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Cleland BT, Schindler-Ivens S. Symmetry Is Associated With Interlimb Coordination During Walking and Pedaling After Stroke. J Neurol Phys Ther 2021; 46:81-87. [PMID: 34507343 PMCID: PMC8904653 DOI: 10.1097/npt.0000000000000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Asymmetry during walking may be explained by impaired interlimb coordination. We examined these associations: (1) propulsive symmetry with interlimb coordination during walking, (2) work symmetry with interlimb coordination during pedaling, and (3) work symmetry and interlimb coordination with clinical impairment. METHODS Nineteen individuals with chronic stroke and 15 controls performed bilateral, lower limb pedaling with a conventional device and a device with a bisected crank and upstroke assistance. Individuals with stroke walked on a split-belt treadmill. Measures of symmetry (%Propulsionwalk, %Workped) and interlimb phase coordination index (PCIwalk, PCIped) were computed. Clinical evaluations were the lower extremity Fugl-Meyer (FMLE) and walking speed. Associations were assessed with Spearman's rank correlations. RESULTS Participants with stroke displayed asymmetry and impaired interlimb coordination compared with controls (P ≤ 0.001). There were significant correlations between asymmetry and impaired interlimb coordination (walking: R2 = 0.79, P < 0.001; pedaling: R2 = 0.62, P < 0.001) and between analogous measures across tasks (%Workped, %Propulsionwalk: R2 = 0.41, P = 0.01; PCIped, PCIwalk: R2 = 0.52, P = 0.003). Regardless of task, asymmetry and interlimb coordination were correlated with FMLE (R2 ≥ 0.48, P ≤ 0.004) but not walking speed. There was larger within group variation for %Propulsionwalk than %Workped (Z = 2.6, P = 0.005) and for PCIped than PCIwalk (Z = 3.6, P = 0.003). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Pedaling may provide useful insights about walking, and impaired interlimb coordination may contribute to asymmetry in walking. Pedaling and walking provide distinct insights into stroke-related impairments, related to whether the task allows compensation (walking > pedaling) or compels paretic limb use (pedaling > walking). Pedaling a device with a bisected crank shaft may have therapeutic value.Video Abstract available for more insight from the authors (see the Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A365).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice T Cleland
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Fujita K, Kobayashi Y, Miaki H, Hori H, Tsushima Y, Sakai R, Nomura T, Ogawa T, Kinoshita H, Nishida T, Hitosugi M. Pedaling improves gait ability of hemiparetic patients with stiff-knee gait: fall prevention during gait. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2020; 29:105035. [PMID: 32807447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Stiff-knee gait, which is a gait abnormality observed after stroke, is characterized by decreased knee flexion angles during the swing phase, and it contributes to a decline in gait ability. This study aimed to identify the immediate effects of pedaling exercises on stiff-knee gait from a kinesiophysiological perspective. METHODS Twenty-one patients with chronic post-stroke hemiparesis and stiff-knee gait were randomly assigned to a pedaling group and a walking group. An ergometer was set at a load of 5 Nm and rotation speed of 40 rpm, and gait was performed at a comfortable speed; both the groups performed the intervention for 10 min. Kinematic and electromyographical data while walking on flat surfaces were immediately measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS In the pedaling group, activity of the rectus femoris significantly decreased from the pre-swing phase to the early swing phase during gait after the intervention. Flexion angles and flexion angular velocities of the knee and hip joints significantly increased during the same period. The pedaling group showed increased step length on the paralyzed side and gait velocity. CONCLUSIONS Pedaling increases knee flexion during the swing phase in hemiparetic patients with stiff-knee gait and improves gait ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Fujita
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University, 55-13-1 Egami, Fukui-city 910-3190, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Yasutaka Kobayashi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University, 55-13-1 Egami, Fukui-city 910-3190, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Hiroichi Miaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa-city, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Hori
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University, 55-13-1 Egami, Fukui-city 910-3190, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Yuichi Tsushima
- Department of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation, Fukui General Hospital, Fukui-city, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Ryo Sakai
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, Fukui Health Science University, 55-13-1 Egami, Fukui-city 910-3190, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Nomura
- Department of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation, Fukui General Hospital, Fukui-city, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Ogawa
- Department of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation, Fukui General Hospital, Fukui-city, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Hirotaka Kinoshita
- Department of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation, Fukui General Hospital, Fukui-city, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Nishida
- Department of Physical Therapy Rehabilitation, Fukui General Hospital, Fukui-city, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Masahito Hitosugi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu-city, Shiga, Japan.
