1
|
Samieipour Y, Wiegand M, Willner EM, Hoffmann D, Shameli K, Protzer U, Moeini H. Replication-deficient Sendai virus expressing human norovirus capsid protein elicits robust NoV-specific antibody and T-cell responses in mice. Microbes Infect 2024:105412. [PMID: 39236991 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2024.105412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a major global cause of acute gastroenteritis, with vaccine development facing several challenges. Despite years of research, there are currently no licensed vaccines available for controlling HuNoVs. Here, we describe the construction and testing of a replication-deficient Sendai virus (SeV) vector as a potential vaccine candidate against the HuNoV GII.4 genotype. SeV was chosen as the vaccine backbone due to its non-pathogenic nature in humans, its capability for long-term antigen expression in mammalian cells, and its suitability for mucosal administration. By inserting the HuNoV GII.4 capsid gene, VP1, into the SeV genome, we generated a replication-deficient SeV (SeV/dP.VP1) vector. The resultant SeV/dP.VP1 virus were observed to successfully express the inserted NoV VP1 gene upon infection. Inoculating the vaccine into wild-type mice elicited NoV-specific IgG antibodies, along with INF-γ and IL-2-producing T cells, through both intranasal (i.n.) and intramuscular (i.m.) immunization. Furthermore, a significant level of NoV-specific IgA was detected in lung homogenates after i.n. immunization, particularly using a high dose of the viral vector. Additionally, a synergistic effect was observed with heterologous prime-boost regimens using SeV/dP.VP1 and MVA.VP1 vectors, indicating the potential for more robust immune responses when the vaccine design is optimized. Our study demonstrates the potential of a SeV vaccine candidate in eliciting a broad immune response and lays the foundation for further exploration of the SeV vector platform's potential as a HuNoV vaccine. Additionally, the results emphasize the importance of vaccine dosage and administration route, highlighting the need for tailored immunization strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yazdan Samieipour
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Marian Wiegand
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Elena M Willner
- Department of Biosciences, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany; Munich Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Dieter Hoffmann
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kamyar Shameli
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hassan Moeini
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Li Q, Shao H, Mao Y, Liu L, Yi D, Duan Z, Lv H, Cen S. CX-6258 hydrochloride hydrate: A potential non-nucleoside inhibitor targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of norovirus. Virology 2024; 595:110088. [PMID: 38643657 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV), a primary cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis, currently lacks approved treatment. RdRp is vital for virus replication, making it an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. By application of structure-based virtual screening procedure, we present CX-6258 hydrochloride hydrate as a potent RdRp non-nucleoside inhibitor, effectively inhibiting HuNoV RdRp activity with an IC50 of 3.61 μM. Importantly, this compound inhibits viral replication in cell culture, with an EC50 of 0.88 μM. In vitro binding assay validate that CX-6258 hydrochloride hydrate binds to RdRp through interaction with the "B-site" binding pocket. Interestingly, CX-6258-contacting residues such as R392, Q439, and Q414 are highly conserved among major norovirus GI and GII variants, suggesting that it may be a general inhibitor of norovirus RdRp. Given that CX-6258 hydrochloride hydrate is already utilized as an orally efficacious pan-Pim kinase inhibitor, it may serve as a potential lead compound in the effort to control HuNoV infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China
| | - Quanjie Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Huihan Shao
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yang Mao
- Ningbo Prefectural Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315010, China
| | - Lufei Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Dongrong Yi
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zhaojun Duan
- Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Huiqing Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 311402, China.
| | - Shan Cen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China; CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Carlson KB, Dilley A, O'Grady T, Johnson JA, Lopman B, Viscidi E. A narrative review of norovirus epidemiology, biology, and challenges to vaccine development. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:94. [PMID: 38811605 PMCID: PMC11137017 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00884-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) globally. AGE resulting from norovirus causes significant morbidity and mortality in countries of all income levels, particularly among young children and older adults. Prevention of norovirus AGE represents a unique challenge as the virus is genetically diverse with multiple genogroups and genotypes cocirculating globally and causing disease in humans. Variants of the GII.4 genotype are typically the most common genotype, and other genotypes cause varying amounts of disease year-to-year, with GII.2, GII.3, and GII.6 most prevalent in recent years. Noroviruses are primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route and only a very small number of virions are required for infection, which makes outbreaks of norovirus extremely difficult to control when they occur. Settings like long-term care facilities, daycares, and hospitals are at high risk of outbreaks and can have very high attack rates resulting in substantial costs and disease burden. Severe cases of norovirus AGE are most common in vulnerable patient populations, such as infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals, with available treatments limited to rehydration therapies and supportive care. To date, there are no FDA-approved norovirus vaccines; however, several candidates are currently in development. Given the substantial human and economic burden associated with norovirus AGE, a vaccine to prevent morbidity and mortality and protect vulnerable populations could have a significant impact on global public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Dilley
- Epidemiologic Research & Methods, LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jordan A Johnson
- Epidemiologic Research & Methods, LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ben Lopman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hou YN, Jin YQ, Zhang XF, Tang F, Hou JW, Liu ZM, Han ZB, Zhang H, Du LF, Shao S, Su JG, Liang Y, Zhang J, Li QM. Chimeric virus-like particles of human norovirus constructed by structure-guided epitope grafting elicit cross-reactive immunity against both GI.1 and GII.4 genotypes. J Virol 2023; 97:e0093823. [PMID: 37792003 PMCID: PMC10617407 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00938-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Human norovirus (HuNoV) is highly infectious and can result in severe illnesses in the elderly and children. So far, there is no effective antiviral drug to treat HuNoV infection, and thus, the development of HuNoV vaccines is urgent. However, NoV evolves rapidly, and currently, at least 10 genogroups with numerous genotypes have been found. The genetic diversity of NoV and the lack of cross-protection between different genotypes pose challenges to the development of broadly protective vaccines. In this study, guided by structural alignment between GI.1 and GII.4 HuNoV VP1 proteins, several chimeric-type virus-like particles (VLPs) were designed through surface-exposed loop grafting. Mouse immunization studies show that two of the designed chimeric VLPs induced cross-immunity against both GI.1 and GII.4 HuNoVs. To our knowledge, this is the first designed chimeric VLPs that can induce cross-immune activities across different genogroups of HuNoV, which provides valuable strategies for the development of cross-reactive HuNoV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Nan Hou
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Qin Jin
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Feng Zhang
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Tang
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wei Hou
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Ming Liu
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Bo Han
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Li Fang Du
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Guo Su
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
- High Performance Computing Center, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liang
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Ming Li
- The Sixth Laboratory, National Vaccine and Serum Institute (NVSI), Beijing, China
- National Engineering Center for New Vaccine Research, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mafokwane T, Djikeng A, Nesengani LT, Dewar J, Mapholi O. Gastrointestinal Infection in South African Children under the Age of 5 years: A Mini Review. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2023; 2023:1906782. [PMID: 37663241 PMCID: PMC10469397 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1906782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To estimate gastroenteritis disease and its etiological agents in children under the age of 5 years living in South Africa. Methods A mini literature review of pertinent articles published in ScienceDirect, PubMed, GoogleScholar, and Scopus was conducted using search terms: "Gastroenteritis in children," "Gastroenteritis in the world," Gastroenteritis in South Africa," "Prevalence of gastroenteritis," "Epidemiological surveillance of gastroenteritis in the world," and "Causes of gastroenteritis". Results A total of 174 published articles were included in this mini review. In the last 20 years, the mortality rate resulting from diarrhea in children under the age of 5 years has declined and this is influenced by improved hygiene practices, awareness programs, an improved water and sanitation supply, and the availability of vaccines. More modern genomic amplification techniques were used to re-analyze stool specimens collected from children in eight low-resource settings in Asia, South America, and Africa reported improved sensitivity of pathogen detection to about 65%, that viruses were the main etiological agents in patients with diarrhea aged from 0 to 11 months but that Shigella, followed by sapovirus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli had a high incidence in children aged 12-24 months. In addition, co-infections were noted in nearly 10% of diarrhea cases, with rotavirus and Shigella being the main co-infecting agents together with adenovirus, enteropathogenic E. coli, Clostridium jejuni, or Clostridium coli. Conclusions This mini review outlines the epidemiology and trends relating to parasitic, viral, and bacterial agents responsible for gastroenteritis in children in South Africa. An increase in sequence-independent diagnostic approaches will improve the identification of pathogens to resolve undiagnosed cases of gastroenteritis. Emerging state and national surveillance systems should focus on improving the identification of gastrointestinal pathogens in children and the development of further vaccines against gastrointestinal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tshepo Mafokwane
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Florida, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- Department of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa Science Campus, Florida, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health (CTLGH), Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lucky T. Nesengani
