1
|
Li Y, Huang Q, Zeng X, Wang R, Li W. Population Pharmacokinetics of Atorvastatin in High-Altitude and Plain Patients with Hyperlipidemic. J Clin Pharmacol 2024; 64:345-352. [PMID: 37864509 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.2376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic (PK) characteristics of drugs were altered under high-altitude hypoxia. We aim to describe the population PK of atorvastatin (ATV) to identify patient characteristics that are predictive of variability in the PK parameters of the ATV and investigate the effects of high-altitude hypoxia on the blood concentration of ATV in patients with hyperlipidemia. A total of 160 plasma concentrations were collected from 40 patients with hyperlipidemia in plateau areas and 40 in plain areas. The population pharmacokinetic model of patients with hyperlipidemia in plateau and plain areas of China was established by a nonlinear mixed-effects model. The PK of ATV were described by a 1-compartment model with first-order elimination. The main PK parameters of ATV were the first-order absorption rate (0.76 hour-1 fixed); clearance (174.22 L/h) and apparent volume of distribution (1119.62 L). The values of area and age were identified as significant covariates for the clearance, area, age, and urea for the volume of distribution. The steady-state peak concentration in the plateau area was higher than that in the plain area. This study may suggest dose reduction is necessary for patients with hyperlipidemia in high altitudes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xianghai Zeng
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
- School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Ningxia, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The 940th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhu J, Duan Y, Duo D, Yang J, Bai X, Liu G, Wang Q, Wang X, Qu N, Zhou Y, Li X. High-altitude Hypoxia Influences the Activities of the Drug-Metabolizing Enzyme CYP3A1 and the Pharmacokinetics of Four Cardiovascular System Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15101303. [PMID: 36297415 PMCID: PMC9612038 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: High-altitude hypoxia has been shown to affect the pharmacokinetic properties of drugs. Although there is a high incidence of cardiovascular disease among individuals living in high-altitude areas, studies on the effect of high-altitude hypoxia on the pharmacokinetic properties of cardiovascular drugs are limited. (2) Methods: The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine, bosentan, simvastatin, sildenafil, and their respective main metabolites, dehydronifedipine, hydroxybosentan, simvastatin hydroxy acid, and N-desmethyl sildenafil, in rats exposed to high-altitude hypoxia. Additionally, the protein and mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 3A1 (CYP3A1), a drug-metabolizing enzyme, were examined. (3) Results: There were significant changes in the pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs in rats exposed to high-altitude hypoxia, as evidenced by an increase in the area under the curve (AUC) and the half-life (t1/2z) and a decrease in total plasma clearance (CLz/F). However, most of these changes were reversed when the rats returned to a normoxic environment. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in CYP3A1 expression in rats exposed to high-altitude hypoxia at both the protein and mRNA levels. (4) Conclusions: High-altitude hypoxia suppressed the metabolism of the drugs, indicating that the pharmacokinetics of the drugs should be re-examined, and the optimal dose should be reassessed in patients living in high-altitude areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Zhu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810000, China
| | - Yabin Duan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, Xining 810000, China
| | - Delong Duo
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810000, China
| | - Jianxin Yang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810000, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810000, China
| | - Guiqin Liu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810000, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810000, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Red Cross Hospital of Qinghai, Xining 810000, China
| | - Ning Qu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qinghai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xining 810000, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining 810000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (X.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bai X, Liu G, Yang J, Zhu J, Li X. Gut Microbiota as the Potential Mechanism to Mediate Drug Metabolism Under High-Altitude Hypoxia. Curr Drug Metab 2022; 23:8-20. [PMID: 35088664 DOI: 10.2174/1389200223666220128141038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characteristics of pharmacokinetics and the activity and expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters significantly change under a high-altitude hypoxic environment. Gut microbiota is an important factor affecting the metabolism of drugs through direct or indirect effects, changing the bioavailability, biological activity, or toxicity of drugs and further affecting the efficacy and safety of drugs in vivo. A high-altitude hypoxic environment significantly changes the structure and diversity of gut microbiota, which may play a key role in drug metabolism under a high-altitude hypoxic environment. METHODS An investigation was carried out by reviewing published studies to determine the role of gut microbiota in the regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Data and information on expression change in gut microbiota, drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters under a high-altitude hypoxic environment were explored and proposed. RESULTS High-altitude hypoxia is an important environmental factor that can adjust the structure of the gut microbiota and change the diversity of intestinal microbes. It was