1
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Chen M, Wang T, Tian D, Hai C, Qiu Z. Induction, growth, drug resistance, and metastasis: A comprehensive summary of the relationship between STAT3 and gastric cancer. Heliyon 2024; 10:e37263. [PMID: 39309860 PMCID: PMC11416542 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e37263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a prevalent and highly lethal malignancy that poses substantial challenges to healthcare systems globally. Owing to its often asymptomatic nature in early stages, diagnosis frequently occurs at advanced stages when surgical intervention is no longer a viable option, forcing most patients to rely on nonsurgical treatments such as chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and emerging immunotherapies. Unfortunately, the therapeutic response rates for these treatments are suboptimal, and even among responders, the eventual development of drug resistance remains a significant clinical hurdle. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a widely expressed cellular protein that plays crucial roles in regulating cellular processes such as growth, metabolism, and immune function. Aberrant activation of the STAT3 pathway has been implicated in the initiation, progression, and therapeutic resistance of several cancers, with gastric cancer being particularly affected. Dysregulated STAT3 signaling not only drives tumorigenesis but also facilitates the development of resistance to chemotherapy and targeted therapies, as well as promotes metastatic dissemination. In this study, we explored the critical role of the STAT3 signaling cascade in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer, its contribution to drug resistance, and its involvement in the metastatic process. Furthermore, we assess recent advances in the development of STAT3 inhibitors and their potential application as therapeutic agents in the treatment of gastric cancer. This work provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of STAT3 in gastric cancer and offers a foundation for future research aimed at improving therapeutic outcomes in this challenging disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyang Chen
- School of Pediatrics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tongshan Wang
- Gastric Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dianzhe Tian
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chaorui Hai
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixuan Qiu
- School of Public Health, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
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2
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Skryabin GO, Beliaeva AA, Enikeev AD, Tchevkina EM. Extracellular Vesicle miRNAs in Diagnostics of Gastric Cancer. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:1211-1238. [PMID: 39218020 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924070058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) poses a significant global health challenge because of its high mortality rate attributed to the late-stage diagnosis and lack of early symptoms. Early cancer diagnostics is crucial for improving the survival rates in GC patients, which emphasizes the importance of identifying GC markers for liquid biopsy. The review discusses a potential use of extracellular vesicle microRNAs (EV miRNAs) as biomarkers for the diagnostics and prognostics of GC. Methods. Original articles on the identification of EV miRNA as GC markers published in the Web of Science and Scopus indexed issues were selected from the PubMed and Google Scholar databases. We focused on the methodological aspects of EV analysis, including the choice of body fluid, methods for EV isolation and validation, and approaches for EV miRNA analysis. Conclusions. Out of 33 found articles, the majority of authors investigated blood-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs); only a few utilized EVs from other body fluids, including tissue-specific local biofluids (washing the tumor growth areas), which may be a promising source of EVs in the context of cancer diagnostics. GC-associated miRNAs identified in different studies using different methods of EV isolation and analysis varied considerably. However, three miRNAs (miR-10b, miR-21, and miR-92a) have been found in several independent studies and shown to be associated with GC in experimental models. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal miRNA marker panel. Another essential step necessary to improve the reliability and reproducibility of EV-based diagnostics is standardization of methodologies for EV handling and analysis of EV miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gleb O Skryabin
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115522, Russia.
