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Mease C, Miller KL, Fermaglich LJ, Best J, Liu G, Torjusen E. Analysis of the first ten years of FDA's rare pediatric disease priority review voucher program: designations, diseases, and drug development. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2024; 19:86. [PMID: 38403586 PMCID: PMC10895788 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-024-03097-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Rare Pediatric Disease (RPD) Priority Review Voucher (PRV) Program was enacted in 2012 to support the development of new products for children. Prior to requesting a voucher, applicants can request RPD designation, which confirms their product treats or prevents a rare disease in which the serious manifestations primarily affect children. This study describes the trends and characteristics of these designations. Details of RPD designations are not publicly disclosable; this research represents the first analysis of the RPD designation component of the program. RESULTS We used an internal US Food and Drug Administration database to analyze all RPD designations between 2013 and 2022. Multiple characteristics were analyzed, including the diseases targeted by RPD designation, whether the product targeted a neonatal disease, product type (drug/biologic), and the level of evidence (preclinical/clinical) to support designation. There were 569 RPD designations during the study period. The top therapeutic areas were neurology (26%, n = 149), metabolism (23%, n = 131), oncology (18%, n = 105). The top diseases targeted by RPD designation were Duchenne muscular dystrophy, neuroblastoma, and sickle cell disease. Neonatology products represented 6% (n = 33), over half were for drug products and 38% were supported by clinical data. CONCLUSIONS The RPD PRV program was created to encourage development of new products for children. The results of this study establish that a wide range of diseases have seen development-from rare pediatric cancers to rare genetic disorders. Continued support of product development for children with rare diseases is needed to find treatments for all children with unmet needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Mease
- Office of Orphan Products Development, Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA.
| | - Kathleen L Miller
- Office of Orphan Products Development, Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Lewis J Fermaglich
- Office of Orphan Products Development, Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Jeanine Best
- Office of Pediatric Therapeutics, Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Gumei Liu
- Office of Therapeutic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Erika Torjusen
- Office of Orphan Products Development, Office of the Commissioner, US Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
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2
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Gamalo M, Zhao Y, Gao A, Ye J, Lin J, Eshida E, Choi Y, Nelson R. Extent of safety database in pediatric drug development: types of assessment, analytical precision, and pathway for extrapolation through on-target effects. J Biopharm Stat 2023; 33:770-785. [PMID: 36843283 DOI: 10.1080/10543406.2023.2172425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric patients should have access to medicines that have been appropriately evaluated for safety and efficacy through revised labelling. Given this goal, the adequacy of the pediatric clinical development plan and resulting safety database are critical factors to inform a favorable benefit-risk assessment for the intended use of the medicinal product. While extrapolation from adults can be used to support efficacy of drugs in children, there may be a reluctance to use the same approach in safety assessments, wiping out potential gains in trial efficiency through a reduction of sample size. To address this issue, we explore safety review in pediatric trials, including specific types of safety assessments and precision on the estimation of event rates for specific adverse events (AEs) that can be achieved. In addition, we discuss the assessments which can provide a benchmark for the use of extrapolation of safety that focuses on on-target effects. Finally, we explore a unified approach for understanding precision using Bayesian approaches as the most appropriate methodology to describe or ascertain risk in probabilistic terms for the estimate of the event rate of specific AEs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aijun Gao
- Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Gazarian M, Horton DB, Carleton B, Kinlaw AC, Bushnell GA, Czaja AS, Durrieu G, Gorman EF, Titievsky L, Zito J, Slaughter JL, dosReis S. Optimizing therapeutic decision-making for off-label medicines use: A scoping review and consensus recommendations for improving practice and research . Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2023; 32:1200-1222. [PMID: 37208845 PMCID: PMC10543391 DOI: 10.1002/pds.5640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Off-label medicines use is a common and sometimes necessary practice in many populations, with important clinical, ethical and financial consequences, including potential unintended harm or lack of effectiveness. No internationally recognized guidelines exist to aid decision-makers in applying research evidence to inform off-label medicines use. We aimed to critically evaluate current evidence informing decision-making for off-label use and to develop consensus recommendations to improve future practice and research. METHODS We conducted a scoping review to summarize the literature on available off-label use guidance, including types, extent and scientific rigor of evidence incorporated. Findings informed the development of consensus recommendations by an international multidisciplinary Expert Panel using a modified Delphi process. Our target audience includes clinicians, patients and