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Cleland BT, Gelting T, Arand B, Struhar J, Schindler-Ivens S. Impaired interlimb coordination is related to asymmetries during pedaling after stroke. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 130:1474-1487. [PMID: 31288158 PMCID: PMC6684846 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand whether lower limb asymmetry in chronic stroke is related to paretic motor impairment or impaired interlimb coordination. METHODS Stroke and control participants performed conventional, unilateral, and bilateral uncoupled pedaling. During uncoupled pedaling, the pedals were mechanically disconnected. Paretic mechanical work was measured during conventional pedaling. Pedaling velocity and muscle activity were compared across conditions and groups. Relative limb phasing was examined during uncoupled pedaling. RESULTS During conventional pedaling, EMG and mechanical work were lower in the paretic than the non-paretic limb (asymmetry). During unilateral pedaling with the paretic limb, muscle activity was larger, but velocity was slower and more variable than during conventional pedaling (evidence of paretic motor impairment). During uncoupled pedaling, muscle activity increased further, but velocity was slower and more variable than in other conditions (evidence of impaired interlimb coordination). Relative limb phasing was impaired in stroke participants. Regression analysis suggested that interlimb coordination may be a stronger predictor of asymmetry than paretic motor impairment. CONCLUSIONS Paretic motor impairment and impaired interlimb coordination may contribute to asymmetry during pedaling after stroke. SIGNIFICANCE Rehabilitation that addresses paretic motor impairment and impaired interlimb coordination may improve symmetry and maximize improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice T Cleland
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Clinical and Translational Rehabilitation Health Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | - Tamicah Gelting
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Clinical and Translational Rehabilitation Health Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brett Arand
- College of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Jan Struhar
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Clinical and Translational Rehabilitation Health Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Sheila Schindler-Ivens
- College of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Clinical and Translational Rehabilitation Health Science, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Iyanaga T, Abe H, Oka T, Miura T, Iwasaki R, Takase M, Isatake M, Doi A. Recumbent cycling with integrated volitional control electrical stimulation improves gait speed during the recovery stage in stroke patients. J Exerc Rehabil 2019; 15:95-102. [PMID: 30899743 PMCID: PMC6416497 DOI: 10.12965/jer.1836500.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of recumbent cycling with integrated volitional control electrical stimulation (IVES) on gait ability in stroke patients. Six stroke patients (all male; average age, 55.7±8.3 years) participated. Recumbent cycling (R-cycling) was performed with and without IVES in the power assist (IVES-P) mode. The targeted muscle for electrostimulation was the tibialis anterior. Patients performed 10 min of IVES-P mode plus R-cycling (program A) or R-cycling alone (program B), once per day, 5 times per week. Patients completed two sets of each program, alternating between programs each week. Gait speed and the number of steps numbers on a 10-m walking test was assessed before and after each interventional session. Program A improved gait speed, but not the number of steps, to a greater extent than that in program B. Specifically, the combined intervention significantly improved gait speed in the first set, but not the second set of the intervention. R-cycling with IVES-P mode improved gait speed during the recovery stage in stroke patients to a greater extent than that achieved with R-cycling alone. Thus, this combined therapy has potential as a standardized treatment in the field of rehabilitation medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Iyanaga
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Seisyukai Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.,Center of Advanced Rehabilitation "HOPE", Fukuoka Seisyukai Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hayata Abe
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Seisyukai Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.,Center of Advanced Rehabilitation "HOPE", Fukuoka Seisyukai Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Oka
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Seisyukai Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.,Center of Advanced Rehabilitation "HOPE", Fukuoka Seisyukai Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Miura
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tsutsumi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Rumiko Iwasaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Seisyukai Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.,Center of Advanced Rehabilitation "HOPE", Fukuoka Seisyukai Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mai Takase
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Seisyukai Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.,Center of Advanced Rehabilitation "HOPE", Fukuoka Seisyukai Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Minoru Isatake