| | - Anastasiya A Beliaeva
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Adel D Enikeev
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Elena M Tchevkina
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115522, Russia
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3
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Xu H, Huang K, Shi M, Gong H, Han M, Tian W, Wang X, Zhang D. MicroRNAs in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric cancer: Function and clinical application. Pharmacol Res 2024; 205:107216. [PMID: 38761883 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and it is associated with a combination of genetic, environmental, and microbial risk factors. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is classified as a type I carcinogen, however, the exact regulatory mechanisms underlying H. pylori-induced GC are incompletely defined. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), one of small non-coding RNAs, negatively regulate gene expression through binding to their target genes. Dysregulation of miRNAs is crucial in human cancer. A noteworthy quantity of aberrant miRNAs induced by H. pylori through complex regulatory networks have been identified. These miRNAs substantially affect genetic instability, cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, autophagy, chemoresistance, and the tumor microenvironment, leading to GC development and progression. Importantly, some H. pylori-associated miRNAs hold promise as therapeutic tools and biomarkers for GC prevention, diagnosis, and prognosis. Nonetheless, clinical application of miRNAs remains in its infancy with multiple issues, including sensitivity and specificity, stability, reliable delivery systems, and off-target effects. Additional research on the specific molecular mechanisms and more clinical data are still required. This review investigated the biogenesis, regulatory mechanisms, and functions of miRNAs in H. pylori-induced GC, offering novel insights into the potential clinical applications of miRNA-based therapeutics and biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Ke Huang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Mingxuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Dental Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Biological Intelligence Manufacturing, School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Hang Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Mengyu Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Wenji Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China.
| | - Dekui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China; Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China.
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4
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Zabeti Touchaei A, Vahidi S. MicroRNAs as regulators of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy: targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 pathways. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:102. [PMID: 38462628 PMCID: PMC10926683 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment by harnessing the power of the immune system to eliminate tumors. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) block negative regulatory signals that prevent T cells from attacking cancer cells. Two key ICIs target the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, which includes programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and its receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1). Another ICI targets cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). While ICIs have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in various malignancies, only a subset of patients respond favorably. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression, play a crucial role in modulating immune checkpoints, including PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4. This review summarizes the latest advancements in immunotherapy, highlighting the therapeutic potential of targeting PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4 immune checkpoints and the regulatory role of miRNAs in modulating these pathways. Consequently, understanding the complex interplay between miRNAs and immune checkpoints is essential for developing more effective and personalized immunotherapy strategies for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sogand Vahidi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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5
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Moeinafshar A, Nouri M, Shokrollahi N, Masrour M, Behnam A, Tehrani Fateh S, Sadeghi H, Miryounesi M, Ghasemi MR. Non-coding RNAs as potential therapeutic targets for receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in solid tumors: current status and future directions. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:26. [PMID: 38200584 PMCID: PMC10782702 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article presents an in-depth analysis of the current state of research on receptor tyrosine kinase regulatory non-coding RNAs (RTK-RNAs) in solid tumors. RTK-RNAs belong to a class of non-coding RNAs (nc-RNAs) responsible for regulating the expression and activity of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which play a critical role in cancer development and progression. The article explores the molecular mechanisms through which RTK-RNAs modulate RTK signaling pathways and highlights recent advancements in the field. This include the identification of potential new RTK-RNAs and development of therapeutic strategies targeting RTK-RNAs. While the review discusses promising results from a variety of studies, encompassing in vitro, in vivo, and clinical investigations, it is important to acknowledge the challenges and limitations associated with targeting RTK-RNAs for therapeutic applications. Further studies involving various cancer cell lines, animal models, and ultimately, patients are necessary to validate the efficacy of targeting RTK-RNAs. The specificity of ncRNAs in targeting cellular pathways grants them tremendous potential, but careful consideration is required to minimize off-target effects, the article additionally discusses the potential clinical applications of RTK-RNAs as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. In essence, by providing a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of RTK-RNAs in solid tumors, this review emphasizes their potential as therapeutic targets for cancer while acknowledging the associated challenges and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysan Moeinafshar
- Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Shokrollahi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Masrour
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Orthopedic Trans-Disciplinary Applied Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirmohammad Behnam
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahand Tehrani Fateh
- Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Sadeghi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Miryounesi
- Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Reza Ghasemi
- Center for Comprehensive Genetic Services, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Baccili Cury Megid T, Farooq AR, Wang X, Elimova E. Gastric Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms, Novel Targets, and Immunotherapies: From Bench to Clinical Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5075. [PMID: 37894443 PMCID: PMC10605200 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a global health concern, ranking fifth in cancer diagnoses and fourth in cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite recent advancements in diagnosis, most cases are detected at advanced stages, resulting in poor outcomes. However, recent breakthroughs in genome analysis have identified biomarkers that hold positive clinical significance for GC treatment. These biomarkers and classifications offer the potential for more precise diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for GC patients. In this review, we explore the classification and molecular pathways in this disease, highlighting potential biomarkers that have emerged in recent studies including targeted therapies and immunotherapies. These advancements provide a promising direction for improving the management of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elena Elimova
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada; (T.B.C.M.); (A.R.F.); (X.W.)