speculated that the gut microbiota could regulate drug-metabolizing enzymes through two potential mechanisms, the first being through direct regulation of the metabolism of drugs in vivo and the second being indirect, i.e., through the regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters, thereby affecting the activity of drugs. CONCLUSION This article reviews the effects of high-altitude hypoxia on the gut microbiota and the effects of these changes on drug metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Bai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Guiqin Liu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jianxin Yang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Junbo Zhu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Duan Y, Bai X, Yang J, Zhou Y, Gu W, Liu G, Wang Q, Zhu J, La L, Li X. Exposure to High-Altitude Environment is Associated with Drug Transporters Change: miR-873-5p-Mediated Alteration of Function and Expression Levels of Drug Transporters under Hypoxia. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:174-186. [PMID: 34844996 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is the main characteristic of a high-altitude environment, affect ing drug metabolism. However, so far, the mechanism of miRNA involved in the regulation of drug metabolism and transporters under high-altitude hypoxia is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the function s and expression levels of multidrug resistance protein 1 ( MDR1 ), m ultidrug resistance-associated protein 2 ( MRP2 ), breast cancer resistance protein ( BCRP ) , peptide transport 1 (PEPT1), and organic anion-transporting polypeptides 2B1 (OATP2B1) in rats and Caco-2 cells after exposure to high - altitude hypoxia. The protein and mRNA expression of MDR1 , MRP2, BCRP, PEPT1, and OATP2B1 were determined by Western blot and qPCR. The function s of MDR1 , MRP2, BCRP, PEPT1, and OATP2B1 were evaluated by determining the effective intestinal permeability and a bsorption rate constants of their specific substrates in rats under high-altitude hypoxia , and uptake and transport studies were performed on Caco-2 cells . To screen the miRNA associated with hypoxia, Caco-2 cells were examined by high throughput sequencing . We observed that the miR-873-5p was significantly decreased under hypoxia and might target MDR1 and pregnane X receptor ( PXR). To clarify whether miR-873-5p regulates MDR1 and pregnane X receptor (PXR) under hypoxia, Caco-2 cells were transfected with mimics or inhibitors of miR-873-5p and negative control (NC). The function and expression of drug transporters were found to be significantly increased in rats and Caco-2 cells under hypoxia. We found that miR-873-5p regulated MDR1 and PXR expression. Herein, it is shown that miRNA may affect the expression of drug transporter and nuclear receptor under hypoxia. Significance Statement This study explores if alterations to the microRNAs, induced by high-altitude hypoxia, can be translated to altered drug transporters. Among miRNAs, which show a significant change in a hypoxic environment, miR-873-5p can act on the MDR1 gene; however, there are multiple miRNAs that can act on the PXR. We speculate that the miRNA-PXR-Drug transporter axis is important in the physiological disposition of drugs. The results of this study are anticipated to be helpful for rational pharmaceutical use in high - altitude environments .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Duan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy,, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhu JB, Yang JX, Nian YQ, Liu GQ, Duan YB, Bai X, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Wang XJ, Qu N, Li XY. Pharmacokinetics of Acetaminophen and Metformin Hydrochloride in Rats After Exposure to Simulated High Altitude Hypoxia. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:692349. [PMID: 34220516 PMCID: PMC8249799 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.692349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs were altered under high altitude hypoxia, thereby affecting the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drug. However, there are few literatures on the pharmacokinetic changes of antipyretic and pain-relieving drugs and cardiovascular system drugs at high altitude. This study aimed to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen and metformin hydrochloride in rats under simulated high altitude hypoxia condition. Mechanically, the protein and mRNA expression of uridine diphosphate glucuronyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) and organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) were investigated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), respectively. Compared with the normoxia group, the t1/2 and AUC of acetaminophen were significantly increased, and the CL/F was significantly decreased in rats after exposure to simulated high altitude hypoxia. The t1/2 of metformin hydrochloride was significantly increased by simulated high altitude hypoxia. No significant differences in AUC and CL/F of metformin hydrochloride were observed when comparing the hypoxia group with the normoxia group. The protein and mRNA expression of UGT1A1 and OCT2 were decreased significantly under hypoxia in rats. This study found obvious changes in the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen and metformin hydrochloride in rats after exposure to simulated high altitude hypoxia, and they might be due to significant decreases in the expressions of UGT1A1 and OCT2. To sum up, our data suggested that the pharmacokinetics of acetaminophen and metformin hydrochloride should be reexamined, and the optimal dose should be reassessed under hypoxia exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Bo Zhu
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China.,State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jian-Xin Yang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China.,State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yong-Qiong Nian
- School of Pharmacy, Qinghai Nationalities University, Xining, China
