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Cruciani A, Lanzone J, Musumeci G, Di Lazzaro V, Marano M. Focal vibrations enhance somatosensory facilitation in healthy subjects: A pilot study on Equistasi ® and high-frequency oscillations. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1052989. [PMID: 36504649 PMCID: PMC9727278 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1052989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Equistasi® is a vibrotactile device composed of nanotechnology fibers that converts temperature change into mechanical energy by self-producing a focal vibration. It is used in non-pharmacological rehabilitation in patients with movement disorders and multiple sclerosis sequelae. Nonetheless, the mechanism underlying such an improvement in motor functions is still poorly understood. Objectives We designed a small uncontrolled pilot trial to explore the effect of Equistasi® on the somatosensory pathway through the analysis of high-frequency oscillations (HFOs). Methods For all the included subjects, we recorded somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) at the baseline (T0) and at 60 min after the application of Equistasi® (T1) on the seventh cervical vertebra level and at the forearm over each flexor carpi radialis, bilaterally. Then, we extracted the HFOs from the N20 signal and compared the HFO duration and area under the curve pre- and post-Equistasi® application. Results In a head-to-head comparison of T0 to T1 data, there was a statistically significant reduction in the total HFO area (p < 0.01), which was prominent for the late component (p = 0.025). No statistical differences have been found between T0 and T1 HFO duration (p > 0.05). We further evaluated the N20 amplitude from the onset to the N20 peak to avoid possible interpretational bias. No statistical differences have been found between T0 and T1 (p = 0.437). Conclusion Our clinical hypothesis, supported by preliminary data, is that vibrotactile afference delivered by the device could work by interfering with the somatosensory processing, rather than by peripheral effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cruciani
- Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy,Operative Research Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Lanzone
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Neurorehabilitation Unit of Milan Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Gabriella Musumeci
- Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy,Operative Research Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy,Operative Research Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Marano
- Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy,Operative Research Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy,*Correspondence: Massimo Marano
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Norioka R, Shimizu T, Bokuda K, Morishima R, Kawazoe T, Kimura H, Asano Y, Nakayama Y, Takahashi K. Enlarged high frequency oscillations of the median nerve somatosensory evoked potential and survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clin Neurophysiol 2021; 132:2003-2011. [PMID: 34284234 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2021.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A large N20 and P25 of the median nerve somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) predicts short survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We investigated whether high frequency oscillations (HFOs) over N20 are enlarged and associated with survival in ALS. METHODS A total of 145 patients with ALS and 57 healthy subjects were studied. We recorded the median nerve SEP and measured the onset-to-peak amplitude of N20 (N20o-p), and peak-to-peak amplitude between N20 and P25 (N20p-P25p). We obtained early and late HFO potentials by filtering SEP between 500 and 1 kHz, and measured the peak-to-peak amplitude. We followed up patients until endpoints (death or tracheostomy) and analyzed the relationship between SEP or HFO amplitudes and survival using a Cox analysis. RESULTS Patients showed larger N20o-p, N20p-P25p, and early and late HFO amplitudes than the control values. N20p-P25p was associated with survival periods (p = 0.0004), while early and late HFO amplitudes showed no significant association with survival (p = 0.4307, and p = 0.6858, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The HFO amplitude in ALS is increased, but does not predict survival. SIGNIFICANCE The enlarged HFOs in ALS might be a compensatory phenomenon to the hyperexcitability of the sensory cortex pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Norioka
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshio Shimizu
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kota Bokuda
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Morishima
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kawazoe
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuri Asano
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakayama
