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Wang Y, Piao Y, Chen N, Zhang Y, Zhang X, Wang C, Zhao C, Yu M, Zhang T. Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous Is a Safe Dietary Supplement with Potent Antioxidant Defense Enhancing Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39150542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c04062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous (X. dendrorhous), previously known as Phaffia rhodozyma, is a red yeast that is widely recognized as a rich source of carotenoids, particularly astaxanthin, which exhibits potent antioxidant activity and other health-promoting functions. However, there is currently a lack of research on the safety of consuming X. dendrorhous. To address this, we conducted an acute toxicity study followed by a 90-day subchronic toxicity trial to evaluate the safety of X. dendrorhous and investigate its in vivo antioxidant activity. In the acute toxicity study, Sprague-Dawley rats were administered a maximum of 12 g/kg body weight of X. dendrorhous powder by gavage and survived without any adverse effects for 14 days. In the subsequent subchronic toxicity test, the rats were randomly divided into five groups, each with free access to their diet adulterated with 0% (control), 2.5% (low), 5% (middle), 10% (high), and 20% (extreme high) X. dendrorhous powder. The rats' behavior, body weight, and food intake were monitored during the 90-day experiment. At the end of the experiment, urine, blood, and organs were collected from the rats for biochemical testing. Additionally, the antioxidant activity in rat sera was evaluated. The results of the acute toxicity test demonstrated that the LD50 of X. dendrorhous was greater than 12 g/kg body weight, indicating that the substance was not toxic. Throughout the 90-day period of subchronic toxicity, the triglyceride levels of male rats fed with 10 and 20% X. dendrorhous increased to 1.54 ± 0.17 and 1.55 ± 0.25 mmol/L (P < 0.05), respectively. This may be attributed to the elevated fat content of the diet in the high-dose and extreme high-dose groups, which was 5.5 and 2.5% higher than that in the control, respectively. Additionally, the white pulp in the spleen exhibited an increase, and the number of white blood cells in the extreme high-dose group increased by 2.41 × 109/L (P < 0.05), which may contribute to enhanced immunity. Finally, the body weight, food intake, blood and urine indexes, and histopathological examination results of the organs of the rats did not demonstrate any regular toxic effects. With the adulteration of X. dendrorhous, the activity of GSH-Px in male rats increased by 16-36.32%. The activity of GSH-Px in female rats of the extreme high-dose group increased by 14.70% (P < 0.05). The free radical scavenging ability of ABTS in male rats in the two high-dose groups exhibited an increase of 6.5 and 11.41% (P < 0.05). In contrast, the MDA content of male rats in the extreme high-dose group demonstrated a reduction of 2.73 nmol/mL (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that X. dendrorhous has no toxic effects, can be taken in high doses, and has a beneficial antioxidant effect that may enhance the body's immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yan Piao
- Jilin Heart Hospital, 5558 Jingyue Street, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Nan Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yutong Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Cuina Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Changhui Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Miao Yu
- Incubation Base of Changbai Mountain Characteristic Food and Drug Technology Industrial Park, Jilin Wanfang Dongxun Axiaxanthin Industry and Technology Development Co., Ltd, Baishan 134799, China
- Jilin Wanfang Baiao Biological Technology Co., Ltd. 888 Dujuan Road, Changchun 130119, China
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, 5333 Xi'an Road, Changchun 130062, China
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Rubinić I, Kurtov M, Likić R. Novel Pharmaceuticals in Appetite Regulation: Exploring emerging gut peptides and their pharmacological prospects. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2024; 12:e1243. [PMID: 39016695 PMCID: PMC11253306 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a global health challenge, necessitates innovative approaches for effective management. Targeting gut peptides in the development of anti-obesity pharmaceuticals has already demonstrated significant efficacy. Ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), cholecystokinin (CCK), and amylin are crucial in appetite regulation offering promising targets for pharmacological interventions in obesity treatment using both peptide-based and small molecule-based pharmaceuticals. Ghrelin, a sole orexigenic gut peptide, has a potential for anti-obesity therapies through various approaches, including endogenous ghrelin neutralization, ghrelin receptor antagonists, ghrelin O-acyltransferase, and functional inhibitors. Anorexigenic gut peptides, peptide YY, cholecystokinin, and amylin, have exhibited appetite-reducing effects in animal models and humans. Overcoming substantial obstacles is imperative for translating these findings into clinically effective pharmaceuticals. Peptide YY and cholecystokinin analogues, characterized by prolonged half-life and resistance to proteolytic enzymes, present viable options. Positive allosteric modulators emerge as a novel approach for modulating the cholecystokinin pathway. Amylin is currently the most promising, with both amylin analogues and dual amylin and calcitonin receptor agonists (DACRAs) progressing to advanced stages of clinical trials. Despite persistent challenges, innovative pharmaceutical strategies provide a glimpse into the future of anti-obesity therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Rubinić
- Department of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of RijekaRijekaCroatia
- Clinical Pharmacology unitClinical Hospital Center RijekaRijekaCroatia
| | - Marija Kurtov
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Internal MedicineUniversity Hospital “Sveti Duh”ZagrebCroatia
| | - Robert Likić
- Department of Internal MedicineSchool of Medicine University of ZagrebZagrebCroatia