- Department of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa Science Campus, Florida, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - John Dewar
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Florida, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Olivia Mapholi
- Department of Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa Science Campus, Florida, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Suzuki Y. Predicting Dominant Genotypes in Norovirus Seasons in Japan. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1634. [PMID: 37629491 PMCID: PMC10455559 DOI: 10.3390/life13081634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are an etiological agent of acute gastroenteritis. Since multiple genotypes co-circulate every season changing their proportions, it may be desirable to develop multivalent vaccines by formulating genotype composition of seed strains to match that of dominant strains. Here, performances of the models for predicting dominant genotypes, defined as the two most prevalent genotypes, were evaluated using observed genotype frequencies in Japan and genomic sequences for GI and GII strains. In the null model, genotype proportions in the target season were predicted to be the same as those in the immediately preceding season. In the fitness model, genotype proportions were predicted taking into account the acquisition of novel P-types through recombination and genotype-specific proliferation efficiency, as well as herd immunity to VP1 assuming the duration (d) of 0-10 years. The null model performed better in GII than in GI, apparently because dominant genotypes were more stable in the former than in the latter. Performance of the fitness model was similar to that of the null model irrespective of the assumed value of d. However, performance was improved when dominant genotypes were predicted as the union of those predicted with d = 0-10, suggesting that d may vary among individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya City University, 1 Yamanohata, Nagoya-shi, Aichi-ken 467-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yu Z, Shao Q, Xu Z, Chen C, Li M, Jiang Y, Cheng D. Immunogenicity and Blocking Efficacy of Norovirus GII.4 Recombinant P Protein Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1053. [PMID: 37376442 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are the main cause of acute gastroenteritis in all ages worldwide. The aim of this study was to produce the recombinant P protein of norovirus and to demonstrate its blocking effect. In this study, the engineered strains were induced to express the P protein of NoVs GII.4, which was identified using SDS-PAGE and ELISA as having the capacity to bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). Rabbits were immunized to obtain neutralizing antibodies. ELISA and ISC-RT-qPCR were used to determine the blocking efficacy of the neutralizing antibody to human norovirus (HuNoV) and murine norovirus (MNV). The recombinant P protein (35 KD) was obtained, and the neutralizing antibody was successfully prepared. The neutralizing antibody could block the binding of the P protein and HuNoV to HBGAs. Neutralizing antibodies can also block MNV invasion into host cells RAW264.7. The recombinant P protein expressed in E. coli can induce antibodies to block HuNoV and MNV. The recombinant P protein of NoVs GII.4 has the value of vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhendi Yu
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Qingyi Shao
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Zhangkai Xu
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Chenghao Chen
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Mingfan Li
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Dongqing Cheng
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Philip AA, Patton JT. Generation of Recombinant Rotaviruses Expressing Human Norovirus Capsid Proteins. J Virol 2022; 96:e0126222. [PMID: 36314817 PMCID: PMC9682992 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01262-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus, a segmented double-stranded RNA virus of the Reoviridae family, is a primary cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children. In countries where rotavirus vaccines are widely used, norovirus (NoV) has emerged as the major cause of acute gastroenteritis. Towards the goal of creating a combined rotavirus-NoV vaccine, we explored the possibility of generating recombinant rotaviruses (rRVs) expressing all or portions of the NoV GII.4 VP1 capsid protein. This was accomplished by replacing the segment 7 NSP3 open reading frame with a cassette encoding, sequentially, NSP3, a 2A stop-restart translation element, and all or portions (P, P2) of NoV VP1. In addition to successfully recovering rRVs with modified SA11 segment 7 RNAs encoding NoV capsid proteins, analogous rRVs were recovered through modification of the segment 7 RNA of the RIX4414 vaccine strain. An immunoblot assay confirmed that rRVs expressed NoV capsid proteins as independent products. Moreover, VP1 expressed by rRVs underwent dimerization and was recognized by conformational-dependent anti-VP1 antibodies. Serially passaged rRVs that expressed the NoV P and P2 were genetically stable, retaining additional sequences of up to 1.1 kbp without change. However, serially passaged rRVs containing the longer 1.6-kb VP1 sequence were less stable and gave rise to virus populations with segment 7 RNAs lacking VP1 coding sequences. Together, these studies suggest that it may be possible to develop combined rotavirus-NoV vaccines using modified segment 7 RNA to express NoV P or P2. In contrast, development of potential rotavirus-NoV vaccines expressing NoV VP1 will need additional efforts to improve genetic stability. IMPORTANCE Rotavirus (RV) and norovirus (NoV) are the two most important causes of acute viral gastroenteritis (AGE) in infants and young children. While the incidence of RV AGE has been brought under control in many countries through the introduction of universal mass vaccination with live attenuated RV vaccines, similar highly effective NoV vaccines are not available. To pursue the development of a combined RV-NoV vaccine, we examined the potential of using RV as an expression vector of all or portions of the NoV capsid protein VP1. Our results showed that by replacing the NSP3 open reading frame in RV genome segment 7 RNA with a coding cassette for NSP3, a 2A stop-restart translation element, and VP1, recombinant RVs can be generated that express NoV capsid proteins. These findings raise the possibility of developing new generations of RV-based combination vaccines that provide protection against a second enteric pathogen, such as NoV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asha A. Philip
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - John T. Patton
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Strine MS, Alfajaro MM, Graziano VR, Song J, Hsieh LL, Hill R, Guo J, VanDussen KL, Orchard RC, Baldridge MT, Lee S, Wilen CB. Tuft-cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic mediators of norovirus tropism regulate viral immunity. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111593. [PMID: 36351394 PMCID: PMC9662704 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNoV) is a model for human norovirus and for interrogating mechanisms of viral tropism and persistence. We previously demonstrated that the persistent strain MNoVCR6 infects tuft cells, which are dispensable for the non-persistent strain MNoVCW3. We now show that diverse MNoV strains require tuft cells for chronic enteric infection. We also demonstrate that interferon-λ (IFN-λ) acts directly on tuft cells to cure chronic MNoVCR6 infection and that type I and III IFNs signal together via STAT1 in tuft cells to restrict MNoVCW3 tropism. We then develop an enteroid model and find that MNoVCR6 and MNoVCW3 similarly infect tuft cells with equal IFN susceptibility, suggesting that IFN derived from non-epithelial cells signals on tuft cells in trans to restrict MNoVCW3 tropism. Thus, tuft cell tropism enables MNoV persistence and is determined by tuft cell-intrinsic factors (viral receptor expression) and -extrinsic factors (immunomodulatory signaling by non-epithelial cells).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madison S Strine
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Mia Madel Alfajaro
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vincent R Graziano
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Jaewon Song
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Leon L Hsieh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Hill
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kelli L VanDussen
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Robert C Orchard
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Artman C, Idegwu N, Brumfield KD, Lai K, Hauta S, Falzarano D, Parreño V, Yuan L, Geyer JD, Goepp JG. Feasibility of Polyclonal Avian Immunoglobulins (IgY) as Prophylaxis against Human Norovirus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112371. [PMID: 36366469 PMCID: PMC9698945 DOI: 10.3390/v14112371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human norovirus (HuNoV) is the leading viral cause of diarrhea, with GII.4 as the predominant genotype of HuNoV outbreaks globally. However, new genogroup variants emerge periodically, complicating the development of anti-HuNoV vaccines; other prophylactic or therapeutic medications specifically for HuNoV disease are lacking. Passive immunization using oral anti-HuNoV antibodies may be a rational alternative. Here, we explore the feasibility of using avian immunoglobulins (IgY) for preventing HuNoV infection in vitro in a human intestinal enteroid (HIE) model. METHODS Hens were immunized with virus-like particles (VLP) of a GII.4 HuNoV strain (GII.4/CHDC2094/1974/US) by intramuscular injection. The resulting IgY was evaluated for inhibition of binding to histo-blood group antigens (HBGA) and viral neutralization against representative GII.4 and GII.6 clinical isolates, using an HIE model. RESULTS IgY titers were detected by three weeks following initial immunization, persisting at levels of 1:221 (1:2,097,152) from 9 weeks to 23 weeks. Anti-HuNoV IgY significantly (p < 0.05) blocked VLP adhesion to HBGA up to 1:12,048 dilution (0.005 mg/mL), and significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited replication of HuNoV GII.4[P16] Sydney 2012 in HIEs up to 1:128 dilution (0.08 mg/mL). Neutralization was not detected against genotype GII.6. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the feasibility of IgY for preventing infection of HIE by HuNoV GII.4. Clinical preparations should cover multiple circulating HuNoV genotypes for comprehensive effects. Plans for animal studies are underway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chad Artman
- Scaled Microbiomics, LLC, Hagerstown, MD 21740, USA
| | | | - Kyle D. Brumfield
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park Campus, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park Campus, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Ken Lai
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Shirley Hauta
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
| | - Darryl Falzarano
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Viviana Parreño
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- INCUINTA, IVIT, National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA, Argentina), Buenos Aires 1712, Argentina
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - James D. Geyer
- Institute for Rural Health Research, College of Community Health Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Julius G. Goepp
- Scaled Microbiomics, LLC, Hagerstown, MD 21740, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-585-820-9937