- Unit for Intractable Disease Nursing Care, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazushi Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Yu F, Tang X, Hu R, Liang S, Wang W, Tian S, Wu Y, Yuan TF, Zhu Y. The After-Effect of Accelerated Intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation at Different Session Intervals. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:576. [PMID: 32670006 PMCID: PMC7330092 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aims to investigate the after-effect of three sessions of intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) on motor cortical excitability. The iTBS was induced over the primary motor cortex (M1) at different time intervals. METHODS The study has a crossover design. Sixteen participants were assigned to three groups and received different accelerated iTBS (aiTBS) protocols during each visit: (1) three continuous sessions with no interval (iTBS18000); (2) three iTBS sessions with 10-min intervals (iTBS600 × 3∗10); and (3) three iTBS sessions with 30-min intervals (iTBS600 × 3∗30). As washout period, each visit is separated by at least 7 days. We measured the motor cortical excitability changes and intracortical inhibition. RESULTS A dose of 1,800 pulses of aiTBS per day is tolerable. The iTBS1800 led to a reduced cortical excitability; whereas iTBS600 × 3∗10 and iTBS600 × 3∗30 enhanced cortical excitability to a differential extent. After a total dose of 1,800 pulses, iTBS600 × 3∗30 exhibited the longer effect and highest percentage of individuals with enhanced cortical excitability. CONCLUSION The results suggest that aiTBS protocols at different time intervals result in different motor cortical excitability after-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyun Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinwei Tang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiping Hu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijie Liang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weining Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yulian Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Gerner N, Thomschewski A, Marcu A, Trinka E, Höller Y. Pitfalls in Scalp High-Frequency Oscillation Detection From Long-Term EEG Monitoring. Front Neurol 2020; 11:432. [PMID: 32582002 PMCID: PMC7280487 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Intracranially recorded high-frequency oscillations (>80 Hz) are considered a candidate epilepsy biomarker. Recent studies claimed their detectability on the scalp surface. We aimed to investigate the applicability of high-frequency oscillation analysis to routine surface EEG obtained at an epilepsy monitoring unit. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed surface EEGs of 18 patients with focal epilepsy and six controls, recorded during sleep under maximal medication withdrawal. As a proof of principle, the occurrence of motor task-related events during wakefulness was analyzed in a subsample of six patients with seizure- or syncope-related motor symptoms. Ripples (80-250 Hz) and fast ripples (>250 Hz) were identified by semi-automatic detection. Using semi-parametric statistics, differences in spontaneous and task-related occurrence rates were examined within subjects and between diagnostic groups considering the factors diagnosis, brain region, ripple type, and task condition. Results: We detected high-frequency oscillations in 17 out of 18 patients and in four out of six controls. Results did not show statistically significant differences in the mean rates of event occurrences, neither regarding the laterality of the epileptic focus, nor with respect to active and inactive task conditions, or the moving hand laterality. Significant differences in general spontaneous incidence [WTS(1) = 9.594; p = 0.005] that indicated higher rates of fast ripples compared to ripples, notably in patients with epilepsy compared to the control group, may be explained by variations in data quality. Conclusion: The current analysis methods are prone to biases. A common agreement on a standard operating procedure is needed to ensure reliable and economic detection of high-frequency oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Gerner
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler Medical Centre, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria,Department of Mathematics, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Aljoscha Thomschewski
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler Medical Centre, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria,Department of Mathematics, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria,*Correspondence: Aljoscha Thomschewski
| | - Adrian Marcu
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler Medical Centre, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler Medical Centre, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Yvonne Höller
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Doppler Medical Centre, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria,Department of Psychology, University of Akureyri, Akureyri, Iceland