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Shen XL, Zhou XT, Ren M, Shi X, Zhang HZ, Wang Y, Yang M. Modified Zhizhu Pill improves the loperamide-induced slow transit constipation via gut microbiota and neurotransmitters in microbiota-gut-brain axis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2024; 48:102410. [PMID: 38950678 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2024.102410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Slow-transmission constipation is a type of intractable constipation with unknown etiology and unclear pathogenesis. OBJECTIVE The intention of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect and possible mechanism of Modified Zhizhu Pills on loperamide-induced slow transit constipation. METHODS The effects of the Modified Zhizhu Pill were evaluated in a rat model of constipation induced by subcutaneous administration of loperamide. Fecal parameters (fecal count, fecal water content, and fecal hardness) were measured in constipated rats. The substance, target, and pathway basis of the Modified Zhizhu Pill on constipation was investigated using network pharmacology. The microflora in rats was determined. Serum neurotransmitters (acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine) were measured in rats and their relationship with the gut microbiota was assessed. RESULTS Modified Zhizhu Pill increased the number of bowel movements and fecal water content, and decreased fecal hardness and transit time. Network pharmacological analysis showed that Modified Zhizhu Pill can target multiple constipation-related targets and pathways through multiple potential active ingredients. Modified Zhizhu Pill alleviated loperamide-induced microbiota dysbiosis. Modified Zhizhu Pill increased serum 5-hydroxytryptamine and acetylcholine. The increase in serum 5-hydroxytryptamine and acetylcholine was associated with rat gut microbiota. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Modified Zhizhu Pill may increase intestinal motility and ultimately relieve constipation by improving microecological dysbiosis and neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Long Shen
- Anorectal Department, Luzhou People's Hospital, Luzhou, 646099, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Luzhou Mental Hospital, Luzhou, 646000, China
| | - Min Ren
- Ophthalmology Department, Luzhou People's Hospital, Luzhou, 646099, China
| | - Xin Shi
- General surgery Department, Luzhou People's Hospital, Luzhou, 646099, China
| | - Hai-Zhen Zhang
- Oncology Department, Luzhou People's Hospital, Luzhou, 646099, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Anorectal Department, Luzhou People's Hospital, Luzhou, 646099, China
| | - Min Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Luzhou Mental Hospital, Luzhou, 646000, China.
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Nicze M, Dec A, Borówka M, Krzyżak D, Bołdys A, Bułdak Ł, Okopień B. Molecular Mechanisms behind Obesity and Their Potential Exploitation in Current and Future Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8202. [PMID: 39125772 PMCID: PMC11311839 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease caused primarily by the imbalance between the amount of calories supplied to the body and energy expenditure. Not only does it deteriorate the quality of life, but most importantly it increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, leading to reduced life expectancy. In this review, we would like to present the molecular pathomechanisms underlying obesity, which constitute the target points for the action of anti-obesity medications. These include the central nervous system, brain-gut-microbiome axis, gastrointestinal motility, and energy expenditure. A significant part of this article is dedicated to incretin-based drugs such as GLP-1 receptor agonists (e.g., liraglutide and semaglutide), as well as the brand new dual GLP-1 and GIP receptor agonist tirzepatide, all of which have become "block-buster" drugs due to their effectiveness in reducing body weight and beneficial effects on the patient's metabolic profile. Finally, this review article highlights newly designed molecules with the potential for future obesity management that are the subject of ongoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Nicze
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland (A.B.); (B.O.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Łukasz Bułdak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland (A.B.); (B.O.)
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Osiak-Wicha C, Kras K, Tomaszewska E, Muszyński S, Arciszewski MB. Examining the Potential Applicability of Orexigenic and Anorexigenic Peptides in Veterinary Medicine for the Management of Obesity in Companion Animals. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:6725-6745. [PMID: 39057043 PMCID: PMC11275339 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46070401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This review article comprehensively explores the role of orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides in the management of obesity in companion animals, with a focus on clinical applications. Obesity in domestic animals, particularly dogs and cats, is prevalent, with significant implications for their health and well-being. Factors contributing to obesity include overfeeding, poor-quality diet, lack of physical activity, and genetic predispositions. Despite the seriousness of this condition, it is often underestimated, with societal perceptions sometimes reinforcing unhealthy behaviors. Understanding the regulation of food intake and identifying factors affecting the function of food intake-related proteins are crucial in combating obesity. Dysregulations in these proteins, whether due to genetic mutations, enzymatic dysfunctions, or receptor abnormalities, can have profound health consequences. Molecular biology techniques play a pivotal role in elucidating these mechanisms, offering insights into potential therapeutic interventions. The review categorizes food intake-related proteins into anorexigenic peptides (inhibitors of food intake) and orexigenic peptides (enhancers of food intake). It thoroughly examines current research on regulating energy balance in companion animals, emphasizing the clinical application of various peptides, including ghrelin, phoenixin (PNX), asprosin, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), leptin, and nesfatin-1, in veterinary obesity management. This comprehensive review aims to provide valuable insights into the complex interplay between peptides, energy balance regulation, and obesity in companion animals. It underscores the importance of targeted interventions and highlights the potential of peptide-based therapies in improving the health outcomes of obese pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Osiak-Wicha
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (C.O.-W.); (K.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Kras
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (C.O.-W.); (K.K.)
| | - Ewa Tomaszewska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Siemowit Muszyński
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marcin B. Arciszewski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (C.O.-W.); (K.K.)
