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He L, Rabinowitz JA, An Y, Jackson C, Hellinger R, Wanigatunga S, Schrack J, Ferrucci L, Simonsick EM, Koehler K, Spira AP. Age and objectively measured sleep: investigating associations and interactions by sex and race in middle-aged and older adults. SLEEP ADVANCES : A JOURNAL OF THE SLEEP RESEARCH SOCIETY 2024; 5:zpae045. [PMID: 39076610 PMCID: PMC11285153 DOI: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpae045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Study Objectives Few studies of middle-aged and older adults have examined the association between age and sleep using objective sleep measures. We examined these associations in adults aged ≥40 years using wrist actigraphy, and investigated whether these associations differed by sex and race. Methods Participants were 468 cognitively normal adults aged ≥40 years enrolled in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging who completed wrist actigraphy. We used Generalized Least Squares Models to examine the associations of age with actigraphic sleep parameters, including total sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency, sleep onset latency, and wake after sleep onset (WASO). We conducted interaction and stratification analyses to test whether cross-sectional age-sleep associations were modified by sex and race. Results In analyses adjusting for sex, body mass index, and individual medical conditions, older age was associated with longer TST from ages 40-70 that plateaued after age 70. Older age also was associated with lower sleep efficiency, longer sleep onset latency, and greater WASO. In men only, after age 70, older age was associated with shorter TST, lower sleep efficiency, longer onset latency, and greater WASO. However, we did not observe any significant interactions of race with age. Conclusions Older age was associated with longer TST from ages 40 to 70 and with poorer sleep quality after age 40, and these relationships might vary by sex. Future studies with larger sample sizes are needed to investigate mechanisms that may account for sex differences in the observed age-sleep associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linchen He
- Department of Community and Population Health, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jill A Rabinowitz
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Yang An
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chandra Jackson
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Hellinger
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Wanigatunga
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jennifer Schrack
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eleanor M Simonsick
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten Koehler
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adam P Spira
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Abstract
Sleep is a key determinant of healthy and cognitive aging. Sleep patterns change with aging, independent of other factors, and include advanced sleep timing, shortened nocturnal sleep duration, increased frequency of daytime naps, increased number of nocturnal awakenings and time spent awake during the night, and decreased slow-wave sleep. The sleep-related hormone secretion changes with aging. Most changes seem to occur between young and middle adulthood; sleep parameters remain largely unchanged among healthy older adults. The circadian system and sleep homeostatic mechanisms become less robust with normal aging. The causes of sleep disturbances in older adults are multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Li
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, 525 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Michael V Vitiello
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3624 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nalaka S Gooneratne
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195-6560, USA
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Simper T, Gilmartin M, Allwood D, Taylor L, Chappell A. The effects of a sleep/recovery supplement: 'Night Time Recharge' on sleep parameters in young adults. Nutr Health 2019; 25:265-274. [PMID: 31512550 DOI: 10.1177/0260106019875911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concentrated cherry juice reportedly contains melatonin which, in turn, has been highlighted as an important regulator in initiating sleep. AIM The present investigation aims to clarify whether Night Time Recharge (NTR), a marketed sleep aid containing cherry extract, improves key sleep parameters in young, active adults with mildly poor sleep. METHODS A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over study design was employed. Twenty participants (nine female) consumed either NTR or a placebo for seven days. Accelerometers were used to assess sleep quality and physical activity levels. Urinary levels of 6-sulphatoxymelatonin (6-SMT), a marker of melatonin synthesis, was assessed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS 6-SMT levels increased following NTR treatment (28.95 ng/ml) compared with placebo (4.0 ng/ml) (p < 0.001). There was also a significant difference (p = 0.047) in dietary tryptophan consumption during the NTR treatment (1236 mg) versus placebo (1149 mg). No trace of melatonin was detected from our analysis of the supplement. NTR had no significant effect on any sleep parameters with the exception of sleep latency (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS As chemical analysis of NTR by liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry identified no detectable melatonin, the tryptophan content of the supplement is a likely reason for improvement in sleep latency. These results are in contrast to previous studies which have found a positive effect on sleep following cherry supplementation. Future work should focus on sleep latency and investigating whether cherry juice is effective in participants with problems in initiating sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Simper
- Food and Nutrition group, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Molly Gilmartin
- Food and Nutrition group, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Daniel Allwood
- Department of Biosciences and Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Luke Taylor
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Andrew Chappell
- School of Pharmacy and Life Science, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, UK
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Abstract
Sleep patterns change with aging, independent of other factors, and include advanced sleep timing, shortened nocturnal sleep duration, increased frequency of daytime naps, increased number of nocturnal awakenings and time spent awake during the night, and decreased slow wave sleep. Most of these changes seem to occur between young and middle adulthood; sleep parameters remain largely unchanged among healthy older adults. The circadian system and sleep homeostatic mechanisms become less robust with normal aging. The amount and pattern of sleep-related hormone secretion change as well. The causes of sleep disturbances in older adults are multifactorial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Li
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3624 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Michael V Vitiello
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195-6560, USA
| | - Nalaka S Gooneratne
- Geriatrics Division, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, 3615 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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