caregivers, researchers, regulators, sponsors, health technology assessment bodies, payers and policy makers. RESULTS We found 31 published guidance documents on therapeutic decision-making for off-label use. Of 20 guidances with general recommendations, only 35% detailed the types and quality of evidence needed and the processes for its evaluation to reach sound, ethical decisions about appropriate use. There was no globally recognized guidance. To optimize future therapeutic decision-making, we recommend: (1) seeking rigorous scientific evidence; (2) utilizing diverse expertise in evidence evaluation and synthesis; (3) using rigorous processes to formulate recommendations for appropriate use; (4) linking off-label use with timely conduct of clinically meaningful research (including real-world evidence) to address knowledge gaps quickly; and (5) fostering partnerships between clinical decision-makers, researchers, regulators, policy makers, and sponsors to facilitate cohesive implementation and evaluation of these recommendations. CONCLUSIONS We provide comprehensive consensus recommendations to optimize therapeutic decision-making for off-label medicines use and concurrently drive clinically relevant research. Successful implementation requires appropriate funding and infrastructure support to engage necessary stakeholders and foster relevant partnerships, representing significant challenges that policy makers must urgently address.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Gazarian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, AUSTRALIA
| | - Daniel B. Horton
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA; Rutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bruce Carleton
- Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, CANADA
- Pharmaceutical Outcomes Programme, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, CANADA
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, CANADA
| | - Alan C. Kinlaw
- Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, University of North Carolina School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC USA; Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Greta A Bushnell
- Rutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Angela S. Czaja
- Department of Pediatrics, Critical Care section, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Geneviève Durrieu
- Department of Medical and Clinical Pharmacology, Centre of PharmacoVigilance and Pharmacoepidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Toulouse University Hospital (CHU), Toulouse, FRANCE
| | - Emily F. Gorman
- Health Sciences and Human Services Library, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Julie Zito
- Professor Emerita, Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan L. Slaughter
- Center for Perinatal Research, Nationwide Children’s Hospital
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, and Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Susan dosReis
- Department of Practice, Sciences, and Health Outcomes Research, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Domingues C, Jarak I, Veiga F, Dourado M, Figueiras A. Pediatric Drug Development: Reviewing Challenges and Opportunities by Tracking Innovative Therapies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2431. [PMID: 37896191 PMCID: PMC10610377 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The paradigm of pediatric drug development has been evolving in a "carrot-and-stick"-based tactic to address population-specific issues. However, the off-label prescription of adult medicines to pediatric patients remains a feature of clinical practice, which may compromise the age-appropriate evaluation of treatments. Therefore, the United States and the European Pediatric Formulation Initiative have recommended applying nanotechnology-based delivery systems to tackle some of these challenges, particularly applying inorganic, polymeric, and lipid-based nanoparticles. Connected with these, advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMPs) have also been highlighted, with optimistic perspectives for the pediatric population. Despite the results achieved using these innovative therapies, a workforce that congregates pediatric patients and/or caregivers, healthcare stakeholders, drug developers, and physicians continues to be of utmost relevance to promote standardized guidelines for pediatric drug development, enabling a fast lab-to-clinical translation. Therefore, taking into consideration the significance of this topic, this work aims to compile the current landscape of pediatric drug development by (1) outlining the historic regulatory panorama, (2) summarizing the challenges in the development of pediatric drug formulation, and (3) delineating the advantages/disadvantages of using innovative approaches, such as nanomedicines and ATMPs in pediatrics. Moreover, some attention will be given to the role of pharmaceutical technologists and developers in conceiving pediatric medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia Domingues
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.D.); (I.J.); (F.V.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Ivana Jarak
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.D.); (I.J.); (F.V.)
- Institute for Health Research and Innovation (i3s), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Veiga
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.D.); (I.J.); (F.V.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marília Dourado
- Univ Coimbra, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR) Area of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Health Studies and Research of the University of Coimbra (CEISUC), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Studies and Development of Continuous and Palliative Care (CEDCCP), Faculty of Medicine, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Figueiras
- Univ Coimbra, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (C.D.); (I.J.); (F.V.)