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Acosta A, Cifuentes L, Anazco D, O'Connor T, Hurtado M, Ghusn W, Campos A, Fansa S, McRae A, Madhusudhan S, Kolkin E, Ryks M, Harmsen W, Abu Dayyeh B, Hensrud D, Camilleri M. Unraveling the Variability of Human Satiation: Implications for Precision Obesity Management. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4402499. [PMID: 38826309 PMCID: PMC11142367 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4402499/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Satiation is the physiologic process that regulates meal size and termination, and it is quantified by the calories consumed to reach satiation. Given its role in energy intake, changes in satiation contribute to obesity's pathogenesis. Our study employed a protocolized approach to study the components of food intake regulation including a standardized breakfast, a gastric emptying study, appetite sensation testing, and a satiation measurement by an ad libitummeal test. These studies revealed that satiation is highly variable among individuals, and while baseline characteristics, anthropometrics, body composition and hormones, contribute to this variability, these factors do not fully account for it. To address this gap, we explored the role of a germline polygenic risk score, which demonstrated a robust association with satiation. Furthermore, we developed a machine-learning-assisted gene risk score to predict satiation and leveraged this prediction to anticipate responses to anti-obesity medications. Our findings underscore the significance of satiation, its inherent variability, and the potential of a genetic risk score to forecast it, ultimately allowing us to predict responses to different anti-obesity interventions.
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Peters B, Vahlhaus J, Pivovarova-Ramich O. Meal timing and its role in obesity and associated diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1359772. [PMID: 38586455 PMCID: PMC10995378 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1359772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Meal timing emerges as a crucial factor influencing metabolic health that can be explained by the tight interaction between the endogenous circadian clock and metabolic homeostasis. Mistimed food intake, such as delayed or nighttime consumption, leads to desynchronization of the internal circadian clock and is associated with an increased risk for obesity and associated metabolic disturbances such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Conversely, meal timing aligned with cellular rhythms can optimize the performance of tissues and organs. In this review, we provide an overview of the metabolic effects of meal timing and discuss the underlying mechanisms. Additionally, we explore factors influencing meal timing, including internal determinants such as chronotype and genetics, as well as external influences like social factors, cultural aspects, and work schedules. This review could contribute to defining meal-timing-based recommendations for public health initiatives and developing guidelines for effective lifestyle modifications targeting the prevention and treatment of obesity and associated metabolic diseases. Furthermore, it sheds light on crucial factors that must be considered in the design of future food timing intervention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beeke Peters
- Research Group Molecular Nutritional Medicine and Department of Human Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München, Germany
| | - Janna Vahlhaus
- Research Group Molecular Nutritional Medicine and Department of Human Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Olga Pivovarova-Ramich
- Research Group Molecular Nutritional Medicine and Department of Human Nutrition, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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McClements DJ. Designing healthier and more sustainable ultraprocessed foods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13331. [PMID: 38517032 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The food industry has been extremely successful in creating a broad range of delicious, affordable, convenient, and safe food and beverage products. However, many of these products are considered to be ultraprocessed foods (UPFs) that contain ingredients and are processed in a manner that may cause adverse health effects. This review article introduces the concept of UPFs and briefly discusses food products that fall into this category, including beverages, baked goods, snacks, confectionary, prepared meals, dressings, sauces, spreads, and processed meat and meat analogs. It then discusses correlations between consumption levels of UPFs and diet-related chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. The different reasons for the proposed ability of UPFs to increase the risk of these chronic diseases are then critically assessed, including displacement of whole foods, high energy densities, missing phytochemicals, contamination with packaging chemicals, hyperpalatability, harmful additives, rapid ingestion and digestion, and toxic reaction products. Then, potential strategies to overcome the current problems with UPFs are presented, including reducing energy density, balancing nutritional profile, fortification, increasing satiety response, modulating mastication and digestion, reengineering food structure, and precision processing. The central argument is that it may be possible to reformulate and reengineer many UPFs to improve their healthiness and sustainability, although this still needs to be proved using rigorous scientific studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Julian McClements
- Department of Food Science & Bioengineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Cifuentes L, Galbiati F, Mahmud H, Rometo D. Weight regain after total meal replacement very low-calorie diet program with and with-out anti-obesity medications. Obes Sci Pract 2024; 10:e722. [PMID: 38263986 PMCID: PMC10804351 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Very low-calorie diets (VLCDs) employing total meal replacement (TMR) offer substantial short-term weight loss. Concurrently, anti-obesity medications (AOMs) have shown promise as adjunctive treatments when combined with VLCDs. Aims This study aimed to investigate the impact of adjuvant AOMs on weight loss and weight regain within a comprehensive lifestyle program. Methods This is a retrospective study of patients with obesity enrolled in VLCD/TMR programs, specifically the OPTIFAST program. Results Data from 206 patients (68% women, mean age 52.39 ± 13.05 years, BMI 41.71 ± 7.04 kg/m2) were analyzed. Of these, 139 received no AOM (AOM-), while 67 received AOMs (AOM+). Total body weight loss percentages (TWL%) at 6 and 18 months were -17.87% ± 7.02 and -12.10% ± 11.56, respectively. There was no significant difference in 6-month weight loss between the AOM groups. However, the AOM + group exhibited lower weight regain (3.29 kg ± 10.19 vs. 7.61 kg ± 11.96; p = 0.006) and weight regain percentage (WR%) (31.5% ± 68.7 vs. 52.16% ± 64.4; p = 0.04) compared with the AOM- group. Conclusion The findings highlighted the potential of AOMs and VLCD/TMR as effective strategies for long-term weight management in individuals with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizeth Cifuentes
- Department of MedicineDivision of General Internal MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Francesca Galbiati
- Department of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and HypertensionBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Hussain Mahmud