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Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation-Electroencephalography Measures of Cortical Neuroplasticity Are Altered after Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:2774-2784. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Rocchi L, Erro R, Antelmi E, Berardelli A, Tinazzi M, Liguori R, Bhatia K, Rothwell J. High frequency somatosensory stimulation increases sensori-motor inhibition and leads to perceptual improvement in healthy subjects. Clin Neurophysiol 2017; 128:1015-1025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2017.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Antelmi E, Erro R, Rocchi L, Liguori R, Tinazzi M, Di Stasio F, Berardelli A, Rothwell JC, Bhatia KP. Neurophysiological correlates of abnormal somatosensory temporal discrimination in dystonia. Mov Disord 2016; 32:141-148. [PMID: 27671708 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold is often prolonged in patients with dystonia. Previous evidence suggested that this might be caused by impaired somatosensory processing in the time domain. Here, we tested if other markers of reduced inhibition in the somatosensory system might also contribute to abnormal somatosensory temporal discrimination in dystonia. METHODS Somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold was measured in 19 patients with isolated cervical dystonia and 19 age-matched healthy controls. We evaluated temporal somatosensory inhibition using paired-pulse somatosensory evoked potentials, spatial somatosensory inhibition by measuring the somatosensory evoked potentials interaction between simultaneous stimulation of the digital nerves in thumb and index finger, and Gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic (GABAergic) sensory inhibition using the early and late components of high-frequency oscillations in digital nerves somatosensory evoked potentials. RESULTS When compared with healthy controls, dystonic patients had longer somatosensory temporal discrimination thresholds, reduced suppression of cortical and subcortical paired-pulse somatosensory evoked potentials, less spatial inhibition of simultaneous somatosensory evoked potentials, and a smaller area of the early component of the high-frequency oscillations. A logistic regression analysis found that paired pulse suppression of the N20 component at an interstimulus interval of 5 milliseconds and the late component of the high-frequency oscillations were independently related to somatosensory temporal discrimination thresholds. "Dystonia group" was also a predictor of enhanced somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold, indicating a dystonia-specific effect that independently influences this threshold. CONCLUSIONS Increased somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold in dystonia is related to reduced activity of inhibitory circuits within the primary somatosensory cortex. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Antelmi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCSS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico; Research Hospital, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Erro
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy
| | - Rocco Liguori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCSS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico; Research Hospital, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Flavio Di Stasio
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - John C Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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Somatosensory Temporal Discrimination Threshold Involves Inhibitory Mechanisms in the Primary Somatosensory Area. J Neurosci 2016; 36:325-35. [PMID: 26758826 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2008-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold (STDT) is defined as the shortest time interval necessary for a pair of tactile stimuli to be perceived as separate. Although STDT is altered in several neurological disorders, its neural bases are not entirely clear. We used continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) to condition the excitability of the primary somatosensory cortex in healthy humans to examine its possible contribution to STDT. Excitability was assessed using the recovery cycle of the N20 component of somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) and the area of high-frequency oscillations (HFO). cTBS increased STDT and reduced inhibition in the N20 recovery cycle at an interstimulus interval of 5 ms. It also reduced the amplitude of late HFO. All three effects were correlated. There was no effect of cTBS over the secondary somatosensory cortex on STDT, although it reduced the N120 component of the SEP. STDT is assessed conventionally with a simple ascending method. To increase insight into the effect of cTBS, we measured temporal discrimination with a psychophysical method. cTBS reduced the slope of the discrimination curve, consistent with a reduction of the quality of sensory information caused by an increase in noise. We hypothesize that cTBS reduces the effectiveness of inhibitory interactions normally used to sharpen temporal processing of sensory inputs. This reduction in discriminability of sensory input is equivalent to adding neural noise to the signal. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Precise timing of sensory information is crucial for nearly every aspect of human perception and behavior. One way to assess the ability to analyze temporal information in the somatosensory domain is to measure the somatosensory temporal discrimination threshold (STDT), defined as the shortest time interval necessary for a pair of tactile stimuli to be perceived as separate. In this study, we found that STDT depends on inhibitory mechanisms within the primary somatosensory area (S1). This finding helps interpret the sensory processing deficits in neurological diseases, such as focal dystonia and Parkinson's disease, and possibly prompts future studies using neurostimulation techniques over S1 for therapeutic purposes in dystonic patients.