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Drug Development and Technologies, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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Parker AE, Scull TM, Kennedy KL. Efficacy of DigiKnowItNews: Teen, a multimedia educational website for adolescents about pediatric clinical trials: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2023; 24:436. [PMID: 37391773 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07464-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric research is crucial for the development of new scientific advancements, treatments, and therapies for adolescents. Yet relatively few pediatric clinical trials are conducted due to barriers to successful recruitment and retention, including knowledge and attitudes about clinical trials. Adolescents tend to experience greater autonomy to make decisions and have expressed interest in being part of the decision to participate in clinical trials. Increasing knowledge, positive attitudes, and self-efficacy related to clinical trials could positively impact the decision to participate in a pediatric clinical trial. However, there are currently few interactive, developmentally appropriate, web-based resources available to educate adolescents about clinical trials. DigiKnowItNews: Teen was created as a multimedia educational website to address the relatively low levels of enrollment in pediatric clinical trials and need for information to empower adolescents to make decisions about participating in clinical trials. METHODS This is a parallel group randomized controlled superiority trial to test the effectiveness of DigiKnowItNews: Teen, for improving factors related to clinical trial participation among adolescent and parents. Eligible parent-adolescent (ages 12 to 17 years) pairs will be randomly assigned to one of two conditions: intervention or wait-list control. All participants will complete pre- and post-test questionnaires and participants assigned to the intervention will receive access to review the DigiKnowItNews: Teen content for 1 week. Wait-list control participants will have the option to review DigiKnowItNews: Teen after study completion. The primary outcomes are knowledge about clinical research, attitudes, and beliefs toward pediatric clinical trials, self-efficacy for making decisions related to clinical trial participation, willingness to participate in a future clinical trial, procedural fears, and parent-adolescent communication quality. Overall feedback and satisfaction related to DigiKnowItNews: Teen will also be collected. DISCUSSION The trial will evaluate the effectiveness of DigiKnowIt News: Teen, an educational website about pediatric clinical trials for adolescents. If found effective in promoting factors related to future pediatric clinical trial participation, DigiKnowIt News: Teen could be used by adolescents, along with their parents, as they make the decision to participate in a clinical trial. Clinical trial researchers can also use DigiKnowIt News: Teen to aid their participant recruitment efforts. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05714943. Registered on 02/03/2023.
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Bucci-Rechtweg C, Siapkara A, An Haack Bonnet K, Corriol Rohou S, Haf Davies E, Dehlinger Kremer M, Gamalo M, Moreno C, Nelson RM, Thomas Turner R. Strategies to facilitate adolescent access to medicines: Improving regulatory guidance. Clin Trials 2023; 20:13-21. [PMID: 36341541 DOI: 10.1177/17407745221132302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Historically, pediatric medicines are developed after adult trials are completed, even when identical drug targets and disease similarities exist across the populations. This has resulted in significant delays in the authorization of medicines for adolescent use, limiting access to beneficial drugs. This study sought to understand how adolescent inclusion in adult trials is positioned in regulatory guidance documents as they set critical expectations for trial design and regulatory decision-making. METHODS This study utilized a qualitative analysis approach. Guidance documents were identified via Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency websites. Utilizing a blinded adjudication process, the documents were classified as permissive, exclusionary, or silent regarding recommendations about adolescent inclusion in adult clinical trials. A post hoc analysis of similarities and differences between the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency guidance documents was conducted to assess the possible role of regional pediatric research laws on age-inclusive trial methodologies as well as emergent themes by therapeutic area. RESULTS In total, 96 Food and Drug Administration (1977 to 2019) and 106 European Medicines Agency (1987 to 2019) guidance documents were identified for analysis. The guidance contained explicit or implicit recommendations supporting adolescent inclusion in adult trials in 32% of Food and Drug Administration and 15% of European Medicines Agency documents, while 14% and 21%, respectively, were found to be exclusionary. A large number of guidance documents were silent regarding the applicability of adolescent-inclusive trial designs (53% and 64%, Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency, respectively). Analysis by therapeutic area revealed the most permissive of adolescent inclusion in Food and Drug Administration guidance for infectious diseases and conditions requiring blood products in European Medicines Agency guidance. A more holistic approach to age-inclusive trial design was identified in disease guidance published by the Food and Drug Administration Oncology Center of Excellence. DISCUSSION There are many influences on the development and/or revision of regulatory guidance documents. Substantial scientific knowledge and regulatory precedence for the inclusion of adolescents within adult trials are available to inform research approaches. Our study has identified important opportunities for the enhancement of guidance. For example, contextualization of developmental factors influencing adolescent disease progression provides insights into the role of adolescent inclusion. If addressed, guidance documents can facilitate broader acceptance of age-inclusive trial methodologies and accelerate adolescent access to medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carmen Moreno
- Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