- Department of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and MetabolismUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - David Rometo
- Department of MedicineDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and MetabolismUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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Idrizaj E, Nistri S, Nardini P, Baccari MC. Adiponectin affects ileal contractility of mouse preparations. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G187-G194. [PMID: 38111974 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00203.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Adiponectin (ADPN) has been reported to induce inhibitory effects on gastric motor activity, which, being a source of peripheral satiety signals, would contribute to the central anorexigenic effects of the hormone in rodents. However, peripheral satiety signals can also originate from the small intestine. Since there are no data on the effects of ADPN in this gut region, the present study aimed to investigate whether ADPN affects murine ileal contractility. Immunofluorescence experiments and Western blot were also performed to reveal the expression of ADPN receptors. Mechanical responses of ileal preparations were recorded in vitro via force-displacement transducers. Preparations showed a tetrodotoxin- and atropine-insensitive spontaneous contractile activity. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) induced tetrodotoxin- and atropine-sensitive contractile responses. ADPN induced a decay of the basal tension and decreased the amplitude of either the spontaneous contractility or the EFS-induced excitatory responses. All ADPN effects were abolished by the nitric oxide (NO) synthesis inhibitor NG-nitro l-arginine. The expression of the ADPN receptor, AdipoR1, but not AdipoR2, was also revealed in enteric glial cells. The present results offer the first evidence that ADPN acts on ileal preparations. The hormone exerts inhibitory effects, likely involving AdipoR1 on enteric glial cells and NO. From a physiological point of view, it could be hypothesized that the depressant action of ADPN on ileal contractility represents an additional peripheral satiety signal which, as also described for the ileal brake, could contribute to the central anorexigenic effects of the hormone.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides the first evidence that adiponectin (ADPN) is able to act on ileal preparations. Functional results demonstrate that the hormone, other than causing a slight decay of the basal tension, depresses the amplitude of both spontaneous contractility and neurally induced excitatory responses of the mouse ileum through the involvement of nitric oxide. The expression of the ADPN receptor AdipoR1 and its localization on glial cells was revealed by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eglantina Idrizaj
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Silvia Nistri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Imaging Platform, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nardini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Imaging Platform, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Baccari
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
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Kras K, Ropka-Molik K, Muszyński S, Arciszewski MB. Expression of Genes Encoding Selected Orexigenic and Anorexigenic Peptides and Their Receptors in the Organs of the Gastrointestinal Tract of Calves and Adult Domestic Cattle ( Bos taurus taurus). Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:533. [PMID: 38203717 PMCID: PMC10779135 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The regulation of food intake occurs at multiple levels, and two of the components of this process are orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides, which stimulate or inhibit appetite, respectively. The study of the function of these compounds in domestic cattle is essential for production efficiency, animal welfare, and health, as well as for economic benefits, environmental protection, and the contribution to a better understanding of physiological aspects that can be applied to other species. In this study, the real-time PCR method was utilized to determine the expression levels of GHRL, GHSR, SMIM20, GPR173, LEP, LEPR, and NUCB2 (which encode ghrelin, its receptor, phoenixin-14, its receptor, leptin, its receptor, and nesfatin-1, respectively) in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of Polish Holstein-Friesian breed cattle. In all analyzed GIT segments, mRNA for all the genes was present in both age groups, confirming their significance in these tissues. Gene expression levels varied distinctly across different GIT segments and between young and mature subjects. The differences between calves and adults were particularly pronounced in areas such as the forestomachs, ileum, and jejunum, indicating potential changes in peptides regulating food intake based on the developmental phase. In mature individuals, the forestomachs predominantly displayed an increase in GHRL expression, while the intestines had elevated levels of GHSR, GPR173, LEP, and NUCB2. In contrast, the forestomachs in calves showed upregulated expressions of LEP, LEPR, and NUCB2, highlighting the potential importance of peptides from these genes in bovine forestomach development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kras
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12 St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Ropka-Molik
- Department of Animal Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1 St., 32-083 Balice, Poland;
| | - Siemowit Muszyński
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Environmental Biology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 13 Akademicka St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marcin B. Arciszewski
- Department of Animal Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 12 St., 20-950 Lublin, Poland;
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Collantoni E, Meregalli V, Granziol U, Gerunda C, Zech H, Schroeder PA, Tenconi E, Cardi V, Meneguzzo P, Martini M, Marzola E, Abbate-Daga G, Favaro A. Easy to get, difficult to avoid: Behavioral tendencies toward high-calorie and low-calorie food during a mobile approach-avoidance task interact with body mass index and hunger in a community sample. Appetite 2023; 188:106619. [PMID: 37268275 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, different studies highlighted the importance of assessing behavioral tendencies toward different food stimuli in healthy and pathological samples. However, heterogeneities in experimental approaches and small sample sizes make this literature rather inconsistent. In this study, we used a mobile approach-avoidance task to investigate the behavioral tendencies toward healthy and unhealthy foods compared to neutral objects in a large community sample. The role of some contextual and stable subjective variables was also explored. The sample included 204 participants. The stimuli comprised 15 pictures of unhealthy foods, 15 pictures of healthy foods, and 15 pictures of neutral objects. Participants were required to approach or avoid stimuli by respectively pull or push the smartphone toward or away from themselves. Accuracy and reaction time of each movement were calculated. The analyses were conducted using a generalized linear mixed-effect model (GLMMs), testing the two-way interaction between the type of movement and the stimulus category and the three-way interactions between type of movement, stimulus, and specific variables (BMI, time passed since the last meal, level of perceived hunger). Our results evidenced faster approaching movement toward food stimuli but not toward neutrals. An effect of BMI was also documented: as the BMI increased, participants became slower in avoiding unhealthy compared to healthy foods, and in approaching healthy compared to unhealthy stimuli. Moreover, as hunger increased, participants became faster in approaching and slower in avoiding healthy compared to unhealthy stimuli. In conclusion, our results show an approach tendency toward food stimuli, independent from caloric content, in the general population. Furthermore, approach tendencies to healthy foods decreased with increasing BMI and increased with perceived hunger, indicating the possible influence of different mechanisms on eating-related behavioral tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Collantoni