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Human noroviruses are the most common viral cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or specific therapeutics to treat the disease. Some obstacles delaying the development of a norovirus vaccine are: (i) the extreme diversity presented by noroviruses; (ii) our incomplete understanding of immunity to noroviruses; and (iii) the lack of a robust cell culture system or animal model for human noroviruses. Recent advances in in vitro cultivation of norovirus, novel approaches applied to viral genomics and immunity, and completion of vaccine trials and birth cohort studies have provided new information toward a better understanding of norovirus immunity. Here, we will discuss the complex relationship between norovirus diversity and correlates of protection for human noroviruses, and how this information could be used to guide the development of cross-protective vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Ford-Siltz
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Kentaro Tohma
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Gabriel I. Parra
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States,CONTACT Gabriel I. Parra Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 52/72, Room 1308, Silver Spring, MD20993, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ebenezer O, Damoyi N, Jordaan MA, Shapi M. Unveiling of Pyrimidindinones as Potential Anti-Norovirus Agents-A Pharmacoinformatic-Based Approach. Molecules 2022; 27:380. [PMID: 35056692 PMCID: PMC8777711 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) receptor is an attractive target for treating human norovirus (HNV). A computer-aided approach like e-pharmacophore, molecular docking, and single point energy calculations were performed on the compounds retrieved from the Development Therapeutics Program (DTP) AIDS Antiviral Screen Database to identify the antiviral agent that could target the HNV RdRp receptor. Induced-fit docking (IFD) results showed that compounds ZINC1617939, ZINC1642549, ZINC6425208, ZINC5887658 and ZINC32068149 bind with the residues in the active site-B of HNV RdRp receptor via hydrogen bonds, salt bridge, and electrostatic interactions. During the molecular dynamic simulations, compounds ZINC6425208, ZINC5887658 and ZINC32068149 displayed an unbalanced backbone conformation with HNV RdRp protein, while ZINC1617939 and ZINC1642549 maintained stability with the protein backbone when interacting with the residues. Hence, the two new concluding compounds discovered by the computational approach can be used as a chemotype to design promising antiviral agents aimed at HNV RdRp.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwakemi Ebenezer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Mangosuthu University of Technology, 511 Mangosuthu Highway, Durban 4000, South Africa; (N.D.); (M.A.J.); (M.S.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
A split NanoLuc complementation-based human norovirus-like particle entry assay facilitates evaluation of anti-norovirus antibodies in live cells. Antiviral Res 2021; 197:105231. [PMID: 34965447 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. One major obstacle in developing NoV vaccines is the lack of robust cell culture for efficacy evaluation. In this study, we successfully developed a NoV virus-like particle (VLP) entry assay based on split NanoLuc luciferase (LgBiT and HiBiT) complementation. HiBiT-tagged NoV GII.4 VLP (VLP-HiBiT) can be efficiently produced in Pichia pastoris and retain binding activity towards NoV receptor histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). A 293T-FUT2-LgBiT cell line was established and was shown to stably express cell surface HBGAs and intracellular LgBiT. GII.4 VLP-HiBiT can bind and enter into the 293-FUT2-LgBiT cells, producing strong luminescence signals in live cells. Anti-GII.4 sera can inhibit VLP-HiBiT entry into the 293-FUT2-LgBiT cells in a dose-dependent manner, and neutralizing titers well correlate with their blocking titers measured by HBGAs-binding blockade assay. Moreover, such a surrogate infection/neutralization assay can be applied to other NoV genotypes such as GI.1 and GII.17. Together, the VLP-HiBiT entry assay can mimic both NoV attachment and internalization in live cells and thus facilitate reliable and comprehensive evaluation of NoV vaccine and antibodies.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tan M. Norovirus Vaccines: Current Clinical Development and Challenges. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121641. [PMID: 34959596 PMCID: PMC8709042 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses are the major viral pathogens causing epidemic and endemic acute gastroenteritis with significant morbidity and mortality. While vaccines against norovirus diseases have been shown to be of high significance, the development of a broadly effective norovirus vaccine remains difficult, owing to the wide genetic and antigenic diversity of noroviruses with multiple co-circulated variants of various genotypes. In addition, the absence of a robust cell culture system, an efficient animal model, and reliable immune markers of norovirus protection for vaccine evaluation further hinders the developmental process. Among the vaccine candidates that are currently under clinical studies, recombinant VP1-based virus-like particles (VLPs) that mimic major antigenic features of noroviruses are the common ones, with proven safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy, supporting a high success likelihood of a useful norovirus vaccine. This short article reviews the recent progress in norovirus vaccine development, focusing on those from recent clinical studies, as well as summarizes the barriers that are being encountered in this developmental process and discusses issues of future perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zuo Y, Xue L, Gao J, Liao Y, Jiang Y, Li Y, Liang Y, Wang L, Cai W, Cheng T, Wang J, Chen M, Zhang J, Ding Y, Wu Q. Development and Application of a Novel Rapid and Throughput Method for Broad-Spectrum Anti-Foodborne Norovirus Antibody Testing. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:670488. [PMID: 34539594 PMCID: PMC8446669 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.670488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodbone norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Candidate vaccines are being developed, however, no licensed vaccines are currently available for managing NoV infections. Screening for stimulated antibodies with broad-spectrum binding activities can be performed for the development of NoV polyvalent vaccines. In this study, we aimed to develop an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for testing the broad spectrum of anti-NoV antibodies. Capsid P proteins from 28 representative NoV strains (GI.1–GI.9 and GII.1–GII.22 except GII.11, GII.18, and GII.19) were selected, prepared, and used as coating antigens on one microplate. Combined with incubation and the horseradish peroxidase chromogenic reaction, the entire process for testing the spectrum of unknown antibodies required 2 h for completion. The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation were less than 10%. The new method was successfully performed with monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antibodies induced by multiple antigens. In conclusion, the indirect ELISA assay developed in this study had a good performance of reliability, convenience, and high-throughput screening for broad-spectrum antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Zuo
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Xue
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junshan Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingyin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueting Jiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanhui Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weicheng Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tong Cheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Moutong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dalton KP, Alvarado C, Reytor E, del Carmen Nuñez M, Podadera A, Martínez-Alonso D, Alonso JMM, Nicieza I, Gómez-Sebastián S, Dalton RM, Parra F, Escribano JM. Chimeric VLPs Bearing VP60 from Two Serotypes of Rabbit Haemorrhagic Disease Virus Are Protective against Both Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9091005. [PMID: 34579243 PMCID: PMC8472679 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9091005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The VP60 capsid protein from rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV), the causative agent of one of the most economically important disease in rabbits worldwide, forms virus-like particles (VLPs) when expressed using heterologous protein expression systems such as recombinant baculovirus, yeasts, plants or mammalian cell cultures. To prevent RHDV dissemination, it would be beneficial to develop a bivalent vaccine including both RHDV GI.1- and RHDV GI.2-derived VLPs to achieve robust immunisation against both serotypes. In the present work, we developed a strategy of production of a dual-serving RHDV vaccine co-expressing the VP60 proteins from the two RHDV predominant serotypes using CrisBio technology, which uses Tricholusia ni insect pupae as natural bioreactors, which are programmed by recombinant baculovirus vectors. Co-infecting the insect pupae with two baculovirus vectors expressing the RHDV GI.1- and RHDV GI.2-derived VP60 proteins, we obtained chimeric VLPs incorporating both proteins as determined by using serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies. The resulting VLPs showed the typical size and shape of this calicivirus as determined by electron microscopy. Rabbits immunised with the chimeric VLPs were fully protected against a lethal challenge infection with the two RHDV serotypes. This study demonstrates that it is possible to generate a dual cost-effective vaccine against this virus using a single production and purification process, greatly simplifying vaccine manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P. Dalton
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus El Cristo, Universidad de Oviedo, Edificio Santiago Gascón, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (K.P.D.); (A.P.); (J.M.M.A.); (I.N.); (F.P.)
| | - Carmen Alvarado
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. Ronda de Poniente 14, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (C.A.); (E.R.); (M.d.C.N.); (D.M.-A.); (S.G.-S.); (R.M.D.)
| | - Edel Reytor
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. Ronda de Poniente 14, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (C.A.); (E.R.); (M.d.C.N.); (D.M.-A.); (S.G.-S.); (R.M.D.)
| | - Maria del Carmen Nuñez
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. Ronda de Poniente 14, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (C.A.); (E.R.); (M.d.C.N.); (D.M.-A.); (S.G.-S.); (R.M.D.)
| | - Ana Podadera
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus El Cristo, Universidad de Oviedo, Edificio Santiago Gascón, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (K.P.D.); (A.P.); (J.M.M.A.); (I.N.); (F.P.)
| | - Diego Martínez-Alonso
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. Ronda de Poniente 14, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (C.A.); (E.R.); (M.d.C.N.); (D.M.-A.); (S.G.-S.); (R.M.D.)
| | - Jose Manuel Martin Alonso
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus El Cristo, Universidad de Oviedo, Edificio Santiago Gascón, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (K.P.D.); (A.P.); (J.M.M.A.); (I.N.); (F.P.)
| | - Ines Nicieza
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus El Cristo, Universidad de Oviedo, Edificio Santiago Gascón, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (K.P.D.); (A.P.); (J.M.M.A.); (I.N.); (F.P.)
| | - Silvia Gómez-Sebastián
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. Ronda de Poniente 14, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (C.A.); (E.R.); (M.d.C.N.); (D.M.-A.); (S.G.-S.); (R.M.D.)
| | - Romy M. Dalton
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. Ronda de Poniente 14, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (C.A.); (E.R.); (M.d.C.N.); (D.M.-A.); (S.G.-S.); (R.M.D.)