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7
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Kaguelidou F, Ouèdraogo M, Treluyer JM, Le Jeunne C, Annereau M, Blanc P, Bureau S, Ducassou S, Fiquet B, Flamein F, Gaillard S, Hankard R, Laugel V, Laurent C, Levy C, Marquet T, Polak M, Portefaix A, Vassal G. Paediatric drug development and evaluation: Existing challenges and recommendations. Therapie 2023; 78:105-114. [PMID: 36528416 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite various international regulatory initiatives over the last 20 years, many challenges remain in the field of paediatric drug development and evaluation. Indeed, drug research and development is still focused essentially on adult indications, thereby excluding many paediatric patients, limiting the feasibility of trials and favouring competing developments. Off-label prescribing persists and the development of age-appropriate dosage forms for children remains limited. Against this background, the members of this panel (TR) recommend the launch of multi-partner exchange forums on specific topics in order to focus new drug research and development on the real, unmet medical needs of children and adolescents, and in keeping with the underlying mechanisms of action. Scientific information sharing and cooperation between stakeholders are also essential for defining reference evaluation methods in each medical field. These forums can be organised through existing paediatric facilities and research networks at the French and European level. The latter are specifically dedicated to paediatric research and can facilitate clinical trial implementation and patient enrolment. Moreover, specific grants and public/private partnerships are still needed to support studies on the repositioning of drugs in paediatric indications, and pharmacokinetic studies aimed at defining appropriate dosages. The development of new pharmaceutical forms, better suited for paediatric use, and the promotion of resulting innovations will stimulate future investments. Initiatives to gather observational safety and efficacy data following off-label and/or derogatory early access should also be encouraged to compensate for the lack of information available in these situations. Finally, the creation of Ethics Committees (EC) with a specific "mother-child" advisory expertise should be promoted to ensure that the current regulation (Jardé law in France) is implemented whilst also taking into account the paediatric specificities in medical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentia Kaguelidou
- Center of Clinical Investigations and Pediatric Pharmacology, Inserm CIC1426, Robert-Debré hospital, AP-HP.Nord, 75000 Paris, France; Paris Cité University, EA7323 « Therapeutic assessment, and perinatal and pediatric pharmacology », 75000 Paris, France.
| | - Maria Ouèdraogo
- Lead « partenaires parcours de soins référents médicaux », laboratoire Roche, 92100 Boulogne, France
| | - Jean-Marc Treluyer
- Paris Cité University, EA7323 « Therapeutic assessment, and perinatal and pediatric pharmacology », 75000 Paris, France; Département de pharmacologie, CRPV, hôpital Cochin, AP-HP.Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Claire Le Jeunne
- Paris Cité University, EA7323 « Therapeutic assessment, and perinatal and pediatric pharmacology », 75000 Paris, France; Service de médecine interne, hôpital Cochin, AP-HP Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Maxime Annereau
- Département de pharmacie clinique, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Patricia Blanc
- Association de patients («) Imagine for Margo - Enfants sans Cancer », 78100 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
| | - Serge Bureau
- Direction de la recherche clinique, de l'innovation, des relations avec les universités et organismes de recherche (DRCI), Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75000 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Ducassou
- Unité hématologie oncologie pédiatrique, CHU Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Béatrice Fiquet
- Département médical, Amgen, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Florence Flamein
- University Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC-1403 Inserm-CHU, 59000 Lille, France; French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network (F-CRIN) - PEDSTART, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Ségolène Gaillard
- Hospices civils de Lyon, EPICIME-CIC 1407 de Lyon, Inserm, CHU-Lyon, 69677 Bron, France; Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5558, laboratoire de biométrie et biologie évolutive, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Vincent Laugel
- Pôle médico-chirurgical de pédiatrie, centre d'investigation clinique, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 67098 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Corinne Levy
- Clinical Research Center (CRC), centre hospitalier intercommunal de Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Thierry Marquet
- Accès des patients à l'innovation, Takeda, 75116 Paris, France
| | - Michel Polak
- Unité d'endocrinologie, gynécologie, diabétologie pédiatriques, Inserm U1016, Institut Imagine, centre de référence des maladies endocriniennes rares de la croissance et du développement, hôpital universitaire Necker-Enfants-Malades, AP-HP Centre, université Paris-Descartes, 75743 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Portefaix
- Hospices civils de Lyon, Pediatric Clinic Investigation Center, Inserm P-1407, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Gilles Vassal
- Département de cancérologie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center et université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
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Kaguelidou F, Ouèdraogo M, Treluyer JM, Le Jeunne C, Annereau M, Blanc P, Bureau S, Ducassou S, Fiquet B, Flamein F, Gaillard S, Hankard R, Laugel V, Laurent C, Levy C, Marquet T, Polak M, Portefaix A, Vassal G. Développement des médicaments en pédiatrie : défis existants et recommandations. Therapie 2023; 78:95-104. [PMID: 36543724 DOI: 10.1016/j.therap.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florentia Kaguelidou
- Center of Clinical Investigations and Pediatric Pharmacology, Inserm CIC1426, Robert-Debré Hospital, AP-HP Nord, 75000 Paris, France; Paris Cité University, EA7323 « Therapeutic assessment, and perinatal and pediatric pharmacology », 75000 Paris, France.