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Valentina Meregalli
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Umberto Granziol
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Hilmar Zech
- Department of Psychiatry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Elena Tenconi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Valentina Cardi
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Meneguzzo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Martini
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Marzola
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Abbate-Daga
- Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Angela Favaro
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Padua Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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13
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Horwitz A, Birk R. Adipose Tissue Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy in Common and Syndromic Obesity-The Case of BBS Obesity. Nutrients 2023; 15:3445. [PMID: 37571382 PMCID: PMC10421039 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a metabolic state generated by the expansion of adipose tissue. Adipose tissue expansion depends on the interplay between hyperplasia and hypertrophy, and is mainly regulated by a complex interaction between genetics and excess energy intake. However, the genetic regulation of adipose tissue expansion is yet to be fully understood. Obesity can be divided into common multifactorial/polygenic obesity and monogenic obesity, non-syndromic and syndromic. Several genes related to obesity were found through studies of monogenic non-syndromic obesity models. However, syndromic obesity, characterized by additional features other than obesity, suggesting a more global role of the mutant genes related to the syndrome and, thus, an additional peripheral influence on the development of obesity, were hardly studied to date in this regard. This review summarizes present knowledge regarding the hyperplasia and hypertrophy of adipocytes in common obesity. Additionally, we highlight the scarce research on syndromic obesity as a model for studying adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy, focusing on Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS). BBS obesity involves central and peripheral mechanisms, with molecular and mechanistic alternation in adipocyte hyperplasia and hypertrophy. Thus, we argue that using syndromic obesity models, such as BBS, can further advance our knowledge regarding peripheral adipocyte regulation in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Birk
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
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14
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Santos WLL, da Silva Pinheiro C, de Oliveira Santos R, da Silva ACA, Severo JS, Mendes PHM, de Sousa LC, de Sousa OMC, Dos Santos BLB, de Oliveira KBV, Freitas AK, Torres-Leal FL, Dos Santos AA, da Silva MTB. Physical exercise alleviates oxidative stress in brown adipose tissue and causes changes in body composition and nutritional behavior in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome. Life Sci 2023; 325:121754. [PMID: 37156395 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.121754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
AIM Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a very common endocrine disorder in women. We investigate the effect of physical exercise on body composition, nutritional parameters, and oxidative stress in rats with PCOS. METHODS Female rats were into three groups: Control, PCOS, and PCOS + Exercise. PCOS was induced by letrozole (1 mg/kg via p.o.) for 21 days consecutively. Physical exercise was swimming, for 21 consecutive days, 1 h/day with 5 % load. In all groups, we assessed the nutritional and murinometric parameters, body composition, thermography, and oxidative stress in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and peri-ovarian adipose tissue (POAT). KEY FINDINGS In PCOS we observed an increase (P < 0.05) in body weight vs. the Control group. But, the PCOS + Exercise group prevent this weight gain (P < 0.05). The temperature in BAT, decrease (P < 0.05) in the PCOS group vs. Control group. PCOS + Exercise prevented this reduction (P < 0.05) in BAT temperature vs. PCOS groups. We observed decreases (P < 0.05) in Lee Index and BMI in POS + Exercise vs. PCOS group. In PCOS rats, we observed an increase (P < 0.05) in murinometric (SRWG, EI, and FE) and body composition parameters (TWB, ECF, ICF, and FFM) vs. the Control group. The PCOS + Exercise prevents (P < 0.05) these changes in all groups, compared with PCOS. Regarding the BAT, we observe an increase (P < 0.05) in MPO and MDA levels in the PCOS vs. Control group. PCOS + Exercise prevents (P < 0.05) these increases vs. the PCOS group. SIGNIFICANCE PCOS modifies body composition, and nutritional parameters, and induces changes in oxidative stress in BAT. Physical exercise prevented these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenna Lúcia Lima Santos
- Graduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil; Laboratory of Exercise and Gastrointestinal Tract - Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Clailson da Silva Pinheiro
- Laboratory of Exercise and Gastrointestinal Tract - Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | - Alda Cassia Alves da Silva
- Laboratory of Exercise and Gastrointestinal Tract - Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Juliana Soares Severo
- Graduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil; Laboratory of Exercise and Gastrointestinal Tract - Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Moraes Mendes
- Laboratory of Exercise and Gastrointestinal Tract - Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Luiza Carolinda de Sousa
- Laboratory of Exercise and Gastrointestinal Tract - Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Olga Maria Castro de Sousa
- Laboratory of Exercise and Gastrointestinal Tract - Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | | | | | - António Klingem Freitas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Moises Tolentino Bento da Silva
- Graduate Program in Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil; Laboratory of Exercise and Gastrointestinal Tract - Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil; Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Piaui, Teresina, PI, Brazil; Laboratory of Physiology. Department of Immuno-Physiology and Pharmacology. Institute of the Biomedical Science Abel Salazar - ICBAS, Center for Drug Discovery and Innovative Medicines (MedInUP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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15