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Jones CB, Lulic T, Bailey AZ, Mackenzie TN, Mi YQ, Tommerdahl M, Nelson AJ. Metaplasticity in human primary somatosensory cortex: effects on physiology and tactile perception. J Neurophysiol 2016; 115:2681-91. [PMID: 26984422 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00630.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) over human primary motor cortex evokes plasticity and metaplasticity, the latter contributing to the homeostatic balance of excitation and inhibition. Our knowledge of TBS-induced effects on primary somatosensory cortex (SI) is limited, and it is unknown whether TBS induces metaplasticity within human SI. Sixteen right-handed participants (6 females, mean age 23 yr) received two TBS protocols [continuous TBS (cTBS) and intermittent TBS (iTBS)] delivered in six different combinations over SI in separate sessions. TBS protocols were delivered at 30 Hz and were as follows: a single cTBS protocol, a single iTBS protocol, cTBS followed by cTBS, iTBS followed by iTBS, cTBS followed by iTBS, and iTBS followed by cTBS. Measures included the amplitudes of the first and second somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) via median nerve stimulation, their paired-pulse ratio (PPR), and temporal order judgment (TOJ). Dependent measures were obtained before TBS and at 5, 25, 50, and 90 min following stimulation. Results indicate similar effects following cTBS and iTBS; increased amplitudes of the second SEP and PPR without amplitude changes to SEP 1, and impairments in TOJ. Metaplasticity was observed such that TOJ impairments following a single cTBS protocol were abolished following consecutive cTBS protocols. Additionally, consecutive iTBS protocols altered the time course of effects when compared with a single iTBS protocol. In conclusion, 30-Hz cTBS and iTBS protocols delivered in isolation induce effects consistent with a TBS-induced reduction in intracortical inhibition within SI. Furthermore, cTBS- and iTBS-induced metaplasticity appear to follow homeostatic and nonhomeostatic rules, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina B Jones
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Tea Lulic
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Aaron Z Bailey
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Tanner N Mackenzie
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Yi Qun Mi
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Mark Tommerdahl
- Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Aimee J Nelson
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; and
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Chung SW, Hill AT, Rogasch NC, Hoy KE, Fitzgerald PB. Use of theta-burst stimulation in changing excitability of motor cortex: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 63:43-64. [PMID: 26850210 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive brain stimulation has been demonstrated to modulate cortical activity in humans. In particular, theta burst stimulation (TBS) has gained notable attention due to its ability to induce lasting physiological changes after short stimulation durations. The present study aimed to provide a comprehensive meta-analytic review of the efficacy of two TBS paradigms; intermittent (iTBS) and continuous (cTBS), on corticospinal excitability in healthy individuals. Literature searches yielded a total of 87 studies adhering to the inclusion criteria. iTBS yielded moderately large MEP increases lasting up to 30 min with a pooled SMD of 0.71 (p<0.00001). cTBS produced a reduction in MEP amplitudes lasting up to 60 min, with the largest effect size seen at 5 min post stimulation (SMD=-0.9, P<0.00001). The collected studies were of heterogeneous nature, and a series of tests conducted indicated a degree of publication bias. No significant change in SICI and ICF was observed, with exception to decrease in SICI with cTBS at the early time point (SMD=0.42, P=0.00036). The results also highlight several factors contributing to TBS efficacy, including the number of pulses, frequency of stimulation and BDNF polymorphisms. Further research investigating optimal TBS stimulation parameters, particularly for iTBS, is needed in order for these paradigms to be successfully translated into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Wook Chung
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Aron T Hill
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nigel C Rogasch
- Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kate E Hoy
