycetes without the need for supplementation of the database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie L Yarbrough
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8118, Saint Louis, MO, 63110.
| | - William Lainhart
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8118, Saint Louis, MO, 63110
| | - Carey-Ann D Burnham
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave, Campus Box 8118, Saint Louis, MO, 63110
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Cruz-Rabadán JS, Miranda-Ríos J, Espín-Ocampo G, Méndez-Tovar LJ, Maya-Pineda HR, Hernández-Hernández F. Non-Coding RNAs are Differentially Expressed by Nocardia brasiliensis in Vitro and in Experimental Actinomycetoma. Open Microbiol J 2017; 11:112-125. [PMID: 28839491 PMCID: PMC5543724 DOI: 10.2174/1874285801711010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Nocardia spp. are common soil-inhabiting bacteria that frequently infect humans through traumatic injuries or inhalation routes and cause infections, such as actinomycetoma and nocardiosis, respectively. Nocardia brasiliensis is the main aetiological agent of actinomycetoma in various countries. Many bacterial non-coding RNAs are regulators of genes associated with virulence factors. Objective: The aim of this work was to identify non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) expressed during infection conditions and in free-living form (in vitro) in Nocardia brasiliensis. Methods and Result: The N. brasiliensis transcriptome (predominately < 200 nucleotides) was determined by RNA next-generation sequencing in both conditions. A total of seventy ncRNAs were identified in both conditions. Among these ncRNAs, 18 were differentially expressed, 12 were located within intergenic regions, and 2 were encoded as antisense of 2 different genes. Finally, 10 of these ncRNAs were studied by rapid amplification of cDNA ends and/or quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Interestingly, 3 transcripts corresponded to tRNA-derived fragments (tRNAsCys, Met, Thr), and one transcript was overlapped between an intergenic region and the 5´end of the 23S rRNA. Expression of these last four transcripts was increased during N. brasiliensis infection compared with the in vitro conditions. Conclusion: The results of this work suggest a possible role for these transcripts in the regulation of virulence genes in actinomycetoma pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josué S Cruz-Rabadán
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Juan Miranda-Ríos
- Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría and Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Guadalupe Espín-Ocampo
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - Luis J Méndez-Tovar
- Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Héctor Rubén Maya-Pineda
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Francisca Hernández-Hernández
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
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Chen W, Liu Y, Zhang L, Gu X, Liu G, Shahid M, Gao J, Ali T, Han B. Nocardia cyriacigeogica from Bovine Mastitis Induced In vitro Apoptosis of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells via Activation of Mitochondrial-Caspase Pathway. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:194. [PMID: 28573110 PMCID: PMC5435817 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocardia is one of the causing agents of bovine mastitis and increasing prevalence of nocardial mastitis in shape of serious outbreaks has been reported from many countries. However, the mechanisms by which this pathogen damages the bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) is not yet studied. Therefore, this study was designed with the aim to evaluate the apoptotic effects elicited by Nocardia and to investigate the pathway by which the Nocardia induce apoptosis in bMECs. Clinical Nocardia cyriacigeorgica strain from bovine mastitis was used to infect the bMECs for different time intervals, viz. 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 h, and then the induced effects on bMECs were studied using adhesion and invasion assays, release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), apoptosis analysis by annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) double staining, morphological, and ultrastructural observations under scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) assay using flow cytometry, and the protein quantification of mitochondrial cytochrome c and caspase-9 and caspase-3 by western blotting. The results of this study showed that N. cyriacigeorgica possessed the abilities of adhesion and invasion to bMECs. N. cyriacigeorgica was found to collapse mitochondrial transmembrane potential, significantly (p < 0.05) release mitochondrial cytochrome c and ultimately induce cell apoptosis. Additionally, it promoted casepase-9 (p < 0.01) and casepase-3 (p < 0.05) levels, significantly (p < 0.01) increased the release of LDH and promoted DNA fragmentation which further confirmed the apoptosis. Furthermore, N. cyriacigeorgica induced apoptosis/necrosis manifested specific ultrastructure features under TEM, such as swollen endoplasmic reticulum, cristae degeneration, and swelling of mitochondria, vesicle formation on the cell surface, rupturing of cell membrane and nuclear membrane, clumping, fragmentation, and margination of chromatin. The present study is the first comprehensive insight into patho-morphological ultrastructural features of apoptosis/necrosis induced by N. cyriacigeorgica, which concluded that the clinical N. cyriacigeorgica induced apoptotic changes in the bMECs through mitochondrial-caspase dependent apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Yongxia Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural UniversityTai'an, China
| | - Limei Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiaolong Gu
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Tariq Ali
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Bo Han