- Department of Rehabilitation, Fukuoka Seisyukai Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.,Center of Advanced Rehabilitation "HOPE", Fukuoka Seisyukai Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Atsushi Doi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Science, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kumamoto Health Science University, Kumamoto, Japan
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Brain Activation During Passive and Volitional Pedaling After Stroke. Motor Control 2019; 23:52-80. [PMID: 30012052 PMCID: PMC6685765 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2017-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Prior work indicates that pedaling-related brain activation is lower in people with stroke than in controls. We asked whether this observation could be explained by between-group differences in volitional motor commands and pedaling performance. Methods: Individuals with and without stroke performed passive and volitional pedaling while brain activation was recorded with functional magnetic resonance imaging. The passive condition eliminated motor commands to pedal and minimized between-group differences in pedaling performance. Volume, intensity, and laterality of brain activation were compared across conditions and groups. Results: There were no significant effects of condition and no Group × Condition interactions for any measure of brain activation. Only 53% of subjects could minimize muscle activity for passive pedaling. Conclusions: Altered motor commands and pedaling performance are unlikely to account for reduced pedaling-related brain activation poststroke. Instead, this phenomenon may be due to functional or structural brain changes. Passive pedaling can be difficult to achieve and may require inhibition of excitatory descending drive.
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Physical Exercise as a Diagnostic, Rehabilitation, and Preventive Tool: Influence on Neuroplasticity and Motor Recovery after Stroke. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:608581. [PMID: 26682073 PMCID: PMC4670869 DOI: 10.1155/2015/608581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of adult motor disabilities in the world and accounts for the greatest number of hospitalizations for neurological disease. Stroke treatments/therapies need to promote neuroplasticity to improve motor function. Physical exercise is considered as a major candidate for ultimately promoting neural plasticity and could be used for different purposes in human and animal experiments. First, acute exercise could be used as a diagnostic tool to understand new neural mechanisms underlying stroke physiopathology. Indeed, better knowledge of stroke mechanisms that affect movements is crucial for enhancing treatment/rehabilitation effectiveness. Secondly, it is well established that physical exercise training is advised as an effective rehabilitation tool. Indeed, it reduces inflammatory processes and apoptotic marker expression, promotes brain angiogenesis and expression of some growth factors, and improves the activation of affected muscles during exercise. Nevertheless, exercise training might also aggravate sensorimotor deficits and brain injury depending on the chosen exercise parameters. For the last few years, physical training has been combined with pharmacological treatments to accentuate and/or accelerate beneficial neural and motor effects. Finally, physical exercise might also be considered as a major nonpharmacological preventive strategy that provides neuroprotective effects reducing adverse effects of brain ischemia. Therefore, prestroke regular physical activity may also decrease the motor outcome severity of stroke.
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Promjunyakul NO, Schmit BD, Schindler-Ivens SM. A novel fMRI paradigm suggests that pedaling-related brain activation is altered after stroke. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:324. [PMID: 26089789 PMCID: PMC4454878 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure pedaling-related brain activation in individuals with stroke and age-matched controls. We also sought to identify stroke-related changes in brain activation associated with pedaling. Fourteen stroke and 12 control subjects were asked to pedal a custom, MRI-compatible device during fMRI. Subjects also performed lower limb tapping to localize brain regions involved in lower limb movement. All stroke and control subjects were able to pedal while positioned for fMRI. Two control subjects were withdrawn due to claustrophobia, and one control data set was excluded from analysis due to an incidental finding. In the stroke group, one subject was unable to enter the gantry due to excess adiposity, and one stroke data set was excluded from analysis due to excessive head motion. Consequently, 81% of subjects (12/14 stroke, 9/12 control) completed all procedures and provided valid pedaling-related fMRI data. In these subjects, head motion was ≤3 mm. In both groups, brain activation localized to the medial aspect of M1, S1, and Brodmann's area 6 (BA6) and to the cerebellum (vermis, lobules IV, V, VIII). The location of brain activation was consistent with leg areas. Pedaling-related brain activation was apparent on both sides of the brain, with values for laterality index (LI) of -0.06 (0.20) in the stroke cortex, 0.05 (±0.06) in the control cortex, 0.29 (0.33) in the stroke cerebellum, and 0.04 (0.15) in the control cerebellum. In the stroke group, activation in the cerebellum - but not cortex - was significantly lateralized toward the damaged side of the brain (p = 0.01). The volume of pedaling-related brain activation was smaller in stroke as compared to control