| | - Francisco Parra
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Campus El Cristo, Universidad de Oviedo, Edificio Santiago Gascón, 33006 Oviedo, Spain; (K.P.D.); (A.P.); (J.M.M.A.); (I.N.); (F.P.)
| | - José M. Escribano
- Alternative Gene Expression S.L. Ronda de Poniente 14, Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain; (C.A.); (E.R.); (M.d.C.N.); (D.M.-A.); (S.G.-S.); (R.M.D.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Prevalence and Evolution of Noroviruses between 1966 and 2019, Implications for Vaccine Design. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081012. [PMID: 34451477 PMCID: PMC8400007 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs), a group of single-stranded RNA viruses causing epidemic acute gastroenteritis in humans, are highly diverse, consisting of multiple genogroups with >30 genotypes. Their continual evolutions make NoV vaccine design and development difficult. Here, we report a study of NoV sequences obtained from a population-based diarrhea surveillance in Zhengding County of Hebei Province spanning from 2001 to 2019 and those available in the GenBank database from 1966 to 2019. NoV genotypes and/or variants that may evade immunity were screened and identified based on primary and conformational structures for vaccine design. We selected 366, 301, 139, 74 and 495 complete VP1-coding nucleotide sequences representing the predominant genotypes of GII.4, GII.2, GII.3, GII.6 and GII.17, respectively. A total of 16 distinct GII.4 variants were identified, showing a typical linear evolutionary pattern of variant replacement, while only 1–4 variants of the other genotypes were found to co-circulate over the 40–50-year period without typical variant replacement. The vaccine strain GII.4c is close to variant Sydney_2012 (0.053) in their primary structure, but they are distinct at epitopes A and E in conformations. Our data suggested GII.4 variant Sydney_2012, GII.2 variant A, a GII.3 strain, GII.6 variants B and C and GII.17 variant D are primary candidate strains for NoV vaccine development.
Collapse
|
18
|
Kondapi DS, Ramani S, Estes MK, Atmar RL, Okhuysen PC. Norovirus in Cancer Patients: A Review. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab126. [PMID: 34189156 PMCID: PMC8232388 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of viral-related diarrhea in cancer patients, in whom it can be chronic, contributing to decreased quality of life, interruption of cancer care, malnutrition, and altered mucosal barrier function. Immunosuppressed cancer patients shed NoV for longer periods of time than immunocompetent hosts, favoring quasispecies development and emergence of novel NoV variants. While nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) for NoV diagnosis have revolutionized our understanding of NoV burden of disease, not all NAATs provide information on viral load or infecting genotype. There is currently no effective antiviral or vaccine for chronic NoV infections. Screening for inhibitors of NoV replication in intestinal organoid culture models and creation of NoV-specific adoptive T cells are promising new strategies to develop treatments for chronic NoV in immunosuppressed patients. Herein we summarize data on the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and treatment of NoV infection in patients with cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Samantha Kondapi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pablo C Okhuysen
- Infection Control and Employee Health, Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Viral acute gastroenteritis (AGE) is common and afflicts people of all ages. Nonviral causes of AGE are less common. Norovirus is a leading cause of sporadic cases and outbreaks of AGE across all ages. Universal rotavirus vaccination of infants has reduced frequency and severity of rotavirus AGE cases in children and indirectly reduced cases in older adults. Severe illness is more likely in persons at age extremes or with immunocompromising conditions. Viral causes of AGE can lead to protracted diarrheal illness in immunocompromised persons. Nucleic acid amplification tests are changing diagnostic testing algorithms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery L Meier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, SW34 GH, 200 Hawkins Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chang H, Guo J, Wei Z, Huang Z, Wang C, Qiu Y, Xu X, Zeng M. Aetiology of acute diarrhoea in children in Shanghai, 2015-2018. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249888. [PMID: 33831124 PMCID: PMC8031434 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhoea remains a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study aimed to monitor the aetiology of acute diarrhoea in children in Shanghai. Paediatric outpatients with acute diarrhoea were enrolled in the study from Jan 2015 to Dec 2018. Faecal samples were collected for testing. Enteric bacteria were identified and typed by culture and serotyping, respectively. Enteric viruses were identified by real-time PCR. Enteric pathogens were identified in 1572 (58.4%) of the 2692 enrolled children with acute diarrhoea. Viruses were detected more frequently than bacteria (41.3% versus 25.0%). Nontyphoidal Salmonella spp. (NTS) was the most common (10.3%) bacteria isolated, followed by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (6.5%), enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC) (6.2%), Campylobacter spp. (3.6%), enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) (1.1%), Shigella spp. (0.2%), and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) (0.1%). Rotavirus was the most common (16.0%) virus detected, followed by norovirus (15.5%), adenovirus (7.2%), sapovirus (3.0%) and astrovirus (2.7%). Rotavirus, norovirus and NTS were the major pathogens responsible for diarrhoea in Shanghainese children. Improving uptake of the rotavirus vaccine and strengthening foodborne-pathogen prevention will aid in reducing the burden of diarrhoeal disease in children in Shanghai.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Chang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayin Guo
- Department of Microbiology, Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuning Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuebin Xu
- Department of Microbiology, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XX); (MZ)
| | - Mei Zeng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XX); (MZ)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jin M, Wu S, Kong X, Xie H, Fu J, He Y, Feng W, Liu N, Li J, Rainey JJ, Hall AJ, Vinjé J, Duan Z. Norovirus Outbreak Surveillance, China, 2016-2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:437-445. [PMID: 32091361 PMCID: PMC7045832 DOI: 10.3201/eid2603.191183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
CaliciNet China, a network of provincial, county, and city laboratories coordinated by the Chinese Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was launched in October 2016 to monitor the epidemiology and genotype distribution of norovirus outbreaks in China. During October 2016–September 2018, a total of 556 norovirus outbreaks were reported, and positive fecal samples from 470 (84.5%) outbreaks were genotyped. Most of these outbreaks were associated with person-to-person transmission (95.1%), occurred in childcare centers or schools (78.2%), and were reported during November–March of each year (63.5%). During the 2-year study period, 81.2% of all norovirus outbreaks were typed as GII.2[P16]. In China, most norovirus outbreaks are reported by childcare centers or schools; GII.2[P16] is the predominant genotype. Ongoing surveillance by CaliciNet China will provide information about the evolving norovirus genotype distribution and outbreak characteristics important for the development of effective interventions, including vaccines.
Collapse
|
22
|
[Norovirus infectious disease]. Nihon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 2021; 58:60-64. [PMID: 33627563 DOI: 10.3143/geriatrics.58.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
23
|
Hwang BJ, Jang Y, Kwon SB, Yu JE, Lim J, Roh YH, Seong BL. RNA-assisted self-assembly of monomeric antigens into virus-like particles as a recombinant vaccine platform. Biomaterials 2021; 269:120650. [PMID: 33465537 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Representing highly ordered repetitive structures of antigen macromolecular assemblies, virus-like particles (VLPs) serve as a high-priority vaccine platform against emerging viral infections, as alternatives to traditional cell culture-based vaccines. RNAs can function as chaperones (Chaperna) and are extremely effective in promoting protein folding. Beyond their canonical function as translational adaptors, tRNAs may moonlight as chaperones for the kinetic control of macromolecular antigen assembly. Capitalizing on genomic RNA co-assembly in infectious virions, we present the first report of a biomimetic assembly of viral capsids that was assisted by non-viral host RNAs into genome-free, non-infectious empty particles. Here, we demonstrate the assembly of bacterially-produced soluble norovirus VP1 forming VLPs (n = 180) in vitro. A tRNA-interacting domain (tRID) was genetically fused with the VP1 capsid protein, as a tRNA docking tag, in the bacterial host to transduce chaperna function for de novo viral antigen folding. tRID/tRNA removal prompted the in vitro assembly of monomeric antigens into highly ordered repetitive structures that elicited robust protective immune responses after immunization. The chaperna-based assembly of monomeric antigens will impact the development and deployment of VLP vaccines for emerging and re-emerging viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beom Jeung Hwang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Vaccine Innovative Technology Alliance-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yohan Jang
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Major in Bio-Vaccine Engineering, Andong National University, Andong, South Korea
| | - Soon Bin Kwon
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Yu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongkwan Lim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Roh
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Baik L Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Vaccine Innovative Technology Alliance-Korea, Yonsei University, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Verardi R, Lindesmith LC, Tsybovsky Y, Gorman J, Chuang GY, Edwards CE, Brewer-Jensen PD, Mallory ML, Ou L, Schön A, Shi W, Tully ES, Georgiou G, Baric RS, Kwong PD. Disulfide stabilization of human norovirus GI.1 virus-like particles focuses immune response toward blockade epitopes. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:110. [PMID: 33318483 PMCID: PMC7736355 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-00260-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses are non-enveloped, single-strand RNA viruses that cause pandemic outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. A bivalent vaccine containing GI.1 and GII.4 virus-like particles (VLPs) has been shown to be safe and highly immunogenic, but its efficacy and durability have been limited. Here, we show that norovirus GI.1 VLPs are unstable and contain a substantial fraction of dissociated VLP components. Broadly reactive, non-neutralizing antibodies isolated from vaccinated donors bound to the dissociated components, but not to the intact VLPs. Engineering of interprotomer disulfide bonds within the shell domain prevented disassembly of the VLPs, while preserving antibody accessibility to blockade epitopes. Without adjuvant, mice immunized with stabilized GI.1 VLPs developed faster blockade antibody titers compared to immunization with wild-type GI.1 VLPs. In addition, immunization with stabilized particles focused immune responses toward surface-exposed epitopes and away from occluded epitopes. Overall, disulfide-stabilized norovirus GI.1 VLPs elicited improved responses over the non-disulfide-stabilized version, suggesting their promise as candidate vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaello Verardi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Lisa C Lindesmith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Yaroslav Tsybovsky
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, 21702, MD, USA
| | - Jason Gorman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Gwo-Yu Chuang
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Caitlin E Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Paul D Brewer-Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Michael L Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA
| | - Li Ou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Arne Schön
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, MD, USA
| | - Wei Shi
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - Ena S Tully
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, 78712, TX, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, USA.