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Bülbül T, Sefergil Ş, Bülbül A. Effects of Dietary Sodium Nitroprusside and N G-Nitro-L-Arginine Methyl Ester on Growth Performance, Some Organs Development Status and Immune Parameters in Broilers. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081361. [PMID: 37106924 PMCID: PMC10135183 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, and NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an NO synthase inhibitor, on growth performance, organ development, and immunity in broilers. A total of 560 one-day-old mixed-gender broiler chickens (ROSS 308) were divided into one control and seven experimental groups. The experimental groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 25, 50, 100, and 200 ppm SNP, and 25, 50, and 100 ppm L-NAME in the starter and grower diets. Body weight gain increased in groups receiving 25-100 ppm L-NAME on day 21 and 100 ppm L-NAME on days 0-42. Feed intake increased in the group receiving 100 ppm L-NAME on all days. The feed conversion ratio improved in the group receiving 25 ppm L-NAME on days 0-21, whereas it worsened in groups with 100 and 200 ppm SNP on days 0-42. Serum antibody titers decreased in the 100 ppm L-NAME group on day 21. In conclusion, the supplementation of the NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME to the broilers' diet had a positive effect on the performance parameters, whereas the NO donor SNP worsened these parameters, especially on days 0-21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Bülbül
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Milas Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Türkiye
| | - Şamil Sefergil
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Milas Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Türkiye
| | - Aziz Bülbül
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Milas Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla 48000, Türkiye
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16
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Ezurike PU, Odunola E, Oke TA, Bakre AG, Olumide O, Odetoye O, Alege AM, Abiodun OO. Ganoderma lucidum ethanol extract promotes weight loss and improves depressive-like behaviors in male and female Swiss mice. Physiol Behav 2023; 265:114155. [PMID: 36907499 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic and mood-related disturbances can increase the risks of developing adverse mental health problems. The medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, is utilized in indigenous medicine to improve quality of life, promote health, and boost vitality. This study investigated the effects of Ganoderma lucidum ethanol extract (EEGL) on feeding behavioral parameters, depressive-like symptoms, and motor activity in Swiss mice. We hypothesized that EEGL would have beneficial effect on metabolic and behavioral outcomes in a dose-related manner. The mushroom was identified and authenticated via techniques of molecular biology. Forty Swiss mice (n = 10/group) of either sex were given distilled water (10 mL/kg) and graded doses of EEGL (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) orally for 30 days, during which feed and water intake, body weight, neurobehavioral, and safety data were documented. The animals experienced a significant decrease in body weight gain and feed intake while water intake increased in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, EEGL significantly diminished immobility time in forced swim test (FST) and tail suspension test (TST). At the 100 and 200 mg/kg, EEGL did not cause significant alteration in motor activity in the open field test (OFT). Meanwhile, an increase in motor activity in male mice without remarkable difference in female mice was observed at the highest dose (400 mg/kg). Eighty percent of mice treated with 400 mg/kg survived till day 30. These findings suggest that EEGL at 100 and 200 mg/kg reduces the amount of weight gained and elicits antidepressant-like effects. Thus, EEGL might be useful for the management of obesity and depressive-like symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Precious U Ezurike
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria.
| | - Evelyn Odunola
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Tolulope A Oke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Adewale G Bakre
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Oluwayimika Olumide
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - OgoOluwa Odetoye
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Adenike M Alege
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
| | - Oyindamola O Abiodun
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.
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17
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Feris F, McRae A, Kellogg TA, McKenzie T, Ghanem O, Acosta A. Mucosal and hormonal adaptations after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2023; 19:37-49. [PMID: 36243547 PMCID: PMC9797451 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2022.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to perform a comprehensive literature review regarding the relevant hormonal and histologic changes observed after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). We aimed to describe the relevant hormonal (glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2 [GLP-1 and GLP-2], peptide YY [PYY], oxyntomodulin [OXM], bile acids [BA], cholecystokinin [CCK], ghrelin, glucagon, gastric inhibitory polypeptide [GIP], and amylin) profiles, as well as the histologic (mucosal cellular) adaptations happening after patients undergo RYGB. Our review compiles the current evidence and furthers the understanding of the rationale behind the food intake regulatory adaptations occurring after RYGB surgery. We identify gaps in the literature where the potential for future investigations and therapeutics may lie. We performed a comprehensive database search without language restrictions looking for RYGB bariatric surgery outcomes in patients with pre- and postoperative blood work hormonal profiling and/or gut mucosal biopsies. We gathered the relevant study results and describe them in this review. Where human findings were lacking, we included animal model studies. The amalgamation of physiologic, metabolic, and cellular adaptations following RYGB is yet to be fully characterized. This constitutes a fundamental aspiration for enhancing and individualizing obesity therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fauzi Feris
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alison McRae
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Todd A Kellogg
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Travis McKenzie
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Omar Ghanem
- Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andres Acosta
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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18
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Hjelmesæth J, Sjöberg A. Human body weight, nutrients, and foods: a scoping review. Food Nutr Res 2022; 66:8814. [PMID: 36035748 PMCID: PMC9396931 DOI: 10.29219/fnr.v66.8814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jøran Hjelmesæth
- Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Medicine, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Jøran Hjelmesæth, Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Medicine, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Boks 2168, NO-3103 Tønsberg, Norway.