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Nakatani-Enomoto S, Hanajima R, Hamada M, Terao Y, Matsumoto H, Shirota Y, Ohminami S, Okabe S, Hirose M, Nakamura K, Furubayashi T, Groiss SJ, Kobayashi S, Mochizuki H, Enomoto H, Ugawa Y. Somatosensory-evoked potential modulation by quadripulse transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with benign myoclonus epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:1560-1567. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wischnewski M, Schutter DJLG. Efficacy and Time Course of Theta Burst Stimulation in Healthy Humans. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:685-92. [PMID: 26014214 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past decade research has shown that continuous (cTBS) and intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) alter neuronal excitability levels in the primary motor cortex. OBJECTIVE Quantitatively review the magnitude and time course on cortical excitability of cTBS and iTBS. METHODS Sixty-four TBS studies published between January 2005 and October 2014 were retrieved from the scientific search engine PubMED and included for analyses. The main inclusion criteria involved stimulation of the primary motor cortex in healthy volunteers with no motor practice prior to intervention and motor evoked potentials as primary outcome measure. RESULTS ITBS applied for 190 s significantly increases cortical excitability up to 60 min with a mean maximum potentiation of 35.54 ± 3.32%. CTBS applied for 40 s decreases cortical excitability up to 50 min with a mean maximum depression of -22.81 ± 2.86%, while cTBS applied for 20 s decreases cortical excitability (mean maximum -27.84 ± 4.15%) for 20 min. CONCLUSION The present findings offer normative insights into the magnitude and time course of TBS-induced changes in cortical excitability levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Wischnewski
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Dennis J L G Schutter
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Brownjohn PW, Reynolds JN, Matheson N, Fox J, Shemmell JB. The Effects of Individualized Theta Burst Stimulation on the Excitability of the Human Motor System. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:260-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Porcaro C, Coppola G, Pierelli F, Seri S, Di Lorenzo G, Tomasevic L, Salustri C, Tecchio F. Multiple frequency functional connectivity in the hand somatosensory network: An EEG study. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 124:1216-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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15
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Long lasting effects of daily theta burst rTMS sessions in the human amblyopic cortex. Brain Stimul 2013; 6:860-7. [PMID: 23664756 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that a single session of 1 Hz or 10 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the visual cortex can temporarily improve contrast sensitivity in adults with amblyopia. More recently, continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) of the visual cortex has been found to improve contrast sensitivity in observers with normal vision. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS The aims of this study were to assess whether cTBS of the visual cortex could improve contrast sensitivity in adults with amblyopia and whether repeated sessions of cTBS would lead to more pronounced and/or longer lasting effects. METHODS cTBS was delivered to the visual cortex while patients viewed a high contrast stimulus with their non-amblyopic eye. This manipulation was designed to bias the effects of cTBS toward inputs from the amblyopic eye. Contrast sensitivity was measured before and after stimulation. The effects of one cTBS session were measured in five patients and the effects of five consecutive daily sessions were measured in four patients. Three patients were available for follow-up at varying intervals after the final session. RESULTS cTBS improved amblyopic eye contrast sensitivity to high spatial frequencies (P < 0.05) and there was a cumulative improvement across sessions with asymptotic improvement occurring after 2 daily sessions of stimulation. The contrast sensitivity improvements were stable over a period of up to 78 days. CONCLUSIONS These initial results in a small number of patients indicate the cTBS may allow for enduring visual function improvements in adults with amblyopia.
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Murakami T, Müller-Dahlhaus F, Lu MK, Ziemann U. Homeostatic metaplasticity of corticospinal excitatory and intracortical inhibitory neural circuits in human motor cortex. J Physiol 2012; 590:5765-81. [PMID: 22930265 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.238519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Homeostatic metaplasticity, a fundamental principle for maintaining overall synaptic weight in the physiological range in neuronal networks, was demonstrated at the cellular and systems level predominantly for excitatory synaptic neurotransmission. Although inhibitory networks are crucial for regulating excitability, it is largely unknown to what extent homeostatic metaplasticity of inhibition also exists. Here, we employed intermittent and continuous transcranial magnetic theta burst stimulation (iTBS, cTBS) of the primary motor cortex in healthy subjects for induction of long-term potentiation (LTP)-like and long-term depression (LTD)-like plasticity. We studied metaplasticity by testing the interactions of priming TBS with LTP/LTD-like plasticity induced by subsequent test TBS. Changes in excitatory neurotransmission were measured by the input-output curve of motor-evoked potentials (IO-MEP), and changes in GABA(A)ergic inhibitory neurotransmission by the IO of short-interval intracortical inhibition (IO-SICI, four conditioning stimulus intensities of 70-100% active motor