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
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Rahdar HA, Azadi D, Shojaei H, Daei-Naser A. Molecular analysis and species diversity of Nocardia in the hospital environment in a developing country, a potential health hazard. J Med Microbiol 2017; 66:334-341. [PMID: 28100300 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite hundreds of reports on the isolation of Nocardia from clinical samples, the presence and diversity of Nocardia species that are capable of survival in a harsh and adverse condition, such as a hospital environment, have not been comprehensively studied. The aim of this study was to assess Nocardia species diversity in a hospital environment to provide a better insight into their potential threat as a reservoir for the development of nosocomial infections. METHODOLOGY A total of 90 samples of hospital water, dust and soil, collected from 30 hospitals, were analysed for the presence of Nocardia using standard protocols for isolation and characterization of the isolates. Conventional tests were used for preliminary identification, and PCR amplification of the 596 bp amplicon of the 16S rRNA and sequence analysis of 16S rRNA were performed for genus and species identification. RESULTS A total of 25 Nocardia isolates (27.7 %) from 10 species were recovered from 90 samples. The three most prevalent species were N. cyriacigeorgica, 24 %, N. asteroides, 16 % and N. kroppenstedtii, 12 %, followed by N. salmonicida-like, 8 % and single isolates of N.otitidiscaviarum, N. flavorozea-like, N. neocaledoniensis-like and N. sungurluensis-like. Thirteen out of twenty five isolates showed characteristics of six novel species. CONCLUSION Our study showed that the hospital environment is a potential reservoir of a diverse range of Nocardia species, due to the remarkable survival capability of these bacteria in an adverse hospital environment, which carries a threat to the health of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ali Rahdar
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Davood Azadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hasan Shojaei
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Abbass Daei-Naser
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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McGuinness SL, Whiting SE, Baird R, Currie BJ, Ralph AP, Anstey NM, Price RN, Davis JS, Tong SYC. Nocardiosis in the Tropical Northern Territory of Australia, 1997-2014. Open Forum Infect Dis 2016; 3:ofw208. [PMID: 27942539 PMCID: PMC5144655 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofw208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nocardia is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause life-threatening disease. We aimed to characterize the epidemiological, microbiological, and clinical features of nocardiosis in the tropical north of Australia. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of nocardiosis diagnosed between 1997 and 2014. Population-based incidences were calculated using district population data. RESULTS Clinically significant nocardiosis was identified in 61 patients. The unadjusted population-based annual incidence of nocardiosis was 2.02 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.55-2.60) per 100000 people and was 1.7 (95% CI, .96-2.90) fold higher in Indigenous compared with non-Indigenous persons (P = .027). Of 61 patients, 47 (77%) had chronic lung disease, diabetes, and/or hazardous alcohol consumption; 22 (36%) were immunocompromised; and 8 (13%) had no identified comorbidities. Disease presentations included pulmonary (69%; 42 of 61), cutaneous (13%; 8 of 61), and disseminated nocardiosis (15%; 9 of 61). The most commonly identified species were Nocardia asteroides and Nocardia cyriacigeorgica (each 11%). Linezolid was the only antimicrobial to which isolates were universally susceptible; 89% (48 of 54), 60% (32 of 53), and 48% (26 of 54) of isolates were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, ceftriaxone, and imipenem, respectively. Eighteen patients (30%) required intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and 1-year mortality was 31%. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of nocardiosis in tropical Australia is amongst the highest reported globally. Nocardiosis occurs in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent hosts, and it is associated with high rates of ICU admission, 1-year mortality, and resistance to commonly recommended antimicrobials. Diagnosis should be considered in patients with consistent clinical features, particularly if they are Indigenous or have chronic lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rob Baird
- Department of Infectious Diseases and; Territory Pathology, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia
| | - Bart J Currie
- Department of Infectious Diseases and; Global and Tropical Health, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Anna P Ralph
- Department of Infectious Diseases and; Global and Tropical Health, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Nicholas M Anstey
- Department of Infectious Diseases and; Global and Tropical Health, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Ric N Price
- Department of Infectious Diseases and; Global and Tropical Health, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia;; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua S Davis
- Global and Tropical Health, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia;; Department of Infectious Diseases, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Steven Y C Tong
- Department of Infectious Diseases and; Global and Tropical Health, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