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7
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Wu R, Liu W, Yang Q, Zhang J, Hou P, Xiong J, Wu L, Li E. LncTUG1 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma immune evasion via upregulating PD-L1 expression. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16998. [PMID: 37813900 PMCID: PMC10562488 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42948-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
HCC is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. Although traditional treatment methods have been improved in recent years, the survival rate of HCC patients has not been significantly improved. Immunotherapy has shown extremely high clinical value in a variety of tumors. In this study, we found that TUG1 could regulate the expression of PD-L1 through JAK2/STAT3 to mediate immunosuppression. Here, The expression of TUG1 and PD-L1 in HCC tissues was evaluated through analysis of databases and verified in HCC tissue and HCC cancer cells by qRT-PCR. The effect of TUG1 on tumor immune escape was detected by coculture, and cell viability was detected with a CCK8 assay. The results demonstrated that TUG1 was closely associated with anticancer immunity. TUG1 and PD-L1 were highly expressed in HCC tissues and HCC cancer cells, and high expression of TUG1 and PD-L1 was related to the poor prognosis of HCC patients. In addition, knocking down TUG1 expression could reduce PD-L1 expression and enhance the cancer cell-killing capability of T cells. Downregulating TUG1 expression could also decrease the mRNA and protein expression of JAK2 and STAT3. To sum up, TUG1 and PD-L1 are overexpressed in patients with liver cancer and are related to the poor prognosis of these patients. Silencing TUG1 expression reduced the mRNA and protein expression of PD-L1 by affecting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongshou Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, 83 Xinqiao Main Street, Chongqing, 400000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingping Yang
- Department of Assisted Reproductive, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingling Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Hou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianghui Xiong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Linquan Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
| | - Enliang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Fathi D, Elballal MS, Elesawy AE, Abulsoud AI, Elshafei A, Elsakka EG, Ismail A, El-Mahdy HA, Elrebehy MA, Doghish AS. An emphasis on the interaction of signaling pathways highlights the role of miRNAs in the etiology and treatment resistance of gastric cancer. Life Sci 2023; 322:121667. [PMID: 37023952 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is 4th in incidence and mortality rates globally. Several genetic and epigenetic factors, including microRNAs (miRNAs), affect its initiation and progression. miRNAs are short chains of nucleic acids that can regulate several cellular processes by controlling their gene expression. So, dysregulation of miRNAs expressions is associated with GC initiation, progression, invasion capacity, apoptosis evasions, angiogenesis, promotion and EMT enhancement. Of important pathways in GC and controlled by miRNAs are Wnt/β-catenin signaling, HMGA2/mTOR/P-gp, PI3K/AKT/c-Myc, VEGFR and TGFb signaling. Hence, this review was conducted to review an updated view of the role of miRNAs in GC pathogenesis and their modulatory effects on responses to different GC treatment modalities.