| | - Gui-Qin Liu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Ya-Bin Duan
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | - Xue-Jun Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Red Cross Hospital of Qinghai, Xining, China
| | - Ning Qu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qinghai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xining, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun Y, Lu G, Li J, Dang T, Xue C, Liu J, Yan Z. Multimedia distribution and trophic transfer of PPCPs in the middle and lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116408. [PMID: 33418286 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The increasing human presence is having an impact on plateau ecosystems, but the special environment and lack of data make it difficult to assess the real ecological risks of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in the river of plateau. The occurrence, distribution and trophic transfer of nineteen PPCPs were investigated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River on the Tibetan Plateau. All the targeted PPCPs were detected in filtrated water, and seventeen PPCPs were detected in the colloid, sediment and suspended particulate matter (SPM). The distribution coefficients of colloid-infiltration water (IFW) were 1-2 orders of magnitude larger than those in the SPM-IFW, which were 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than those in the sediment-IFW. Colloids are sinks for PPCPs with up to 78.55% of the water being in the colloidal phase, in which important factors such as protein and protein-like substances are found. PPCPs in the rivers of the plateau showed high bioaccumulation ability. The fugacity-based bioaccumulation model was established and revealed that the fish in the Tibetan Plateau ingested PPCPs mainly through water instead of food and excreted them mainly through metabolism. In addition, the trophic dilution effect in the food web was observed with trophic magnification factors ranging from 0.06 to 0.22. The positive correlation between the Kd in the colloid-IFW and the bioaccumulation factors implied that natural colloids can not only regulate the behaviour of PPCPs in the environment, but also play an important role in bioaccumulation, which may affect the scientific nature of biological risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, China.
| | - Jin Li
- Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, China
| | - Tianjian Dang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Chenwang Xue
- Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, China
| | - Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hernández-Gutiérrez L, Camacho-Carranza R, Hernández-Ojeda SL, Govezensky T, Olguín-Reyes SR, Espinosa-Aguirre JJ. Reduction in CYP1A1 and 2B2 activity at low oxygen tension. Toxicol Lett 2020; 330:90-95. [PMID: 32416225 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzyme family comprises a wide array of monooxygenases involved in the oxidation of endobiotic and xenobiotic molecules. The active site of a CYP enzyme contains an iron protoporphyrin center coordinated to a cysteine thiolate, and then, molecular oxygen is associated with the iron to be converted into dioxygen complex plus substrate. Reduction by CYP reductase expedites hydroxylation of the compound. In this oxidation reaction, insufficient oxygen molecules would affect enzyme catalysis. Nevertheless, biochemical data about CYP kinetics at low oxygen concentrations are not available. In this work, we present the results on the variation in rat liver microsomal CYP Vmax app and Km app under normal and hypoxic conditions. Using alkoxyresorufin molecules as substrates, the Vmax/Km ratios for resorufin production decreased from 426 to 393 for CYP1A1 and from 343 to 202 for CYP2B1 at a low oxygen concentration (4.1 ppm) compared to the ratios observed at a normal oxygen concentration (6.5 ppm). Additionally, the bacterial mutagenicity of 2-aminoanthracene and cyclophosphamide, decreased by 32% and 42%, respectively, at low oxygen concentrations. These results support the hypothesis that low oxygen availability is implicated in the low efficiency of substrate oxidation by CYP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Hernández-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal, 70-228 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - R Camacho-Carranza
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal, 70-228 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - S L Hernández-Ojeda
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal, 70-228 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - T Govezensky
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal, 70-228 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - S R Olguín-Reyes
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal, 70-228 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - J J Espinosa-Aguirre
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ap. Postal, 70-228 Ciudad de México, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang J, Zhang J, Wang R, Jia Z. Effects of Gut Microbiota on Drug Metabolism and Guidance for Rational Drug Use Under Hypoxic Conditions at High Altitudes. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:155-165. [PMID: 30338735 DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666181019145159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern features of drug development such as low permeability, low solubility, and improved release affect the interplay of the gut microbiota and drug metabolism. In recent years, studies have established the impact of plateau hypoxia on gut microbiota, where drug use by plateau populations is affected by hypoxia- induced changes in intestinal microflora-mediated drug metabolism. METHODS In this review, we summarized the effects of gut microbiota on drug metabolism, and of plateau hypoxia on the intestinal flora, with the aim of providing guidance for the rational use of drugs in high-altitude populations. RESULTS The evidence clearly shows that alterations in gut microbiota can affect pro-drug activation, drug inactivation, and the biotransformation of xenobiotics. Additionally, plateau hypoxia alters drug metabolism by affecting intestinal flora. CONCLUSION This review provides an overview of the effects of gut microbiota on drug metabolism and provides guidance for rational drug use under hypoxic conditions at high altitudes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanhong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory for Prevention and Remediation of Plateau Environmental Damage, Lanzhou, General Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Junmin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Rong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory for Prevention and Remediation of Plateau Environmental Damage, Lanzhou, General Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| | - Zhengping Jia
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China.,Key Laboratory for Prevention and Remediation of Plateau Environmental Damage, Lanzhou, General Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li X, Yang J, Qiao Y, Duan Y, Xin Y, Nian Y, Zhu L, Liu G. Effects of Radiation on Drug Metabolism: A Review. Curr Drug Metab 2019; 20:350-360. [PMID: 30961479 DOI: 10.2174/1389200220666190405171303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation is the fourth most prevalent type of pollution following the water, air and noise pollution. It can adversely affect normal bodily functions. Radiation alters the protein and mRNA expression of drugmetabolizing enzymes and drug transporters and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs, thereby affecting drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Therefore, it is important to study the pharmacokinetic changes in drugs under radiation. METHODS To update data on the effects of ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation caused by environmental pollution or clinical treatments on the protein and mRNA expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. Data and information on pharmacokinetic changes in drugs under radiation were analyzed and summarized. RESULTS The effect of radiation on cytochrome P450 is still a subject of debate. The widespread belief is that higherdose radiation increased the expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 of rat, zebrafish or human, CYP1A2, CYP2B1, and CYP3A1 of rat, and CYP2E1 of mouse or rat, and decreased that of rat's CYP2C11 and CYP2D1. Radiation increased the expression of multidrug resistance protein, multidrug resistance-associated protein, and breast cancer resistance protein. The metabolism of some drugs, as well as the clearance, increased during concurrent chemoradiation therapy, whereas the half-life, mean residence time, and area under the curve decreased. Changes in the expression of cytochrome P450 and drug transporters were consistent with the changes in the pharmacokinetics of some drugs under radiation. CONCLUSION The findings of this review indicated that radiation caused by environmental pollution or clinical treatments can alter the pharmacokinetic characteristics of drugs. Thus, the pharmacokinetics of drugs should be rechecked and the optimal dose should be re-evaluated after radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China.,Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Jianxin Yang
- Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yijie Qiao
- Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yabin Duan
- Medical College, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yuanyao Xin
- College of Ecological and Environment Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Yongqiong Nian
- College of Ecological and Environment Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- College of Ecological and Environment Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Guiqin Liu
- College of Ecological and Environment Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bailey DM, Stacey BS, Gumbleton M. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Reveals Altered Drug Pharmacokinetics in Humans During Acute Exposure to Terrestrial High Altitude-Clinical Justification for Dose Adjustment? High Alt Med Biol 2018; 19:141-148. [PMID: 29620950 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2017.0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bailey, Damian Miles, Benjamin S. Stacey, and Mark Gumbleton. A systematic review and meta-analysis reveals altered drug pharmacokinetics in humans during acute exposure to terrestrial high altitude-clinical justification for dose adjustment? High Alt Med Biol. 19:141-148, 2018. OBJECTIVE While physiological responses during acute ascent to terrestrial high altitude (HA) have the potential to alter the pharmacokinetics (PKs) that define absorption and disposition of medicinal drugs, there have been no systematic reviews and meta-analyses performed to date. METHODS We conducted a systematic literature search in June 2017 using NCBI PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Ovid MEDLINE databases to identify relevant observational studies. Studies were deemed eligible based on the following criteria: (1) participants: healthy, nonacclimatized male or female lowlanders (born and bred at sea level) and (2) environment: exposure to low altitude (LA, ≤600 m), followed by terrestrial high altitude (HA, ≤24 hours to ≥2500 m), the time course specifically selected to avoid interpretive complications associated with erythrocytosis. All PK parameters were standardized to be in the same units and the weighted standardized mean difference (SMD) calculated using a combination of fixed and random effects models with heterogeneity evaluated using χ2 and I2 statistics. RESULTS Of 20,840 studies reviewed, 6 prospective cohort studies (n = 75) qualified for inclusion, with participants exposed to a mean altitude of 4025 (mean) ± 380 (SD) m. We observed increases for absorption half-life (SMD: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.01-0.80, p = 0.04], elimination half-life (SMD: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.30-1.48, p = 0.003), and erythrocyte binding (SMD: 0.52, 95% CI: 0.16-0.88, p = 0.004) and reduction in clearance (SMD: -0.56, 95% CI: -1.13 to 0.00, p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings reveal impairments in both oral absorption and corresponding clearance of the, although limited, sample of drugs at HA that may potentially require closer patient monitoring and dose adjustments to maintain therapeutic efficacy and avoid incidental toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Miles Bailey