| | - Agneta Sjöberg
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Ghusn W, Cifuentes L, Campos A, Sacoto D, De La Rosa A, Feris F, Calderon G, Gonzalez-Izundegui D, Stutzman J, Hurtado MD, Camilleri M, Acosta A. Association Between Food Intake and Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Patients With Obesity. GASTRO HEP ADVANCES 2022; 2:121-128. [PMID: 36741967 PMCID: PMC9894313 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastha.2022.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hunger, satiation, postprandial satiety, and hedonic eating constitute key food intake parameters. We aim to study whether these symptoms are associated with gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) in patients with obesity. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study of patients with obesity. Patients completed the following validated biomarkers and questionnaires: hunger was measured via visual analog scale (100 mm) following a standard meal, satiation was measured via ad libitum meal (calories to fullness; kcal), postprandial satiety was measured via gastric emptying scintigraphy (T1/2; mins), and hedonic eating was measured via the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire. Participants completed the abridged Bowel Disease Questionnaire to evaluate their GIS. We calculated the odds ratios (ORs) adjusted for sex, weight, and age between food intake parameters <25th or >75th percentile observed in a prior cohort of 450 participants with obesity and GIS. RESULTS A total of 274 participants (41 ± 10 [SD] years, 75% females, body mass index 39 ± 8 kg/m2) were included in the analysis. Increased hunger was associated with a lower prevalence of lumpy stools (OR = 0.18, P = .02). Satiation was associated with abdominal pain/discomfort (relieved by defecation [OR = 2.4, P = .02] or associated with change in stool consistency [OR = 2.92, P < .01]), loose/watery stools (OR = 2.09, P = .02), and bloating (OR = 2.49, P < .01). Abnormal postprandial satiety was associated with bloating (OR = 2.26, P < .01) and loose/watery stools (OR = 1.84, P = .04). Hedonic eating was associated with abdominal pain/discomfort with stool frequency change (OR = 2.4, P = .02), >3 bowel movements per day (OR = 1.93, P = .048), bloating (OR = 2.49, P = .01), abdominal pain after meals >1 per month (OR = 4.24, P < .01), and nausea >1 per week (OR = 4.51, P < .01). CONCLUSION Alterations in hunger, satiation, postprandial satiety, and hedonic eating are associated with GIS in patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wissam Ghusn
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lizeth Cifuentes
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alejandro Campos
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Daniel Sacoto
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Alan De La Rosa
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Fauzi Feris
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gerardo Calderon
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Daniel Gonzalez-Izundegui
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jessica Stutzman
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Maria Daniela Hurtado
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiology Research (C.E.N.T.E.R.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andres Acosta
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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20
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Campos A, Port JD, Acosta A. Integrative Hedonic and Homeostatic Food Intake Regulation by the Central Nervous System: Insights from Neuroimaging. Brain Sci 2022; 12:431. [PMID: 35447963 PMCID: PMC9032173 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Food intake regulation in humans is a complex process controlled by the dynamic interaction of homeostatic and hedonic systems. Homeostatic regulation is controlled by appetitive signals from the gut, adipose tissue, and the vagus nerve, while conscious and unconscious reward processes orchestrate hedonic regulation. On the one hand, sight, smell, taste, and texture perception deliver potent food-related feedback to the central nervous system (CNS) and influence brain areas related to food reward. On the other hand, macronutrient composition stimulates the release of appetite signals from the gut, which are translated in the CNS into unconscious reward processes. This multi-level regulation process of food intake shapes and regulates human ingestive behavior. Identifying the interface between hormones, neurotransmitters, and brain areas is critical to advance our understanding of conditions like obesity and develop better therapeutical interventions. Neuroimaging studies allow us to take a glance into the central nervous system (CNS) while these processes take place. This review focuses on the available neuroimaging evidence to describe this interaction between the homeostatic and hedonic components in human food intake regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Campos
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - John D. Port
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Andres Acosta
- Precision Medicine for Obesity Program, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
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21
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Heffernan S, Nunn L, Harnedy-Rothwell PA, Gite S, Whooley J, Giblin L, FitzGerald RJ, O’Brien NM. Blue Whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) Protein Hydrolysates Increase GLP-1 Secretion and Proglucagon Production in STC-1 Cells Whilst Maintaining Caco-2/HT29-MTX Co-Culture Integrity. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020112. [PMID: 35200641 PMCID: PMC8877066 DOI: 10.3390/md20020112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Inducing the feeling of fullness via the regulation of satiety hormones presents an effective method for reducing excess energy intake and, in turn, preventing the development of obesity. In this study, the ability of blue whiting soluble protein hydrolysates (BWSPHs) and simulated gastrointestinal digested (SGID) BWSPHs, to modulate the secretion and/or production of satiety hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), cholecystokinin (CCK) and peptide YY (PYY), was assessed in murine enteroendocrine STC-1 cells. All BWSPHs (BW-SPH-A to BW-SPH-F) (1.0% w/v dw) increased active GLP-1 secretion and proglucagon production in STC-1 cells compared to the basal control (Krebs–Ringer buffer) (p < 0.05). The signaling pathway activated for GLP-1 secretion was also assessed. A significant increase in intracellular calcium levels was observed after incubation with all BWSPHs (p < 0.05) compared with the control, although none of the BWSPHs altered intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations. The secretagogue effect of the leading hydrolysate was diminished after SGID. Neither pre- nor post-SGID hydrolysates affected epithelial barrier integrity or stimulated interleukin (IL)-6 secretion in differentiated Caco-2/HT-29MTX co-cultured cells. These results suggest a role for BWSPH-derived peptides in satiety activity; however, these peptides may need to be protected by some means to avoid loss of activity during gastrointestinal transit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauna Heffernan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Leo Nunn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland;
| | | | - Snehal Gite
- Bio-Marine Ingredients Ireland Ltd., Lough Egish Food Park, A75 WR82 Castleblaney, Ireland; (S.G.); (J.W.)