| | - Peter D Kwong
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Enteric viral and bacterial infections continue to be a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young children in low-income and middle-income countries, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Vaccines are considered an effective and practical preventive approach against the predominantly fecal-to-oral transmitted gastroenteritis particularly in the resource-limited countries or regions where implementation of sanitation systems and supply of safe drinking water are not quickly achievable. While vaccines are available for a few enteric pathogens including rotavirus and cholera, there are no vaccines licensed for many other enteric viral and bacterial pathogens. Challenges in enteric vaccine development include immunological heterogeneity among pathogen strains or isolates, a lack of animal challenge models to evaluate vaccine candidacy, undefined host immune correlates to protection, and a low protective efficacy among young children in endemic regions. In this article, we briefly updated the progress and challenges in vaccines and vaccine development for the leading enteric viral and bacterial pathogens including rotavirus, human calicivirus, Shigella, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), cholera, nontyphoidal Salmonella, and Campylobacter, and introduced a novel epitope- and structure-based vaccinology platform known as MEFA (multiepitope fusion antigen) and the application of MEFA for developing broadly protective multivalent vaccines against heterogenous pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyesuk Seo
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Qiangde Duan
- University of Yangzhou, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou, PR China
| | - Weiping Zhang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, Illinois, USA,CONTACT Weiping Zhang, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Guarines KM, Mendes RPG, Cordeiro MT, Miagostovich MP, Gil LHVG, Green KY, Pena LJ. Absence of norovirus contamination in shellfish harvested and commercialized in the Northeast coast of Brazil. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e9529. [PMID: 32965324 PMCID: PMC7510241 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20209529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the main cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide. Although NoV spreads mainly from person to person, it is estimated that a large proportion of NoV outbreaks are caused by foodborne transmission. Bivalve mollusks are one of the most important foods involved in NoV transmission to humans. Little is known about NoV prevalence in shellfish harvested and commercialized in Brazil. The aim of this study was to map, for the first time, the distribution of NoV contamination in oysters and mussels harvested and commercialized in the coast of Pernambuco state, northeast Brazil. A total of 380 mollusks (260 oysters and 120 mussels) were collected between February and August 2017 either directly from harvesting areas or obtained from beach vendors at 17 sites in Pernambuco. Samples were processed and tested for NoV contamination using a SYBR Green real-time PCR assay. All samples were negative for NoV GI or GII contamination, suggesting a low risk of NoV contamination from this food source during the study period. Additional surveys in different areas of the Brazilian coast are warranted to monitor the risk of NoV infection upon seafood consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Guarines
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - R P G Mendes
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - M T Cordeiro
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - M P Miagostovich
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparativa e Ambiental, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - L H V G Gil
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| | - K Y Green
- Caliciviruses Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L J Pena
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Furlong K, Biering SB, Choi J, Wilen CB, Orchard RC, Wobus CE, Nelson CA, Fremont DH, Baldridge MT, Randall G, Hwang S. CD300LF Polymorphisms of Inbred Mouse Strains Confer Resistance to Murine Norovirus Infection in a Cell Type-Dependent Manner. J Virol 2020; 94:e00837-20. [PMID: 32581099 PMCID: PMC7431780 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00837-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus is the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, yet basic questions about its life cycle remain unanswered due to an historical lack of robust experimental systems. Recent studies on the closely related murine norovirus (MNV) have identified CD300LF as an indispensable entry factor for MNV. We compared the MNV susceptibilities of cells from different mouse strains and identified polymorphisms in murine CD300LF which are critical for its function as an MNV receptor. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from I/LnJ mice were resistant to infection from multiple MNV strains which readily infect BMDMs from C57BL/6J mice. The resistance of I/LnJ BMDMs was specific to MNV, since the cells supported infection of other viruses comparably to C57BL/6J BMDMs. Transduction of I/LnJ BMDMs with C57BL/6J CD300LF made the cells permissible to MNV infection, suggesting that the cause of resistance lies in the entry step of MNV infection. In fact, we mapped this phenotype to a 4-amino-acid difference at the CC' loop of CD300LF; swapping of these amino acids between C57BL/6J and I/LnJ CD300LF proteins made the mutant C57BL/6J CD300LF functionally impaired and the corresponding mutant of I/LnJ CD300LF functional as an MNV entry factor. Surprisingly, expression of the I/LnJ CD300LF in other cell types made the cells infectible by MNV, even though the I/LnJ allele did not function as an MNV receptor in macrophage-like cells. Correspondingly, I/LnJ CD300LF bound MNV virions in permissive cells but not in nonpermissive cells. Collectively, our data suggest the existence of a cell type-specific modifier of MNV entry.IMPORTANCE MNV is a prevalent model system for studying human norovirus, which is the leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide and thus a sizeable public health burden. Elucidating mechanisms underlying susceptibility of host cells to MNV infection can lead to insights on the roles that specific cell types play during norovirus pathogenesis. Here, we show that different alleles of the proteinaceous receptor for MNV, CD300LF, function in a cell type-dependent manner. In contrast to the C57BL/6J allele, which functions as an MNV entry factor in all tested cell types, including human cells, I/LnJ CD300LF does not function as an MNV entry factor in macrophage-like cells but does allow MNV entry in other cell types. Together, these observations indicate the existence of cell type-specific modifiers of CD300LF-dependent MNV entry.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Caliciviridae Infections/virology
- Disease Resistance/genetics
- Gastroenteritis/virology
- Macrophages/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Models, Molecular
- Norovirus
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Immunologic/chemistry
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Virus/genetics
- Receptors, Virus/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, Protein
- Virus Internalization
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Furlong
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Scott B Biering
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jayoung Choi
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Robert C Orchard
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher A Nelson
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Glenn Randall
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Seungmin Hwang
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The majority of norovirus outbreaks in the United States occur in healthcare facilities. With the growing population of immunocompromised hosts who are in frequent contact with healthcare facilities, norovirus is not only a threat to hospitals and nursing homes but also to these individuals. This review summarizes the impact of norovirus infection on healthcare facilities and immunocompromised hosts. RECENT FINDINGS The natural history of norovirus infection in immunocompromised individuals remains poorly understood. Although host immune responses play a critical role in reducing duration of viral shedding and viral load in norovirus-infected individuals, why some immunocompromised patients spontaneously recover while others develop a chronic and protracted course of illness remains unclear. Norovirus outbreaks occur in healthcare facilities because the virus is highly contagious, resistant to disinfection and efficiently transmitted. The use of real-time metagenomic next-generation sequencing and phylogenetic analyses has provided valuable information on transmission patterns in complex hospital-associated norovirus outbreaks. The development of human intestinal enteroid cultures enables the determination of effectiveness of disinfectants against human noroviruses, circumventing the validity questions with surrogate virus models due to differences in susceptibility to inactivation and disinfectants. SUMMARY Metagenomics next-generation sequencing can enhance our understanding of norovirus transmission and lead to more timely mitigation strategies to curb norovirus outbreaks in healthcare facilities. With new in-vitro cultivation methods for human noroviruses, candidate vaccines and effective antivirals could be available in the near future.