- 1 Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales , Mid-Glamorgan, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin S Stacey
- 1 Neurovascular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Life Sciences and Education, University of South Wales , Mid-Glamorgan, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Gumbleton
- 2 School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University , Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Linakis MW, Job KM, Liu X, Collingwood SC, Pangburn HA, Ott DK, Sherwin CMT. Riding (High) into the danger zone: a review of potential differences in chemical exposures in fighter pilots resulting from high altitude and G-forces. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2017; 13:925-934. [PMID: 28772091 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2017.1360867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When in flight, pilots of high performance aircraft experience conditions unique to their profession. Training flights, performed as often as several times a week, can expose these pilots to altitudes in excess of 15 km (~50,000 ft, with a cabin pressurized to an altitude of ~20,000 ft), and the maneuvers performed in flight can exacerbate the G-forces felt by the pilot. While the pilots specifically train to withstand these extreme conditions, the physiologic stress could very likely lead to differences in the disposition of chemicals in the body, and consequently, dangerously high exposures. Unfortunately, very little is known about how the conditions experienced by fighter pilots affects chemical disposition. Areas covered: The purpose of this review is to present information about the effects of high altitude, G-forces, and other conditions experienced by fighter pilots on chemical disposition. Using this information, the expected changes in chemical exposure will be discussed, using isopropyl alcohol as an example. Expert opinion: There is a severe lack of information concerning the effects of the fighter pilot environment on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of chemicals. Given the possibility of exposure prior to or during flight, it is important that these potential effects be investigated further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Linakis
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA.,b Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Kathleen M Job
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Scott C Collingwood
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Heather A Pangburn
- c Department of Aeromedical Research , United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine , Dayton , OH , USA
| | - Darrin K Ott
- c Department of Aeromedical Research , United States Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine , Dayton , OH , USA
| | - Catherine M T Sherwin
- a Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Utah , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ma R, Wang Y, Zou X, Hu K, Sun B, Fang W, Fu G, Yang X. Pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, after oral administration of single-dose and multiple-dose. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 52:90-98. [PMID: 28410468 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The tissue distribution and depletion of sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and trimethoprim (TMP) were studied in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, after single-dose and multiple-dose oral administration of SMZ-TMP (5:1) via medicated feed. In single-dose oral administration, shrimps were fed once at a dose of 100 mg/kg (drug weight/body weight). In multiple-dose oral administration, shrimps were fed three times a day for three consecutive days at a dose of 100mg/kg. The results showed the kinetic characteristic of SMZ was different from TMP in Pacific white shrimp. In the single-dose administration, the SMZ was widely distributed in the tissues, while TMP was highly concentrated in the hepatopancreas. The t1/2z values of SMZ were larger and persist longer than TMP in Pacific white shrimp. In the multiple-dose administration, SMZ accumulated well in the tissues, and reached steady state level after successive administrations, while TMP did not. TMP concentration even appeared the downward trend with the increase of drug times. Compared with the single dose, the t1/2z values of SMZ in hepatopancreas (8.22-11.33h) and muscle (6.53-10.92h) of Pacific white shrimps rose, but the haemolymph dropped (13.76-11.03) in the multiple-dose oral administration. Meanwhile, the corresponding values of TMP also rose in hepatopancreas (4.53-9.65h) and muscle (2.12-2.71h), and declined in haemolymph (7.38-5.25h) following single-dose and multiple-dose oral administration in Pacific white shrimps. In addition, it is worth mentioning that the ratios of SMZ and TMP were unusually larger than the general aim ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Ma
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, PR China; College of Aquatic and Life, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Yuan Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Xiong Zou
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Kun Hu
- College of Aquatic and Life, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| | - Beibei Sun
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Wenhong Fang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, PR China.