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9
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PD-L1: expression regulation. BLOOD SCIENCE 2023; 5:77-91. [DOI: 10.1097/bs9.0000000000000149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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10
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Chen Y, Lin W, Chen X, Liu J, Huang Y, Wang H, Teng L. PD-L1: Biological mechanism, function, and immunotherapy in gastric cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1060497. [PMID: 36505487 PMCID: PMC9729722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1060497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the main causes of cancer incidence rate and mortality worldwide. As the main breakthrough direction, the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors makes patients with GC have better prognosis, where PD-L1/PD-1 inhibitors in immunotherapy have good anti-tumor immune efficacy. Further understanding of the regulatory mechanism of PD-L1 in GC may bring substantial progress to the immunotherapy. In this review, we provide information on the endogenous and exogenous regulatory mechanisms of PD-L1 and its biological functions combined with current clinical trials of PD-L1/PD-1 inhibitors in GC. The malignant biological phenotypes caused by PD-L1 and the corresponding clinical combined treatment scheme have been reported. Identifying the biomarkers of the potential efficacy of immunotherapy and specifying the clinical immunotherapy scheme in combination with molecular characteristics of patients may maximize clinical benefits and better prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lisong Teng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Wang J, Liu T, Huang T, Shang M, Wang X. The mechanisms on evasion of anti-tumor immune responses in gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:943806. [PMID: 36439472 PMCID: PMC9686275 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.943806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system and the tumor have been at each other's throats for so long that the neoplasm has learned to avoid detection and avoid being attacked, which is called immune evasion. Malignant tumors, such as gastric cancer (GC), share the ability to evade the body's immune system as a defining feature. Immune evasion includes alterations to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), antigen presentation mechanisms (APMs), and the tumor microenvironment (TME). While TAA and APM are simpler in nature, they both involve mutations or epigenetic regulation of genes. The TME is comprised of numerous cell types, cytokines, chemokines and extracellular matrix, any one of which might be altered to have an effect on the surrounding ecosystem. The NF-kB, MAPK, PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Hippo and TGF-β/Smad signaling pathways are all associated with gastric cancer tumor immune evasion. In this review, we will delineate the functions of these pathways in immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Hernia Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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12
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Lei ZN, Teng QX, Tian Q, Chen W, Xie Y, Wu K, Zeng Q, Zeng L, Pan Y, Chen ZS, He Y. Signaling pathways and therapeutic interventions in gastric cancer. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:358. [PMID: 36209270 PMCID: PMC9547882 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01190-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) ranks fifth in global cancer diagnosis and fourth in cancer-related death. Despite tremendous progress in diagnosis and therapeutic strategies and significant improvements in patient survival, the low malignancy stage is relatively asymptomatic and many GC cases are diagnosed at advanced stages, which leads to unsatisfactory prognosis and high recurrence rates. With the recent advances in genome analysis, biomarkers have been identified that have clinical importance for GC diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Modern molecular classifications have uncovered the vital roles that signaling pathways, including EGFR/HER2, p53, PI3K, immune checkpoint pathways, and cell adhesion signaling molecules, play in GC tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic responsiveness. These biomarkers and molecular classifications open the way for more precise diagnoses and treatments for GC patients. Nevertheless, the relative significance, temporal activation, interaction with GC risk factors, and crosstalk between these signaling pathways in GC are not well understood. Here, we review the regulatory roles of signaling pathways in GC potential biomarkers, and therapeutic targets with an emphasis on recent discoveries. Current therapies, including signaling-based and immunotherapies exploited in the past decade, and the development of treatment for GC, particularly the challenges in developing precision medications, are discussed. These advances provide a direction for the integration of clinical, molecular, and genomic profiles to improve GC diagnosis and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Ning Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Qiu-Xu Teng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Qin Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhao Xie
- Institute for Biotechnology, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Kaiming Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianlin Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Leli Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yihang Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
- Institute for Biotechnology, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Yulong He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digestive Cancer Research, Digestive Diseases Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, 518107, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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13