Collapse
|
29
|
Esposito S, Principi N. Norovirus Vaccine: Priorities for Future Research and Development. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1383. [PMID: 32733458 PMCID: PMC7358258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Soon after its identification, norovirus (NoV) has been indicated as one of the most common causes of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and sporadic acute diarrhea episodes in subjects of any age. In 2016 the World Health Organization stated that the development of a NoV vaccine should be considered an absolute priority. Unfortunately, the development of an effective NoV vaccine has proven extremely difficult, and only in recent years, some preparations have been tested in humans in advanced clinical trials. In this paper, reasons that justify efforts to develop a NoV vaccine, difficulties encountered during NoV vaccine development, and NoV vaccine candidates will be discussed. In recent years, identification of some NoV antigens that alone or in combination with other viral antigens can induce a potentially protective immune response has led to the development of a large series of preparations that seem capable of coping with the problems related to NoV infection. Epidemiological and immunological studies have shown that multivalent vaccines, including both GI and GII NoV, are the only solution to induce sufficiently broad protection. However, even if the road to formulation of an effective and safe NoV vaccine seems to be definitively traced, many problems still need to be solved before the total burden of NoV infections can be adequately controlled. Whether currently available vaccines are able to protect against all the heterologous NoV strains and the variants of the most common serotypes that frequently emerge and cause outbreaks must be defined. Moreover, as performed clinical trials have mainly enrolled adults, it is mandatory to know whether vaccines are effective in all age groups, including younger children. Finally, we must know the immune response of immunocompromised patients and the duration of protection induced by NoV vaccines. Only when all these problems have been solved will it be possible to establish an effective immunization schedule against NoV infection and calculate whether systematic vaccination can be cost effective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Pietro Barilla Children's Hospital, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Guo J, Liu D, Yang Z, Weng W, Chan EWC, Zeng Z, Wong KY, Lin P, Chen S. A photoelectrochemical biosensor for rapid and ultrasensitive norovirus detection. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 136:107591. [PMID: 32645567 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The highly contagious norovirus (NoV) is the most common causative agent of acute gastroenteritis, resulting in >200,000 deaths worldwide annually. A rapid and sensitive detection method is a prerequisite for effective prevention and timely identification of NoV contamination. In the present study, we developed a photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor coupled with a novel custom-made monoclonal antibody (mAb) for specific and sensitive NoV detection. Our system could detect levels of recombinant NoV capsid protein VP1 as low as 2 × 10-10 g mL-1 (4.9 pM) within 30 min in a concentration-dependent manner. More importantly, the biosensor was versatile in detecting virus isolated from real samples that were as low as 46 copies μL-1. These findings indicate that this system has the potential to serve as a convenient point-of-care system for diagnosing NoV infection and detecting NoV-contaminated food samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiubiao Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhiqiang Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, The Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenchuan Weng
- Department of Supervision on Import & Export Food Safety, Guangdong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Edward Wai Chi Chan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, The Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kwok-Yin Wong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, The Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Sheng Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Food Biological Safety Control, Food Safety and Technology Research Centre, The Hong Kong PolyU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China; Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Campillay-Véliz CP, Carvajal JJ, Avellaneda AM, Escobar D, Covián C, Kalergis AM, Lay MK. Human Norovirus Proteins: Implications in the Replicative Cycle, Pathogenesis, and the Host Immune Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:961. [PMID: 32612600 PMCID: PMC7308418 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the cause of more than 95% of epidemic non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, with some lethal cases. These viral agents affect people of all ages. However, young children and older adults are the highest-risk groups, being affected with the greatest rate of hospitalizations and morbidity cases. HuNoV structural proteins, especially VP1, have been studied extensively. In contrast, the functions of the non-structural proteins of the virus have been undescribed in depth. Studies on HuNoV non-structural proteins have mostly been made by expressing them individually in in vitro cultures, providing insights of their functions and the role that they play in HuNoV replication and pathogenesis. This review examines exhaustively the functions of both HuNoV structural and non-structural proteins and their possible role within the viral replicative cycle and the pathogenesis of the virus. It also highlights recent findings regarding the host's innate and adaptive immune responses against HuNoV, which are of great relevance for diagnostics and vaccine development so as to prevent infections caused by these fastidious viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia P Campillay-Véliz
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Jonatan J Carvajal
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Andrea M Avellaneda
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Darling Escobar
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Camila Covián
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Margarita K Lay
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile.,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Quee FA, de Hoog MLA, Schuurman R, Bruijning-Verhagen P. Community burden and transmission of acute gastroenteritis caused by norovirus and rotavirus in the Netherlands (RotaFam): a prospective household-based cohort study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 20:598-606. [DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
33
|
Hofmann FM, Olawumi E, Michaelis M, Stößel U, Hofmann F. Significance of norovirus in occupational health: a review of published norovirus outbreaks in Central and Northern Europe. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2020; 93:911-923. [PMID: 32358716 PMCID: PMC7222890 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-020-01543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Globally, norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of gastroenteritis infection among all ages. The development of prevention strategies in the field of occupational health requires a detailed knowledge about the impact of the disease on employees. This review article aims not only at evaluating the burden of NoV outbreaks on staff but also at discussing implications for future prevention strategies. Methods Published NoV outbreaks in Central and Northern Europe were identified via a systematic literature search. Additionally, published NoV outbreaks in Germany were detected via a manual literature search. Key epidemiological data, as the number of symptomatic staff, was then extracted. The proportion of affected employees was calculated for each dataset (single NoV outbreaks or aggregated data of multiple outbreaks). Results Overall, 116 datasets were extracted from 72 relevant articles. 144,852 persons were affected by NoV gastroenteritis, 25,408 out of them (17.5%) were employees. 23,874 (94.0%) of them fell sick during outbreaks in hospitals and related settings. NoV cases among personnel in food establishments were reported only sporadically (mean ratio: 0.01). Conclusions Employees in hospitals and community facilities seem quantitatively to be most vulnerable towards NoV epidemics. Therefore, high quality of prevention measures in these settings, respective compliance with prevention strategies should have the highest priority. The disease can be considered as an occupational disease, even regularly without long-term consequences. Following work safety rules, a vaccination for vulnerable groups should be recommended if the vaccine development turns out to be successful. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00420-020-01543-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felix Martin Hofmann
- Research Centre for Occupational and Social Medicine (FFAS), Bertoldstraße 63, 79098, Freiburg, Germany. .,Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 23b, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Edward Olawumi
- Research Centre for Occupational and Social Medicine (FFAS), Bertoldstraße 63, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martina Michaelis
- Research Centre for Occupational and Social Medicine (FFAS), Bertoldstraße 63, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Stößel
- Research Centre for Occupational and Social Medicine (FFAS), Bertoldstraße 63, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Hofmann
- Research Centre for Occupational and Social Medicine (FFAS), Bertoldstraße 63, 79098, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Ma C, Zhang X, You J, Dong M, Yun S, Liu J. Effect of heat shock on murine norovirus replication in RAW264.7 cells. Microb Pathog 2020; 142:104102. [PMID: 32112809 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNV), is a prevalent pathogen of laboratory mice closely related to human norovirus (HuNoV), a contagious pathogen known to cause gastroenteritis worldwide; however, the mechanism of norovirus replication remains poorly understood. Both heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) play an important role in viral genome replication and viral gene expression. In this study, we first found that heat stress exerted a positive effect on the replication of MNV in the murine macrophage RAW264.7 cell line. Inhibition of Hsp70 and Hsp90 by the specific inhibitors, KNK437 and 17-AGG, respectively showed that Hsp70 and Hsp90 enhanced MNV genome replication and virion production. In addition, we found that KNK437 and 17-AGG could decrease the level of IL-1β, IL-10, and TNF-α mRNA expression in MNV-infected cells. These data suggested that heat stress can positively regulate MNV replication, which advances our understanding of the molecular mechanism of MNV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Ma
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Xuliang Zhang
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Jinwei You
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Min Dong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shifeng Yun
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, PR China; Clinical School of Medical College of Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Atmar RL, Ettayebi K, Ayyar BV, Neill FH, Braun RP, Ramani S, Estes MK. Comparison of Microneutralization and Histo-Blood Group Antigen-Blocking Assays for Functional Norovirus Antibody Detection. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:739-743. [PMID: 31613328 PMCID: PMC8483564 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of an in vitro cultivation system for human noroviruses allows the measurement of neutralizing antibody levels. METHODS Serum neutralizing antibody levels were determined using a GII.4/Sydney/2012-like virus in human intestinal enteroids in samples collected before and 4 weeks after administration of an investigational norovirus vaccine and were compared with those measured in histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-blocking assays. RESULTS Neutralizing antibody seroresponses were observed in 71% of 24 vaccinated adults, and antibody levels were highly correlated (r = 0.82, P < .001) with those measured by HBGA blocking. CONCLUSIONS HBGA-blocking antibodies are a surrogate for neutralization in human noroviruses. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT02475278.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Atmar
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Khalil Ettayebi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - B Vijayalakshmi Ayyar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Frederick H Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ralph P Braun
- Takeda Vaccines Business Unit, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Coding-Complete Genome Sequence of a Recombinant Human Norovirus Strain Identified as Subtype GII.p12_GII.3. Microbiol Resour Announc 2020; 9:9/5/e01385-19. [PMID: 32001565 PMCID: PMC6992869 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01385-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A human norovirus (HuNoV) strain was obtained from a patient with acute gastroenteritis, and its complete coding sequence was determined. The coding-complete viral genome, with three open reading frames, was 7,565 bp long, with a GC content of 49.9%. The genotype of the HuNoV strain obtained in this study was identified as GII.p12_GII.3. A human norovirus (HuNoV) strain was obtained from a patient with acute gastroenteritis, and its complete coding sequence was determined. The coding-complete viral genome, with three open reading frames, was 7,565 bp long, with a GC content of 49.9%. The genotype of the HuNoV strain obtained in this study was identified as GII.p12_GII.3.