threshold, interstimulus interval 2.0 ms). Non-primed iTBS increased IO-MEP, while non-primed cTBS decreased IO-MEP. Pairing of identical protocols (iTBSiTBS, cTBScTBS) resulted in suppression of the non-primed TBS effects on IO-MEP, and pairing of different protocols (cTBSiTBS, iTBScTBS) enhanced the test TBS effects on IO-MEP. While non-primed TBS did not result in significant changes of IO-SICI, iTBSiTBS resulted in IO-SICI decrease, and cTBScTBS in IO-SICI increase compared with the non-primed conditions. The changes in SICI induced by priming TBS correlated with the changes in MEP induced by subsequent test TBS. Findings demonstrate that plasticity in both excitatory and inhibitory circuits in the human motor cortex are regulated by homeostatic metaplasticity, and that priming effects on inhibition contribute to the homeostatic regulation of metaplasticity in excitatory circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takenobu Murakami
- Department of Neurology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Abstract
Neural plasticity plays a critical role in learning, memory, and recovery from injury to the nervous system. Although much is known about the physical and physiological determinants of plasticity, little is known about the influence of cognitive factors. In this study, we investigated whether selective attention plays a role in modifying changes in neural excitability reflecting long-term potentiation (LTP)-like plasticity. We induced LTP-like effects in the hand area of the human motor cortex using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). During the induction of plasticity, participants engaged in a visual detection task with either low or high attentional demands. Changes in neural excitability were assessed by measuring motor-evoked potentials in a small hand muscle before and after the TMS procedures. In separate experiments plasticity was induced either by paired associative stimulation (PAS) or intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS). Because these procedures induce different forms of LTP-like effects, they allowed us to investigate the generality of any attentional influence on plasticity. In both experiments reliable changes in motor cortex excitability were evident under low-load conditions, but this effect was eliminated under high-attentional load. In a third experiment we investigated whether the attentional task was associated with ongoing changes in the excitability of motor cortex, but found no difference in evoked potentials across the levels of attentional load. Our findings indicate that in addition to their role in modifying sensory processing, mechanisms of attention can also be a potent modulator of cortical plasticity.
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Goldsworthy MR, Pitcher JB, Ridding MC. Neuroplastic modulation of inhibitory motor cortical networks by spaced theta burst stimulation protocols. Brain Stimul 2012; 6:340-5. [PMID: 22835528 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) suppresses the excitability of motor networks responsible for generating motor evoked potentials (MEPs), and may also modulates the excitability of inhibitory motor networks. However, its effects on intracortical inhibition are modest in comparison to the effects on MEPs. The repeated, spaced, application of cTBS protocols results in more MEP suppression than seen with a single cTBS protocol, but whether this approach is also effective at modulating intracortical inhibition has not been tested. OBJECTIVE To determine whether the paired application of cTBS effectively modulates the excitability of intracortical inhibitory motor networks. METHODS Single and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were used to assess resting motor threshold (RMT), MEP amplitude, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) before and during two time periods (0-10 and 30-40 min) following application of either a single or paired cTBS protocols. RESULTS Both the single and paired cTBS conditions induced a significant reduction in both MEP amplitudes and the level of SICI. While paired cTBS produced a significantly greater MEP suppression than single cTBS, the effects on SICI were similar. Neither single nor paired cTBS had an effect on RMT or LICI. CONCLUSIONS Although the repeated application of cTBS protocols may be effective for enhancing modulation of the MEP-generating excitatory motor networks, these findings suggest that this approach offers little advantage when targeting intracortical inhibitory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R Goldsworthy