| | - Guihong Fu
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai 200090, PR China
| | - Xianle Yang
- College of Aquatic and Life, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pharmacokinetic changes of norfloxacin based on expression of MRP2 after acute exposure to high altitude at 4300 m. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:1078-1085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
14
|
Gong W, Xu P, Guo S, Li X, Jin Z, Zhao Y, Fan M, Xue M. Effect of hypoxia on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of zaleplon as a probe of CYP3A1/2 activity. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03025h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of zaleplon (ZAL) in rats under hypoxic and normoxic condition and the effect of hypoxia on the protein expression and activities of the main metabolic enzyme CYP3A1/2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Gong
- Department of Pharmacology
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
| | - Pingxiang Xu
- Department of Pharmacology
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
| | - Shanshan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Department of Pharmacology
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
| | - Zengliang Jin
- Department of Pharmacology
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Nerobiology
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing
- China
| | - Ming Xue
- Department of Pharmacology
- Beijing Laboratory for Biomedical Detection Technology and Instrument
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Capital Medical University
- Beijing 100069
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Tsai D, Jamal JA, Davis JS, Lipman J, Roberts JA. Interethnic differences in pharmacokinetics of antibacterials. Clin Pharmacokinet 2015; 54:243-60. [PMID: 25385446 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-014-0209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal antibacterial dosing is imperative for maximising clinical outcome. Many factors can contribute to changes in the pharmacokinetics of antibacterials to the extent where dose adjustment may be needed. In acute illness, substantial changes in important pharmacokinetic parameters such as volume of distribution and clearance can occur for certain antibacterials. The possibility of interethnic pharmacokinetic differences can further complicate attempts to design an appropriate dosing regimen. Factors of ethnicity, such as genetics, body size and fat distribution, contribute to differences in absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of drugs. Despite extensive previous work on the altered pharmacokinetics of antibacterials in some patient groups such as the critically ill, knowledge of interethnic pharmacokinetic differences for antibacterials is limited. OBJECTIVES This systematic review aims to describe any pharmacokinetic differences in antibacterials between different ethnic groups, and discuss their probable mechanisms as well as any clinical implications. METHODS We performed a structured literature review to identify and describe available data of the interethnic differences in the pharmacokinetics of antibacterials. RESULTS We found 50 articles that met our inclusion criteria and only six of these compared antibacterial pharmacokinetics between different ethnicities within the same study. Overall, there was limited evidence available. We found that interethnic pharmacokinetic differences are negligible for carbapenems, most β-lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides, most fluoroquinolones, linezolid and daptomycin, whereas significant difference is likely for ciprofloxacin, macrolides, clindamycin, tinidazole and some cephalosporins. In general, subjects of Asian ethnicity achieve drug exposures up to two to threefold greater than Caucasian counterparts for these antibacterials. This difference is caused by a comparatively lower volume of distribution and/or drug clearance. CONCLUSION Interethnic pharmacokinetic differences of antibacterials are likely; however, the clinical relevance of these differences is unknown and warrants further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Tsai
- Burns, Trauma and Critical Care Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Level 3, Ned Hanlon Building, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Li X, Wang X, Li Y, Zhu J, Su X, Yao X, Fan X, Duan Y. The activity, protein, and mRNA expression of CYP2E1 and CYP3A1 in rats after exposure to acute and chronic high altitude hypoxia. High Alt Med Biol 2015; 15:491-6. [PMID: 25330250 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2014.1026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of exposure to acute and chronic high altitude hypoxia on the activity and expression of CYP2E1 and CYP3A1 were examined in rats. Rats were divided into low altitude (LA, 400 m), acute moderate altitude hypoxia (AMH, 2800 m), chronic moderate altitude hypoxia (CMH, 2800 m), acute high altitude hypoxia (AHH, 4300 m), and chronic high altitude hypoxia groups (CHH, 4300 m). Probe drugs were administrated orally to all five groups. Then the serum concentration of probe drug and its metabolite was determined by RP-HPLC. The activity of CYP2E1 and CYP3A1 was evaluated using the ratio of the metabolite to chlorzoxazone and testosterone, respectively. ELISA and real-time PCR were used to analyze the protein and mRNA expression of CYP2E1 and CYP3A1 in liver microsomes, respectively. Chronic high altitude hypoxia caused significant decreases in the activity and protein and mRNA expression of rat CYP2E1 and CYP3A1 in vivo. Acute high altitude hypoxia was not found to change the activity, protein or mRNA expression of rat CYP2E1 or CYP3A1. This study showed significant changes in the activity and protein and mRNA expression of CYP2E1 or CYP3A1 in rats after exposure to chronic high altitude hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Li