subjects. Differences reached statistical significance when all active regions were examined together [p = 0.03; 27,694 (9,608) μL stroke; 37,819 (9,169) μL control]. When individual regions were examined separately, reduced brain activation volume reached statistical significance in BA6 [p = 0.04; 4,350 (2,347) μL stroke; 6,938 (3,134) μL control] and cerebellum [p = 0.001; 4,591 (1,757) μL stroke; 8,381 (2,835) μL control]. Regardless of whether activated regions were examined together or separately, there were no significant between-group differences in brain activation intensity [p = 0.17; 1.30 (0.25)% stroke; 1.16 (0.20)% control]. Reduced volume in the stroke group was not observed during lower limb tapping and could not be fully attributed to differences in head motion or movement rate. There was a tendency for pedaling-related brain activation volume to increase with increasing work performed by the paretic limb during pedaling (p = 0.08, r = 0.525). Hence, the results of this study provide two original and important contributions. First, we demonstrated that pedaling can be used with fMRI to examine brain activation associated with lower limb movement in people with stroke. Unlike previous lower limb movements examined with fMRI, pedaling involves continuous, reciprocal, multijoint movement of both limbs. In this respect, pedaling has many characteristics of functional lower limb movements, such as walking. Thus, the importance of our contribution lies in the establishment of a novel paradigm that can be used to understand how the brain adapts to stroke to produce functional lower limb movements. Second, preliminary observations suggest that brain activation volume is reduced during pedaling post-stroke. Reduced brain activation volume may be due to anatomic, physiology, and/or behavioral differences between groups, but methodological issues cannot be excluded. Importantly, brain action volume post-stroke was both task-dependent and mutable, which suggests that it could be modified through rehabilitation. Future work will explore these possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutta-On Promjunyakul
- Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University Milwaukee, WI, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brian D Schmit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University Milwaukee, WI, USA ; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Sheila M Schindler-Ivens
- Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University Milwaukee, WI, USA ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University Milwaukee, WI, USA ; Clinical and Translational Science Institute of Southeastern Wisconsin, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Reliability of H-reflex in vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles during passive and active isometric conditions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:2509-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Effect of biofeedback cycling training on functional recovery and walking ability of lower extremity in patients with stroke. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2014; 30:35-42. [PMID: 24388057 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Liang JN, Brown DA. Impaired foot-force direction regulation during postural loaded locomotion in individuals poststroke. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:378-86. [PMID: 23615554 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00005.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Following stroke, hemiparesis results in impaired motor control. Specifically, inappropriate direction of foot-forces during locomotion has been reported. In our previous study (Liang and Brown 2011) that examined poststroke foot-force direction during a seated, supported locomotor task, we observed that foot-force control capabilities were preserved poststroke. In this current study, we sought to better understand the mechanisms underlying the interaction of locomotor and postural control as an interactive mechanism that might interfere, poststroke, with appropriate foot-force generation. We designed an experiment in which participants performed biomechanically controlled locomotor tasks, under posturally challenged pedaling conditions while they generated mechanical output that was comparable to pedaling conditions without postural challenge, thus allowing us to monitor the strategies that the nervous system adopts when postural conditions were manipulated. We hypothesized that, with postural influence, individuals poststroke would generate inappropriate shear forces accompanied by inappropriate changes to muscle activity patterns when performing a mechanically controlled locomotor task, and would be exaggerated with increased postural loading. Sixteen individuals with chronic poststroke hemiparesis and 14 age-similar nonimpaired controls pedaled on a cycle ergometer under 1) seated supported and 2) nonseated postural loaded pedaling conditions, generating matched pedal force outputs of two effort levels. When we compared postural influence with seated pedaling, we observed increased magnitudes of forward-directed shear forces in the paretic legs associated with increased magnitude of leg extensor muscle activity, but not in controls. These findings provide evidence to support a model that describes independent controllers for posture and locomotion, but that the interaction between the two controllers is impaired poststroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nong Liang
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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