- Neuromotor Plasticity and Development, The Robinson Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Degardin A, Devos D, Defebvre L, Destée A, Plomhause L, Derambure P, Devanne H. Effect of intermittent theta-burst stimulation on akinesia and sensorimotor integration in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2669-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lefaucheur JP, Ayache SS, Sorel M, Farhat WH, Zouari HG, Ciampi de Andrade D, Ahdab R, Ménard-Lefaucheur I, Brugières P, Goujon C. Analgesic effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the motor cortex in neuropathic pain: influence of theta burst stimulation priming. Eur J Pain 2012; 16:1403-13. [PMID: 22508405 DOI: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Conventional' protocols of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) delivered to M1 can produce analgesia. Theta burst stimulation (TBS), a novel rTMS paradigm, is thought to produce greater changes in M1 excitability than 'conventional' protocols. After a preliminary experiment showing no analgesic effect of continuous or intermittent TBS trains (cTBS or iTBS) delivered to M1 as single procedures, we used TBS to prime a subsequent session of 'conventional' 10 Hz-rTMS. METHODS In 14 patients with chronic refractory neuropathic pain, navigated rTMS was targeted over M1 hand region, contralateral to painful side. Analgesic effects were daily assessed on a visual analogue scale for the week after each 10 Hz-rTMS session, preceded or not by TBS priming. In an additional experiment, the effects on cortical excitability parameters provided by single- and paired-pulse TMS paradigms were studied. RESULTS Pain level was reduced after any type of rTMS procedure compared to baseline, but iTBS priming produced greater analgesia than the other protocols. Regarding motor cortex excitability changes, the analgesic effects were associated with an increase in intracortical inhibition, whatever the type of stimulation, primed or non-primed. CONCLUSIONS The present results show that the analgesic effects of 'conventional' 10 Hz-rTMS delivered to M1 can be enhanced by TBS priming, at least using iTBS. Interestingly, the application of cTBS and iTBS did not produce opposite modulations, unlike previously reported in other systems. It remains to be determined whether the interest of TBS priming is to generate a simple additive effect or a more specific process of cortical plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Lefaucheur
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, France.
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Exploring the physiology and function of high-frequency oscillations (HFOs) from the somatosensory cortex. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 122:1908-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Doeltgen SH, Ridding MC. Low-intensity, short-interval theta burst stimulation modulates excitatory but not inhibitory motor networks. Clin Neurophysiol 2011; 122:1411-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2010.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hoogendam JM, Ramakers GMJ, Di Lazzaro V. Physiology of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation of the human brain. Brain Stimul 2009; 3:95-118. [PMID: 20633438 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has rapidly become a valuable method to investigate noninvasively the human brain. In addition, repetitive TMS (rTMS) is able to induce changes in brain activity that last after stimulation. Therefore, rTMS has therapeutic potential in patients with neurologic and psychiatric disorders. It is, however, unclear by which mechanism rTMS induces these lasting effects on the brain. The effects of rTMS are often described as LTD- or LTP-like, because the duration of these alterations seems to implicate changes in synaptic plasticity. In this review we therefore discuss, based on rTMS experiments and knowledge about synaptic plasticity, whether the physiologic basis of rTMS-effects relates to changes in synaptic plasticity. We present seven lines of evidence that strongly suggest a link between the aftereffects induced by rTMS and the induction of synaptic plasticity. It is, nevertheless, important to realize that at present it is impossible to demonstrate a direct link between rTMS on the one hand and synaptic plasticity on the other. Therefore, we provide suggestions for future, innovating research, aiming to investigate both the local effects of rTMS on the synapse and the effects of rTMS on other, more global levels of brain organization. Only in that way can the aftereffects of rTMS on the brain be completely understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Marie Hoogendam
- Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Russmann H, Lamy JC, Shamim EA, Meunier S, Hallett M. Associative plasticity in intracortical inhibitory circuits in human motor cortex. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120:1204-12. [PMID: 19435676 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Paired associative stimulation (PAS) is a transcranial magnetic stimulation technique inducing Hebbian-like synaptic plasticity in the human motor cortex (M1). PAS is produced by repetitive pairing of a peripheral nerve shock and a transcranial magnetic stimulus (TMS). Its effect is assessed by a change in size of a motor evoked response (MEP). MEP size results from excitatory and inhibitory influences exerted on cortical pyramidal cells, but no robust effects on inhibitory networks have been demonstrated so far. METHOD In 38 healthy volunteers, we assessed whether a PAS intervention influences three intracortical inhibitory circuits: short (SICI) and long (LICI) intracortical inhibitions reflecting activity of GABA(A) and GABA(B) interneurons, respectively, and long afferent inhibition (LAI) reflecting activity of somatosensory inputs. RESULTS After PAS, MEP sizes, LICI and LAI levels were significantly changed while changes of SICI were inconsistent. The changes in LICI and LAI lasted 45 min after PAS. Their direction depended on the delay between the arrival time of the afferent volley at the cortex and the TMS-induced cortical activation during the PAS. CONCLUSIONS PAS influences inhibitory circuits in M1. SIGNIFICANCE PAS paradigms can demonstrate Hebbian-like plasticity at selected inhibitory networks as well as excitatory networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Russmann