- 1 Department of Pharmacy, Qinghai University Medical College , Xining, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li X, Wang X, Li Y, Yuan M, Zhu J, Su X, Yao X, Fan X, Duan Y. Effect of exposure to acute and chronic high-altitude hypoxia on the activity and expression of CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and NAT2 in rats. Pharmacology 2014; 93:76-83. [PMID: 24557547 DOI: 10.1159/000358128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of exposure to acute and chronic high-altitude hypoxia (AHH and CHH) on the activity and expression of CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and NAT2 in rats. The rats were divided into plain (400 m), acute middle-altitude hypoxia (2,800 m), chronic middle-altitude hypoxia (2,800 m), AHH (4,300 m) and CHH (4,300 m). After probe drugs had been orally administered to the rats of the 5 groups, the serum or urine concentration of the probe drug and its metabolite was determined by reversed-phase HPLC. The activity of cytochrome P450 isozyme and NAT2 was evaluated by the ratio of the metabolite to the probe drug. The ELISA and real-time PCR were used to analyze the protein and mRNA expression of cytochrome P450 isozyme and NAT2, respectively. AHH and CHH caused significant decreases in the activity and protein and mRNA expression of rat CYP1A2 in vivo. AHH downregulates the activity and mRNA expression of rat NAT2 in vivo, and CHH upregulates the activity and protein and mRNA expression of rat CYP2D6. AHH and CHH did not change the expression of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 in rats. This study found significant changes in the activity and protein and mRNA expression of CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and NAT2 in rats in the special environment of high-altitude hypoxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang JD, Shi YP, Yin J, Pan ZY, Cui WY, Zhang YF, Wang H. Bioavailability, tissue distribution, and excretion characteristics of the novel carbonic anhydrase inhibitor tolsultazolamide in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2014; 35:275-82. [PMID: 24335840 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Tolsultazolamide, a novel carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, is designed for the prophylaxis and treatment of acute mountain sickness. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and excretion characteristics of tolsultazolamide and the sex difference in pharmacokinetics in rats. METHODS For pharmacokinetic study, rats were intravenously injected tolsultazolamide at 1 and 2 mg/kg or orally administered tolsultazolamide at 20, 40, or 80 mg/kg) in a pharmacokinetic study. The concentrations of tolsultazolamide in plasma were determined with high-performance liquid chromatography, with a liquid-liquid extraction. For tissue distribution study, tolsultazolamide (80 mg/kg) was orally administered to overnight fasted rats (six per group and three per sex). Samples were collected from the brain, heart, lung, liver, spleen, muscle, kidney, stomach, fat, intestines, pancreas and sexual gland. For excretion study, tolsultazolamide (40 mg/kg) was orally administered to 6 rats (three per sex). The urine, feces, and bile samples were collected at 24, 48, and 72 h. RESULTS After its intravenous administration, tolsultazolamide was rapidly eliminated from the plasma, with T1/2 of about 60-90 min. The AUC0-t and the initial concentration (C0) values were proportional to the intravenous doses. After its oral administration, tolsultazolamide showed dose-independent pharmacokinetic characteristics, with Tmax and T1/2 of approximately 2 h and 5-7 h, respectively, and good oral absolute bioavailability of about 60%. Tolsultazolamide was distributed widely in various tissues. The highest tolsultazolamide levels were detected in the stomach, intestine, spleen, lung, and kidney. Total excretion of unchanged tolsultazolamide in the urine, feces, and bile was less than 2%. The Cmax and AUC of tolsultazolamide were significantly higher in female rats than those in male rats. Clearance and volume of distribution were greater in male rats than those in female rats. The oral absolute bioavailability was also significantly different between female rats (about 83%) and male rats (about 37%). CONCLUSION Tolsultazolamide was well absorbed and widely distributed in the rat, and very little of the unchanged form was excreted. Sex had a significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of tolsultazolamide.