Collapse
|
37
|
Rotavirus VP6 Adjuvant Effect on Norovirus GII.4 Virus-Like Particle Uptake and Presentation by Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells In Vitro and In Vivo. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:3194704. [PMID: 32411793 PMCID: PMC7204108 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3194704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that rotavirus (RV) inner capsid protein VP6 has an adjuvant effect on norovirus (NoV) virus-like particle- (VLP-) induced immune responses and studied the adjuvant mechanism in immortalized cell lines used as antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Here, we investigated the uptake and presentation of RV VP6 and NoV GII.4 VLPs by primary bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The adjuvant effect of VP6 on GII.4 VLP presentation and NoV-specific immune response induction by BMDC in vivo was also studied. Intracellular staining demonstrated that BMDCs internalized both antigens, but VP6 more efficiently than NoV VLPs. Both antigens were processed and presented to antigen-primed T cells, which responded by robust interferon γ secretion. When GII.4 VLPs and VP6 were mixed in the same pulsing reaction, a subpopulation of the cells had uptaken both antigens. Furthermore, VP6 copulsing increased GII.4 VLP uptake by 37% and activated BMDCs to secrete 2-5-fold increased levels of interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor α compared to VLP pulsing alone. When in vitro-pulsed BMDCs were transferred to syngeneic BALB/c mice, VP6 improved NoV-specific antibody responses. The results of this study support the earlier findings of VP6 adjuvant effect in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
|
38
|
|
39
|
Onodera T, Hashi K, Shukla RK, Miki M, Takai-Todaka R, Fujimoto A, Kuraoka M, Miyoshi T, Kobayashi K, Hasegawa H, Ato M, Kelsoe G, Katayama K, Takahashi Y. Immune-Focusing Properties of Virus-like Particles Improve Protective IgA Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:3282-3292. [PMID: 31704880 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) provide a well-established vaccine platform; however, the immunogenic properties acquired by VLP structure remain poorly understood. In this study, we showed that systemic vaccination with norovirus VLP recalls human IgA responses at higher magnitudes than IgG responses under a humanized mouse model that was established by introducing human PBMCs in severely immunodeficient mice. The recall responses elicited by VLP vaccines depended on VLP structure and the disruption of VLP attenuated recall responses, with a more profound reduction being observed in IgA responses. The IgA-focusing property was also conserved in a murine norovirus-primed model under which murine IgA responses were recalled in a manner dependent on VLP structure. Importantly, the VLP-driven IgA response preferentially targeted virus-neutralizing epitopes located in the receptor-binding domain. Consequently, VLP-driven IgA responses were qualitatively superior to IgG responses in terms of the virus-neutralizing activity in vitro. Furthermore, the IgA in mucosa obtained remarkable protective function toward orally administrated virus in vivo. Thus, our results indicate the immune-focusing properties of the VLP vaccine that improve the quality/quantity of mucosal IgA responses, a finding with important implications for developing mucosal vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taishi Onodera
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kana Hashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Rajni Kant Shukla
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Motohiro Miki
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.,Vaccine & Biomedicine Department, Life Innovation Research Institute, Denka Innovation Center, Denka Co., Ltd., Tokyo 194-8560, Japan
| | - Reiko Takai-Todaka
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Akira Fujimoto
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masayuki Kuraoka
- Department of Immunology and Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Tatsuya Miyoshi
- Sakai City Institute of Public Health, Osaka 590-0953, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kobayashi
- Division of Public Health, Osaka Institute of Public Health, Osaka 537-0025, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Garnett Kelsoe
- Department of Immunology and Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Department of Infection Control and Immunology, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan;
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Malm M, Vesikari T, Blazevic V. Simultaneous Immunization with Multivalent Norovirus VLPs Induces Better Protective Immune Responses to Norovirus Than Sequential Immunization. Viruses 2019; 11:v11111018. [PMID: 31684058 PMCID: PMC6893631 DOI: 10.3390/v11111018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (NoVs) are a genetically diverse, constantly evolving group of viruses. Here, we studied the effect of NoV pre-existing immunity on the success of NoV vaccinations with genetically close and distant genotypes. A sequential immunization as an alternative approach to multivalent NoV virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccine was investigated. Mice were immunized with NoV GI.3, GII.4-1999, GII.17, and GII.4 Sydney as monovalent VLPs or as a single tetravalent mixture combined with rotavirus VP6-protein. Sequentially immunized mice were primed with a trivalent vaccine candidate (GI.3 + GII.4-1999 + VP6) and boosted, first with GII.17 and then with GII.4 Sydney VLPs. NoV serum antibodies were analyzed. Similar NoV genotype-specific immune responses were induced with the monovalent and multivalent mixture immunizations, and no immunological interference was observed. Multivalent immunization with simultaneous mix was found to be superior to sequential immunization, as sequential boost induced strong blocking antibody response against the distant genotype (GII.17), but not against GII.4 Sydney, closely related to GII.4-1999, contained in the priming vaccine. Genetically close antigens may interfere with the immune response generation and thereby immune responses may be differently formed depending on the degree of NoV VLP genotype identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Malm
- Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Biokatu 10, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Timo Vesikari
- Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Biokatu 10, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
| | - Vesna Blazevic
- Vaccine Research Center, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Biokatu 10, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hassan E, Baldridge MT. Norovirus encounters in the gut: multifaceted interactions and disease outcomes. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:1259-1267. [PMID: 31501514 PMCID: PMC7479810 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0199-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are major causes of gastroenteritis, with epidemic outbreaks occurring frequently. They are an important global health concern, especially for pediatric and immunocompromised populations, and are challenging pathogens to target immunologically due to their rapid rates of genetic and antigenic evolution and failure to stimulate durable protective immunity. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of norovirus pathogenesis, noting the prominent role of murine norovirus as a small animal model for norovirus research. We highlight intriguing data supporting the possible involvement of norovirus in sequelae including irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases, and describe the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms involved in control of both human and murine norovirus infection. Furthermore, we discuss the potential implications of recent discoveries regarding norovirus interactions with the gut microbiota, and briefly detail current understanding of noroviral evolution and its influence on viral pathogenesis. Our mechanistic understanding of norovirus pathogenesis continues to improve with increasing availability of powerful model systems, which will ultimately facilitate development of effective preventive and therapeutic approaches for this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Hassan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Correspondence: Megan T. Baldridge, MD, PhD, Phone: 314-273-1212, Fax: 314-362-2156,
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on the impact public health of norovirus and the current progress in norovirus vaccine development, it is necessary to continuously monitor the epidemiology of norovirus infection, especially in children who are more susceptible to norovirus. OBJECTIVES To monitor the activity and genotypes of norovirus infection in sporadic diarrhea in Shanghainese children during 2014-2018. STUDY DESIGN Acute diarrheal cases were prospectively enrolled in the outpatient setting. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used for screening norovirus GI and GII genogroups. Dual norovirus genotypes were identified based on the partial capsid and polymerase gene sequences. RESULTS Of the 3422 children with diarrhea, 510 (14.9%) were positive for noroviruses with 13 (2.5%) strains being GI genogroup and 497 (97.5%) strains being GII genogroup. Five distinct capsid GII genotypes were identified, including GII.4-Sydney/2012 (71.8%), GII.3 (13.8%), GII.17 (7.8%), GII.2 (6.0%), GII.6 (0.3%) and GII.8 (0.3%). Seven polymerase GII genotypes were identified, including GII.Pe (77.0%), GII.P12 (11.0%), GII.P17 (9.0%), GII.P16 (2.1%), and GII.P7, GII.P8 and GII.P2 in each (0.3%). Eleven distinct polymerase/capsid genotypes were identified with GII.Pe/GII.4-Sydney/2012 (74.2%), GII.P12/GII.3 (11.7%) and GII.P17/GII.17 (7.7%) being common. GII.P17/GII.17 strains were detected since September 2014. Recombinant GII.P16/GII.2 strains were detected since December 2016. CONCLUSIONS Norovirus is a major pathogen causing diarrhea in Shanghainese children. GII.Pe/GII.4-Sydney/2012 strains remained the predominant genotype. The emergence of GII.P17/GII.17 and GII.P16/GII.2 strains in sporadic diarrhea was consistent with norovirus-associated outbreaks attributable to these 2 novel variants in China. Continuous monitoring norovirus genotypes circulating in pediatric population is needed for current vaccine development.
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Over the past decade, frozen fruits have been a major vehicle of foodborne illnesses mainly attributed to norovirus (NoV) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) infections. Fresh produce may acquire viral contamination by direct contact with contaminated surface, water or hands, and is then frozen without undergoing proper decontamination. Due to their structural integrity, foodborne viruses are able to withstand hostile conditions such as desiccation and freezing, and endure for a long period of time without losing their infectivity. Additionally, these foods are often consumed raw or undercooked, which increases the risk of infection. Herein, we searched published literature and databases of reported outbreaks as well as the databases of news articles for the viral outbreaks associated with the consumption of frozen produce between January 2008 and December 2018; recorded the worldwide distribution of these outbreaks; and analysed the implication of consumption of different types of contaminated frozen food. In addition, we have briefly discussed the factors that contribute to an increased risk of foodborne viral infection following the consumption of frozen produce. Our results revealed that frozen fruits, especially berries and pomegranate arils, contributed to the majority of the outbreaks, and that most outbreaks were reported in industrialised countries.