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Genomic Changes Associated with the Loss of Nocardia brasiliensis Virulence in Mice after 200 In Vitro Passages. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2595-606. [PMID: 27354446 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00329-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocardia species, particularly Nocardia brasiliensis, are etiologic agents of mycetoma, a chronic subcutaneous infection. Until now, little has been known about the pathogenic mechanisms involved in nocardial infection. Traditionally, subculture in rich media has been a simple way to induce attenuation. In this work, we report the changes in virulence toward mice and in genomic constitution of N. brasiliensis produced after 200 continuous subcultures in brain heart infusion (BHI) medium (P-200 strain). The ability of the N. brasiliensis P-200 strain to produce experimental infection was tested using BALB/c mice. P-200 was also used to immunize mice to determine whether it could induce resistance against a challenge with a nonsubcultured isolate (P-0). Comparative proteomic analysis between N. brasiliensis P-0 and P-200 was performed by two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis, and the genome sequence was obtained through Roche 454 sequence analysis. Virulence in BALB/c mice was completely lost, and BALB/c mice immunized with P-200 bacterial cells were resistant to mycetoma production by the nonsubcultured strain. Whole-genome sequence analysis revealed that P-200 lost a total of 262,913 bp distributed in 19 deleted regions, involving a total of 213 open reading frames (ORFs). The deleted genes included those encoding bacterial virulence factors, e.g., catalase, nitrate reductase enzymes, and a group of mammalian cell entry (MCE) family proteins, which may explain the loss of virulence of the isolate. Thus, completely attenuated N. brasiliensis was obtained after 200 passages in BHI medium, and putative Nocardia virulence genes were identified for the first time.
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Raby E, Hiew V, Arthur I. A case of Nocardia mexicana cerebral abscess highlights deficiencies in susceptibility testing and the utility of direct molecular identification. Pathology 2016; 48:508-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mifuji Lira RM, Limón Flores AY, Salinas Carmona MC, Ortiz Stern A. Experimental Granulomatous Pulmonary Nocardiosis in BALB/C Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157475. [PMID: 27303806 PMCID: PMC4909231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary nocardiosis is a granulomatous disease with high mortality that affects both immunosuppressed and immunocompetent patients. The mechanisms leading to the establishment and progression of the infection are currently unknown. An animal model to study these mechanisms is sorely needed. We report the first in vivo model of granulomatous pulmonary nocardiosis that closely resembles human pathology. BALB/c mice infected intranasally with two different doses of GFP-expressing Nocardia brasiliensis ATCC700358 (NbGFP), develop weight loss and pulmonary granulomas. Mice infected with 109 CFUs progressed towards death within a week while mice infected with 108 CFUs died after five to six months. Histological examination of the lungs revealed that both the higher and lower doses of NbGFP induced granulomas with NbGFP clearly identifiable at the center of the lesions. Mice exposed to 108 CFUs and subsequently to 109 CFUs were not protected against disease severity but had less granulomas suggesting some degree of protection. Attempts to identify a cellular target for the infection were unsuccessful but we found that bacterial microcolonies in the suspension used to infect mice were responsible for the establishment of the disease. Small microcolonies of NbGFP, incompatible with nocardial doubling times starting from unicellular organisms, were identified in the lung as early as six hours after infection. Mice infected with highly purified unicellular preparations of NbGFP did not develop granulomas despite showing weight loss. Finally, intranasal delivery of nocardial microcolonies was enough for mice to develop granulomas with minimal weight loss. Taken together these results show that Nocardia brasiliensis microcolonies are both necessary and sufficient for the development of granulomatous pulmonary nocardiosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roque M. Mifuji Lira
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Alberto Yairh Limón Flores
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Mario César Salinas Carmona
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Alejandro Ortiz Stern
- Departamento de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
- * E-mail:
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Carrasco G, de Dios Caballero J, Garrido N, Valdezate S, Cantón R, Sáez-Nieto JA. Shortcomings of the Commercial MALDI-TOF MS Database and Use of MLSA as an Arbiter in the Identification of Nocardia Species. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:542. [PMID: 27148228 PMCID: PMC4838697 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nocardia species are difficult to identify, a consequence of the ever increasing number of species known and their homogeneous genetic characteristics. 16S rRNA analysis has been the gold standard for identifying these organisms, but proteomic techniques such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF MS) and housekeeping gene analysis, have also been explored. One hundred high (n = 25), intermediate (n = 20), and low (n = 55) prevalence (for Spain) Nocardia strains belonging to 30 species were identified via 16S rRNA and MALDI-TOF MS analysis. The manufacturer-provided database MALDI Biotyper library v4.0 (5.627 entries, Bruker Daltonik) was employed. In the high prevalence group (Nocardia farcinica, N. abscessus, N. cyriacigeorgica and N. nova), the 16S rRNA and MALDI-TOF MS methods provided the same identification for 76% of the strains examined. For the intermediate prevalence group (N. brasiliensis, N. carnea, N. otitidiscaviarum and N. transvalensis complex), this figure fell to 45%. In the low-prevalence group (22 species), these two methods were concordant only in six strains at the species level. Tetra-gene multi-locus sequencing analysis (MLSA) involving the concatemer gyrB-16S rRNA-hsp65-secA1 was used to arbitrate between discrepant identifications (n = 67). Overall, the MLSA confirmed the results provided at species level by 16S rRNA analysis in 34.3% of discrepancies, and those provided by MALDI-TOF MS in 13.4%. MALDI-TOF MS could be a strong candidate for the identification of Nocardia species, but only if its reference spectrum database improves, especially with respect to unusual, recently described species and species included in the described Nocardia complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Carrasco