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Role of miRNAs in the regulation of cancer-associated signaling pathways. Noncoding RNA Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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14
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Kumar S, Saikia J, Sharawat SK, Malik PS, Kumar S, Mohan A. Analysis of miR-375-3p, miR-197-3p, and miR-15a-5p Expression and Their Clinical Relevance as Biomarkers in Lung Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2022; 21:15330338221080981. [PMID: 35230198 PMCID: PMC8891837 DOI: 10.1177/15330338221080981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important regulatory role and serve as biomarkers in various human cancers. However, their role in the prognosis and predicting response to therapy in Indian lung cancer patients is not fully explored. Methods: We collected surgically resected tumors and paired adjacent normal lung tissues from 29 early-stage and tissue biopsies from 103 locally advanced and metastatic lung cancer patients in this prospective study. We quantified the expression levels of miR-375-3p, miR-197-3p, and miR-15a-5p using TaqMan Advanced miRNA Assays. We correlated miRNAs expression with response to therapy and survival outcomes. Results: The median age of lung cancer patients was 60 years. We found significant overexpression of miR-375-3p and miR-197-3p in the tumors compared to paired normal lung tissues. Higher expression of miR-375-3p was observed more frequently in responders compared to nonresponders. The expression of miR-375-3p and miR-197-3p was able to differentiate patients of lung adenocarcinoma from lung squamous cell carcinoma. We did not find any correlation between miRNAs expression and survival outcomes. Conclusion: Overexpression of miR-375-3p and miR-197-3p might contribute to lung carcinogenesis. The expression of miR-375-3p may assist in predicting therapeutic response. More prospective studies are warranted to evaluate the potential of miR-375-3p as a predictive biomarker of response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Kumar
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India,Sachin Kumar, Department of Medical Oncology, Dr B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi-110029, India.
Emails: ;
| | - Jyoutishman Saikia
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Surender K. Sharawat
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabhat S. Malik
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Dr B. R. Ambedkar Institute Rotary Cancer Hospital, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Anant Mohan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Sleep Disorders, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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15
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Liu AR, Yan ZW, Jiang LY, Lv Z, Li YK, Wang BG. The role of non-coding RNA in the diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori-related gastric cancer, with a focus on inflammation and immune response. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1009021. [PMID: 36314013 PMCID: PMC9606473 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1009021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is one of the globally recognized causative factors of gastric cancer (GC). Currently, no definite therapy and drugs for H. pylori-related GC have been widely acknowledged although H. pylori infection could be eradicated in early stage. Inflammation and immune response are spontaneous essential stages during H. pylori infection. H pylori may mediate immune escape by affecting inflammation and immune response, leading to gastric carcinogenesis. As an important component of transcriptome, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been proven to play crucial roles in the genesis and development of H. pylori-induced GC. This review briefly described the effects of ncRNAs on H. pylori-related GC from the perspective of inflammation and immune response, as well as their association with inflammatory reaction and immune microenvironment. We aim to explore the potential of ncRNAs as markers for the early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of H. pylori-related GC. The ncRNAs involved in H. pylori-related GC may all hold promise as novel therapeutic targets for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao-ran Liu
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
| | - Zi-wei Yan
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
| | - Li-yue Jiang
- Tangdu Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhi Lv
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Zhi Lv,
| | - Yan-ke Li
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
- Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Yan-ke Li,
| | - Ben-gang Wang
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Education Department, Shenyang, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Institute of General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Ben-gang Wang,
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16