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhang YM, Yu F, Dai DZ, Gao J, Cong XD, Dai Y. Hypoxia alters pharmacokinetics of argirein because of mitochondrial dysfunction that is alleviated by apocynin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1360-72. [PMID: 23927475 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pharmacokinetics (PK) of argirein might be changed in response to mitochondrial (MITO) dysfunction and activated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) on hypoxia. We hypothesized that hypoxic changes in MITO and NOX could alter PK and tissue distribution of argirein. We tested if these changes in PK of argirein by hypoxia could be relieved by apocynin (APO), a blocker of NOX, through normalizing MITO and NOX. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to hypoxia (O2 10% ± 5% 8 h per day) for 7 days and treated with APO (80 mg/kg, i.g.) in the last 4 days. The PK and tissue distribution of argirein were monitored by measuring its main metabolite rhein using HPLC analysis. Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and NOX were assayed. KEY FINDINGS The PK parameters and concentrations of rhein in the kidney, liver, heart and testes were significantly altered under hypoxia, accompanied with a reduced MnSOD and upregulated NOX compared with the normal. Altered argirein PK and distribution in these organs were relieved following APO administration. CONCLUSION Abnormal PK and distribution of argirein by assaying its metabolite rhein are significant, consequent to hypoxic injury that is significantly ameliorated by APO through normalizing MITO and NOX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mao Zhang
- Research Division of Pharmacology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li XY, Liu YN, Wang XJ, Zhu JB, Yuan M, Li YP, Li YF. Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole in native Han and Tibetan male Chinese volunteers living at high altitude. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2012; 37:263-9. [PMID: 22460596 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-012-0090-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of sulfamethoxazole in native Han and Tibetan healthy Chinese subjects living chronically at high altitude. An open-labeled, controlled, prospective study was conducted in healthy Chinese male volunteers. Sulfamethoxazole 1,200 mg was administered orally to two groups: native Han and Tibetan volunteers living at high altitude (2,500-3,900 m [8,200-12,800 ft]). Blood samples were collected from an indwelling venous catheter into heparinized tubes before (baseline) study drug administration and at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h after study drug administration. Sulfamethoxazole in whole blood, plasma, and plasma water, and metabolite N (4)-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole in plasma were determined by HPLC. Tolerability was determined using blood chemistry testing, continuous 12-lead electrocardiogram, and blood pressure monitoring. The protein binding was significantly higher in the native Tibetan group (70.5 %) compared to the native Han group (67.3 %) (p < 0.05). The binding of sulfamethoxazole to red blood cells was 7.4 and 8.3 % in the native Han and native Tibetan groups, respectively. There was no significant difference between the two groups. The AUC(0-∞) was significantly lower in the native Tibetan group compared to the native Han group (p < 0.05), and other pharmacokinetics parameters were found to have no significant difference between the two groups. This study found little changes in the disposition of sulfamethoxazole in these native healthy Tibetan Chinese subjects living at high altitude in comparison to native healthy Han Chinese subjects living at high altitude.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Qinghai University Medical College, Xining, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Internal loop photobiodegradation reactor (ILPBR) for accelerated degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:527-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3742-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|