| | - Jason Whooley
- Bio-Marine Ingredients Ireland Ltd., Lough Egish Food Park, A75 WR82 Castleblaney, Ireland; (S.G.); (J.W.)
| | - Linda Giblin
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, P61 C996 Cork, Ireland;
| | - Richard J. FitzGerald
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland; (P.A.H.-R.); (R.J.F.)
| | - Nora M. O’Brien
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University College Cork, T12 YN60 Cork, Ireland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-21-490-2884
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22
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Senesi P, Ferrulli A, Luzi L, Terruzzi I. Chrono-communication and cardiometabolic health: The intrinsic relationship and therapeutic nutritional promises. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:975509. [PMID: 36176473 PMCID: PMC9513421 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.975509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm, an innate 24-h biological clock, regulates several mammalian physiological activities anticipating daily environmental variations and optimizing available energetic resources. The circadian machinery is a complex neuronal and endocrinological network primarily organized into a central clock, suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), and peripheral clocks. Several small molecules generate daily circadian fluctuations ensuring inter-organ communication and coordination between external stimuli, i.e., light, food, and exercise, and body metabolism. As an orchestra, this complex network can be out of tone. Circadian disruption is often associated with obesity development and, above all, with diabetes and cardiovascular disease onset. Moreover, accumulating data highlight a bidirectional relationship between circadian misalignment and cardiometabolic disease severity. Food intake abnormalities, especially timing and composition of meal, are crucial cause of circadian disruption, but evidence from preclinical and clinical studies has shown that food could represent a unique therapeutic approach to promote circadian resynchronization. In this review, we briefly summarize the structure of circadian system and discuss the role playing by different molecules [from leptin to ghrelin, incretins, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15)] to guarantee circadian homeostasis. Based on the recent data, we discuss the innovative nutritional interventions aimed at circadian re-synchronization and, consequently, improvement of cardiometabolic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Senesi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrulli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Livio Luzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Ileana Terruzzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Endocrinology, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- *Correspondence: Ileana Terruzzi,
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23
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Precision Medicine and Obesity. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 274:467-485. [PMID: 34910252 PMCID: PMC9200903 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic, relapsing, and multifactorial disease, with a rising prevalence and an associated high economic burden. Achieving successful and sustained weight loss outcomes with current interventions is challenging. This is due, at least in part, to the disease's heterogenous pathophysiology that is yet to be completely understood. Technological advances and greater capabilities for the extraction and storage of information have facilitated the application of precision medicine. Several precision medicine initiatives have been proposed to improve obesity outcomes. Most of these initiatives are based on -omics technologies. Although the data generated from these technologies have led to developing hypotheses that may explain the underpinnings of obesity, their applicability to the clinical practice is yet to be determined. There are other initiatives that have identified quantitative or qualitative physiologic traits that can be targeted and that could have a more immediate clinical impact. This review aims to provide a perspective of current initiatives for precision medicine for obesity.
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24
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de Ceglia M, Decara J, Gaetani S, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. Obesity as a Condition Determined by Food Addiction: Should Brain Endocannabinoid System Alterations Be the Cause and Its Modulation the Solution? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101002. [PMID: 34681224 PMCID: PMC8538206 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disorder, and the number of people affected is growing every day. In recent years, research has confirmed the hypothesis that food addiction is a determining factor in obesity. Food addiction is a behavioral disorder characterized by disruptions in the reward system in response to hedonic eating. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) plays an important role in the central and peripheral control of food intake and reward-related behaviors. Moreover, both obesity and food addiction have been linked to impairments in the ECS function in various brain regions integrating peripheral metabolic signals and modulating appetite. For these reasons, targeting the ECS could be a valid pharmacological therapy for these pathologies. However, targeting the cannabinoid receptors with inverse agonists failed when used in clinical contexts as a consequence of the induction of affective disorders. In this context, new classes of drugs acting either on CB1 and/or CB2 receptors or on synthetic and degradation enzymes of endogenous cannabinoids are being studied. However, further investigation is necessary to find safe and effective treatments that can exert anti-obesity effects, normalizing reward-related behaviors without causing important adverse mood effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialuisa de Ceglia
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.d.C.); (F.R.d.F.)
| | - Juan Decara
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Silvana Gaetani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain;
- Correspondence: (M.d.C.); (F.R.d.F.)
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