Collapse
|
44
|
Diakoudi G, Lanave G, Catella C, Medici MC, De Conto F, Calderaro A, Loconsole D, Chironna M, Bonura F, Giammanco GM, Bányai K, Tohma K, Parra GI, Martella V, De Grazia S. Analysis of GII.P7 and GII.6 noroviruses circulating in Italy during 2011-2016 reveals a replacement of lineages and complex recombination history. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103991. [PMID: 31394293 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses are important human enteric pathogens and monitoring their genetic diversity is important for epidemiological surveillance, vaccine development, and understanding of RNA viruses evolution. Epidemiological investigations have revealed that genogroup II, genotype 6 noroviruses (GII.6) are common agents of gastroenteritis. Upon sequencing of the ORF2 (encoding the viral capsid), GII.6 viruses have been distinguished into three variants. Sentinel hospital-based surveillance in Italy revealed that GII.6 noroviruses were the second most common capsid genotype in 2015, mostly in association with a GII.P7 ORF1 (encoding the viral polymerase). Upon molecular characterization of the ORF1 and ORF2, the GII.P7_GII.6 epidemic viruses circulating in 2014-2015 (variant GII.6b) were different from those that circulated sporadically in 2011-2013 (variant GII.6a). Analysis of the ORF1 (GII.P7) and ORF2 (GII.6) sequences available in the databases unveiled marked genetic diversity and peculiarities in the phylogenetic segregation patterns, suggesting multiple recombination events. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that recent GII.P7_GII.6b viruses were circulating as early as 2008, and formed a genetically homogenous group that emerged globally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Diakoudi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Italy
| | - Cristiana Catella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Italy
| | | | - Flora De Conto
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy
| | - Adriana Calderaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Italy
| | - Daniela Loconsole
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Chironna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Oncologia Umana, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Italy
| | - Floriana Bonura
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maurizio Giammanco
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Italy
| | - Kristián Bányai
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kentaro Tohma
- Division of Viral Products, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | - Vito Martella
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Aldo Moro di Bari, Italy.
| | - Simona De Grazia
- Dipartimento di Promozione della Salute, Materno-Infantile, di Medicina Interna e Specialistica di Eccellenza "G. D'Alessandro", Università di Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Noroviruses are a major cause of gastroenteritis. This review summarizes new information on noroviruses that may lead to the development of improved measures for limiting their human health impact. RECENT FINDINGS GII.4 strains remain the most common human noroviruses causing disease, although GII.2 and GII.17 strains have recently emerged as dominant strains in some populations. Histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) expression on the gut mucosa drives susceptibility to different norovirus strains. Antibodies that block virus binding to these glycans correlate with protection from infection and illness. Immunocompromised patients are significantly impacted by norovirus infection, and the increasing availability of molecular diagnostics has improved infection recognition. Human noroviruses can be propagated in human intestinal enteroid cultures containing enterocytes that are a significant primary target for initiating infection. Strain-specific requirements for replication exist with bile being essential for some strains. Several vaccine candidates are progressing through preclinical and clinical development and studies of potential antiviral interventions are underway. SUMMARY Norovirus epidemiology is complex and requires continued surveillance to track the emergence of new strains and recombinants, especially with the continued progress in vaccine development. Humans are the best model to study disease pathogenesis and prevention. New in-vitro cultivation methods should lead to better approaches for understanding virus-host interactions and ultimately to improved strategies for mitigation of human norovirus-associated disease.
Collapse
|
46
|
Azim KF, Hasan M, Hossain MN, Somana SR, Hoque SF, Bappy MNI, Chowdhury AT, Lasker T. Immunoinformatics approaches for designing a novel multi epitope peptide vaccine against human norovirus (Norwalk virus). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 74:103936. [PMID: 31233780 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus is known as a major cause of several acute gastroenteritis (AGE) outbreaks each year. A study was conducted to develop a unique multi epitope subunit vaccine against human norovirus by adopting reverse vaccinology approach. The entire viral proteome of Norwalk virus was retrieved and allowed for further in silico study to predict highly antigenic epitopes through antigenicity, transmembrane topology screening, allergenicity assessment, toxicity analysis, population coverage analysis and molecular docking approach. Capsid protein VP1 and protein VP2 were identified as most antigenic viral proteins which generated a plethora of antigenic epitopes. Physicochemical properties and secondary structure of the designed vaccine were assessed to ensure its thermostability, hydrophilicity, theoretical PI and structural behavior. Molecular docking analysis of the refined vaccine with different MHCs and human immune TLR8 receptor demonstrated higher binding interaction as well. Complexed structure of the modeled vaccine and TLR8 showed minimal deformability at molecular level. The designed construct was reverse transcribed and adapted for E. coli strain K12 prior to insertion within pET28a(+) vector for its heterologous cloning and expression, and sequence of vaccine constructs showed no similarity with human proteins. However, the study could initiate in vitro and in vivo studies regarding effective vaccine development against human norovirus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Faizul Azim
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nazmul Hossain
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh; Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh.
| | - Saneya Risa Somana
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Syeda Farjana Hoque
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nazmul Islam Bappy
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Anjum Taiebah Chowdhury
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Tahera Lasker
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lee S, Liu H, Wilen CB, Sychev ZE, Desai C, Hykes BL, Orchard RC, McCune BT, Kim KW, Nice TJ, Handley SA, Baldridge MT, Amarasinghe GK, Virgin HW. A Secreted Viral Nonstructural Protein Determines Intestinal Norovirus Pathogenesis. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 25:845-857.e5. [PMID: 31130511 PMCID: PMC6622463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNoV) infects a low percentage of enteric tuft cells and can persist in these cells for months following acute infection. Both tuft-cell tropism and resistance to interferon-λ (IFN-λ)-mediated clearance during persistent infection requires the viral nonstructural protein 1/2 (NS1/2). We show that processing of NS1/2 yields NS1, an unconventionally secreted viral protein that is central for IFN-λ resistance. MNoV infection globally suppresses intestinal IFN-λ responses, which is attributable to secreted NS1. MNoV NS1 secretion is triggered by caspase-3 cleavage of NS1/2, and a secreted form of human NoV NS1 is also observed. NS1 secretion is essential for intestinal infection and resistance to IFN-λ in vivo. NS1 vaccination alone protects against MNoV challenge, despite the lack of induction of neutralizing anti-capsid antibodies previously shown to confer protection. Thus, despite infecting a low number of tuft cells, NS1 secretion allows MNoV to globally suppress IFN responses and promote persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| | - Hejun Liu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Zoi E Sychev
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Chandni Desai
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Barry L Hykes
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert C Orchard
- Department of Immunology, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Broc T McCune
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ki-Wook Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Timothy J Nice
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Scott A Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Gaya K Amarasinghe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Graziano VR, Wei J, Wilen CB. Norovirus Attachment and Entry. Viruses 2019; 11:E495. [PMID: 31151248 PMCID: PMC6630345 DOI: 10.3390/v11060495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus is a major human pathogen causing the majority of cases of viral gastroenteritis globally. Viral entry is the first step of the viral life cycle and is a significant determinant of cell tropism, host range, immune interactions, and pathogenesis. Bile salts and histo-blood group antigens are key mediators of norovirus entry; however, the molecular mechanisms by which these molecules promote infection and the identity of a potential human norovirus receptor remain unknown. Recently, there have been several important advances in norovirus entry biology including the identification of CD300lf as the receptor for murine norovirus and of the role of the minor capsid protein VP2 in viral genome release. Here, we will review the current understanding about norovirus attachment and entry and highlight important future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent R Graziano
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Jin Wei
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Rotavirus VP6 as an Adjuvant for Bivalent Norovirus Vaccine Produced in Nicotiana benthamiana. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11050229. [PMID: 31083495 PMCID: PMC6572255 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11050229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) and noroviruses (NoVs) are major causes of childhood acute gastroenteritis. During development of a combination vaccine based on NoV virus-like particles (VLP) and RV VP6 produced in baculovirus expression system in insect cells, a dual role of VP6 as a vaccine antigen and an adjuvant for NoV-specific immune responses was discovered. Here the VP6 adjuvant effect on bivalent GI.4 and GII.4-2006a NoV VLPs produced in Nicotiana benthamiana was investigated. BALB/c mice were immunized intradermally with suboptimal (0.3 µg) dose of each NoV VLP alone or combined with 10 µg of VP6, or equal doses of NoV VLPs and VP6 (1 µg/antigen). NoV-specific serum IgG antibodies and their blocking activity were analyzed using vaccine-homologous and heterologous NoV VLPs. Immunization with 0.3 µg NoV VLPs alone was insufficient to induce NoV-specific immune responses, but with co-administration of 10 µg of VP6, antibodies against vaccine-derived and heterologous NoV genotypes were generated. Furthermore, corresponding adjuvant effect of VP6 was observed with 1 µg dose. Efficient uptake and presentation of VP6 by dendritic cells was demonstrated in vitro. These results show that adjuvant effect of VP6 on bivalent NoV VLP vaccine is independent of the cell source used for vaccine production.
Collapse
|
50
|
High genetic diversity of noroviruses in children from a community-based study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2014-2018. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1427-1432. [PMID: 30859473 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We report on the occurrence and diversity of noroviruses in children (younger than 5 years old of age) from a low-income urban area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sixty-one stool specimens collected from children between 1 and 4 years old with acute diarrhoeic episodes (ADE) and non-ADE were investigated. RT-qPCR and sequencing of PCR products after conventional RT-PCR analysis were performed. Noroviruses were detected in 29 (47.5%) samples: 21 (46.7%) from cases with ADE and 8 (50%) from non-ADE cases. Molecular characterization showed 10 different genotypes circulating in this community between November 2014 and April 2018.
Collapse
|