- Área de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid Spain
| | - Juan de Dios Caballero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid Spain
| | - Noelia Garrido
- Área de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid Spain
| | - Sylvia Valdezate
- Área de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid Spain
| | - Rafael Cantón
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal and Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria, Madrid Spain
| | - Juan A Sáez-Nieto
- Área de Bacteriología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid Spain
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Sharma P, Kalita MC, Thakur D. Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity of Forest-Derived Soil Actinomycete, Nocardia sp. PB-52. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:347. [PMID: 27047463 PMCID: PMC4796592 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A mesophilic actinomycete strain designated as PB-52 was isolated from soil samples of Pobitora Wildlife Sanctuary of Assam, India. Based on phenotypic and molecular characteristics, the strain was identified as Nocardia sp. which shares 99.7% sequence similarity with Nocardia niigatensis IFM 0330 (NR_112195). The strain is a Gram-positive filamentous bacterium with rugose spore surface which exhibited a wide range of antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Gram-negative bacteria, and yeasts. Optimization for the growth and antimicrobial activity of the strain PB-52 was carried out in batch culture under shaking condition. The optimum growth and antimicrobial potential of the strain were recorded in GLM medium at 28°C, initial pH 7.4 of the medium and incubation period of 8 days. Based on polyketide synthases (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) gene-targeted PCR amplification, the occurrence of both of these biosynthetic pathways was detected which might be involved in the production of antimicrobial compounds in PB-52. Extract of the fermented broth culture of PB-52 was prepared with organic solvent extraction method using ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract of PB-52 (EA-PB-52) showed lowest minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against S. aureus MTCC 96 (0.975 μg/mL) whereas highest was recorded against Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 (62.5 μg/mL). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that treatment of the test microorganisms with EA-PB-52 destroyed the targeted cells with prominent loss of cell shape and integrity. In order to determine the constituents responsible for its antimicrobial activity, EA-PB-52 was subjected to chemical analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). GC-MS analysis showed the presence of twelve different chemical constituents in the extract, some of which are reported to possess diverse biological activity. These results confirmed that the presence of bioactive constituents in EA-PB-52 could be a promising source for the development of potent antimicrobial agents effective against wide range of microbial pathogens including MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sharma
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and TechnologyGuwahati, India
| | - Mohan C. Kalita
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati UniversityGuwahati, India
| | - Debajit Thakur
- Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and TechnologyGuwahati, India
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Genotyping of Nocardia farcinica with multilocus sequence typing. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:771-8. [PMID: 26972429 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nocardia are aerobic Gram-positive saprophytes that are widely distributed in nature, but some species cause nocardiosis, especially opportunistic infections that affect immunocompromised patients mostly. In this study, we developed a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme using seven housekeeping genes (gyrB, hsp65, secA1, rpoB, rpoA, recA, and trpB) for genotyping the most common clinical species, Nocardia farcinica (37 clinical isolates from the patients with nocardiosis and seven from animals in China and 15 reference strains). The results showed that using these loci could perform accurate identification among different species, and high discriminative power within the N. farcinica species. Of the 59 N. farcinica isolates, 44 sequence types have been identified; 32 STs covering 46 isolates could be assigned to six clonal complexes that encompassed most of the collected strains. The results showed that these strains displayed a sufficiently informative population structure using this method. Our study also provided a suitable approach for epidemiological studies of N. farcinica. A large clonal complex comprising 16 strains was identified, and was notable for its wide distribution and host adaptation. This complex should be monitored closely and merits further study.
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[Skin infection after infiltration by Nocardia cerradoensis]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2015; 34:325-6. [PMID: 26460181 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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