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Pehlevan Özel H, Dinç T, Tiryaki RS, Keşküş AG, Konu Ö, Kayilioğlu SI, Coşkun F. Targeted MicroRNA Profiling in Gastric Cancer with Clinical Assessement. Balkan J Med Genet 2021; 24:55-64. [PMID: 36249523 PMCID: PMC9524170 DOI: 10.2478/bjmg-2021-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several microRNAs (miRNAs) have been associated with gastric cancer there is still the need for identification of stable and validated biomarkers. The purpose of this study was to determine the alterations of a specific set of miRNA levels in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues to identify and validate gastric cancer-specific miRNAs using paired normal and tumor samples in an independent patient cohort. Gastric adenocarcinoma and normal stomach tissue samples of 20 patients who underwent surgery for gastric cancer were studied. The miRNA expression profiling was performed for eight miRNAs in a total of 40 tissue samples using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Six out of these eight miRNAs, namely, miR-375-3p, hsamiR-129-5p, miR-196a-5p, miR-376c-3p, miR-34c-5p and miR-767-5p, were significantly underexpressed in malignant tissues of our cohort. Furthermore, the expression of miR-662 although not significantly different between normal and tumor tissues, was inversely associated with age (r = -0.440, p = 0.049). The levels of miR-129-3p and miR34c-5p were correlated with an increase in the number of metastatic lymph nodes (r = 0.470, p = 0.036; r = 0.510, p = 0.020), while and miR-376c-3p levels were negatively associated with smoking (p = 0.043). In addition, we found that the variability of miRNA expression in cancerous tissues was lower than that in normal tissues. Alterations in miRNA expression in gastric adenocarcinoma tissues in comparison to healthy tissues of each individual serves for identification of consistent biomarkers that can be used for development of diagnostic tools for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Pehlevan Özel
- Department of General Surgery, Health Sciences University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - T Dinç
- Department of General Surgery, Health Sciences University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - RS Tiryaki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - AG Keşküş
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ö Konu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - SI Kayilioğlu
- Department of General Surgery, Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Turkey
| | - F Coşkun
- Department of General Surgery, Health Sciences University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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17
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Zhang Z, Chen S, Fan M, Ruan G, Xi T, Zheng L, Guo L, Ye F, Xing Y. Helicobacter pylori induces gastric cancer via down-regulating miR-375 to inhibit dendritic cell maturation. Helicobacter 2021; 26:e12813. [PMID: 33938607 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies and clinical samples have demonstrated that Helicobacter pylori could induce the downregulation of miR-375 in the stomach and promote gastric carcinogenesis. However, whether the immune cells are affected by Helicobacter pylori due to the downregulation of miR-375 is unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, we constructed an overexpression and knockdown of miR-375 and Helicobacter pylori infection cell models in vitro. In addition, the maturity of dendritic cells (DCs) and the expression of IL-6, IL-10, and VEGF at the transcriptional and translational levels were analyzed. Changes in the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway were detected. In vivo, the number changes in CD4+ T and CD8+ T cells and the size changes of tumors via models of transplantable subcutaneous tumors were also analyzed. RESULTS A cell model of Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer was used to identify the expression of miR-375 and the maturity of dendritic cells. This study found that Helicobacter pylori could downregulate miR-375, which regulates the expression of cytokines IL-6, IL-10, and VEGF in the stomach. MiR-375 regulated the expression of cytokines IL-6, IL-10, and VEGF through the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway in vitro. In addition, we found that Helicobacter pylori regulates the maturation of dendritic cells through miR-375. These results were further verified in vivo, and miR-375 diminishes tumor size was also demonstrated. This study showed that immature DCs caused a decrease in the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that Helicobacter pylori can inhibit miRNA-375 expression in the stomach. Downregulated miR-375 activates the JAK2-STAT3 pathway. Activating the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway promotes the secretion of IL-6, IL-10, and VEGF, leading to immature differentiation of DCs and induction of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Simiao Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Menghui Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guojing Ruan
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Xi
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lufeng Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Le Guo
- Department of Medical Laboratory, School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Feng Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Xing
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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18
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MicroRNA Sequences Modulated by Beta Cell Lipid Metabolism: Implications for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060534. [PMID: 34203703 PMCID: PMC8232095 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in lipid metabolism within beta cells and islets contributes to dysfunction and apoptosis of beta cells, leading to loss of insulin secretion and the onset of type 2 diabetes. Over the last decade, there has been an explosion of interest in understanding the landscape of gene expression which influences beta cell function, including the importance of small non-coding microRNA sequences in this context. This review sought to identify the microRNA sequences regulated by metabolic challenges in beta cells and islets, their targets, highlight their function and assess their possible relevance as biomarkers of disease progression in diabetic individuals. Predictive analysis was used to explore networks of genes targeted by these microRNA sequences, which may offer new therapeutic strategies to protect beta cell function and delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.
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