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Xiang J, Liu Y, Wang Y, Kotecha R, Kirtman EG, Chen Y, Huo X, Fujiwara H, Hemasilpin N, DeGrauw T, Rose D. Neuromagnetic correlates of developmental changes in endogenous high-frequency brain oscillations in children: a wavelet-based beamformer study. Brain Res 2009; 1274:28-39. [PMID: 19362072 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2009] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have found that the brain generates very fast oscillations. The objective of the present study was to investigate the spectral, spatial and coherent features of high-frequency brain oscillations in the developing brain. Sixty healthy children and 20 healthy adults were studied using a 275-channel magnetoencephalography (MEG) system. MEG data were digitized at 12,000 Hz. The frequency characteristics of neuromagnetic signals in 0.5-2000 Hz were quantitatively determined with Morlet wavelet transform. The magnetic sources were volumetrically estimated with wavelet-based beamformer at 2.5 mm resolution. The neural networks of endogenous brain oscillations were analyzed with coherent imaging. Neuromagnetic activities in 8-12 Hz and 800-900 Hz were found to be the most reliable frequency bands in healthy children. The neuromagnetic signals were localized in the occipital, temporal and frontal cortices. The activities in the occipital and temporal cortices were strongly correlated in 8-12 Hz but not in 800-900 Hz. In comparison to adults, children had brain oscillations in intermingled frequency bands. Developmental changes in children were identified for both low- and high-frequency brain activities. The results of the present study suggest that the development of the brain is associated with spatial and coherent changes of endogenous brain activities in both low- and high-frequency ranges. Analysis of high-frequency neuromagnetic oscillation may provide novel insights into cerebral mechanisms of brain function. The noninvasive measurement of neuromagnetic brain oscillations in the developing brain may open a new window for analysis of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiang
- MEG Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH, 45220, USA.
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McAllister S, Rothwell J, Ridding M. Selective modulation of intracortical inhibition by low-intensity Theta Burst Stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2009; 120:820-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2009.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 02/06/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cortical inhibition and habituation to evoked potentials: relevance for pathophysiology of migraine. J Headache Pain 2009; 10:77-84. [PMID: 19209386 PMCID: PMC3451650 DOI: 10.1007/s10194-008-0095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of neuronal cortical excitability has been supposed to play an important role in etiopathogenesis of migraine. Neurophysiological techniques like evoked potentials (EP) and in the last years non-invasive brain stimulation techniques like transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation gave important contribution to understanding of such issue highlighting possible mechanisms of cortical dysfunctions in migraine. EP studies showed impaired habituation to repeated sensorial stimulation and this abnormality was confirmed across all sensorial modalities, making defective habituation a neurophysiological hallmark of the disease. TMS was employed to test more directly cortical excitability in visual cortex and then also in motor cortex. Contradictory results have been reported pointing towards hyperexcitability or on the contrary to reduced preactivation of sensory cortex in migraine. Other experimental evidence speaks in favour of impairment of inhibitory circuits and analogies have been proposed between migraine and conditions of sensory deafferentation in which down-regulation of GABA circuits is considered the more relevant pathophysiological mechanism. Whatever the mechanism involved, it has been found that repeated sessions of high-frequency rTMS trains that have been shown to up-regulate inhibitory circuits could persistently normalize habituation in migraine. This could give interesting insight into pathophysiology establishing a link between cortical inhibition and habituation and opening also new treatment strategies in migraine.
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Murakami T, Sakuma K, Nakashima K. Somatosensory evoked potentials and high-frequency oscillations in athletes. Clin Neurophysiol 2008; 119:2862-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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