| | - Maria Ouèdraogo
- Lead « partenaires parcours de soins référents médicaux », laboratoire Roche, 92100 Boulogne, France
| | - Jean-Marc Treluyer
- Paris Cité University, EA7323 « Therapeutic assessment, and perinatal and pediatric pharmacology », 75000 Paris, France; Département de pharmacologie, CRPV, hôpital Cochin, AP-HP Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Claire Le Jeunne
- Paris Cité University, EA7323 « Therapeutic assessment, and perinatal and pediatric pharmacology », 75000 Paris, France; Service de médecine interne, hôpital Cochin, AP-HP Centre, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Maxime Annereau
- Département de pharmacie clinique, Gustave-Roussy Cancer Campus, 94800 Villejuif, France
| | - Patricia Blanc
- Association de patients « Imagine for Margo - Enfants sans Cancer », 78100 Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France
| | - Serge Bureau
- Direction de la recherche clinique, de l'innovation, des relations avec les universités et organismes de recherche (DRCI), Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75000 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Ducassou
- Unité hématologie oncologie pédiatrique, CHU Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Béatrice Fiquet
- Département médical, Amgen, 92100 Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Florence Flamein
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC-1403 Inserm-CHU, 59000 Lille, France; French Clinical Research Infrastructure Network (F-CRIN) - PEDSTART, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Ségolène Gaillard
- Hospices civils de Lyon, EPICIME-CIC 1407 de Lyon, Inserm, CHU-Lyon, 69677 Bron, France; Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5558, laboratoire de biométrie et biologie évolutive, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Vincent Laugel
- Pôle médicochirurgical de pédiatrie, centre d'investigation clinique, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 67098 Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Corinne Levy
- Clinical Research Center (CRC), centre hospitalier intercommunal de Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - Thierry Marquet
- Directeur de l'accès des patients à l'innovation, Takeda, 75116 Paris, France
| | - Michel Polak
- Unité d'endocrinologie, gynécologie, diabétologie pédiatriques, Inserm U1016, Institut Imagine, centre de référence des maladies endocriniennes rares de la croissance et du développement, hôpital universitaire Necker-Enfants-Malades, AP-HP Centre, université Paris Descartes, 75743 Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Portefaix
- Hospices civils de Lyon, Pediatric Clinic Investigation Center, Inserm P-1407, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Gilles Vassal
- Département de cancérologie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Gustave-Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, université Paris-Saclay, 94805 Villejuif, France
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9
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Moretti F, Ruiz F, Bonifazi F, Pizzo E, Kindblom JM. Health technology assessment of paediatric medicines: European landscape, challenges and opportunities inside the conect4children project. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:5052-5059. [PMID: 34931373 PMCID: PMC9786554 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The medicine development process is complex and requires time and effort to ensure safety, efficacy and quality. In paediatrics, this process is even more challenging, as it involves a subgroup of the population that already faces a considerable gap in the clinical evaluation of medicines and devices compared to the adult population. Moreover, access to therapies is heavily influenced by national health technology assessment (HTA) recommendations, which often form the basis for pricing and reimbursement decisions that affect the availability of effective treatments within the national health systems. Yet performing an HTA to assess the relative effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a new children's treatment has several non-trivial implications, creating a critical issue for the paediatric population. In addition, the advent of innovative health technologies for children emphasises the need to empower the role of HTAs in paediatrics. This article aims at describing the most relevant elements of the drug development process in the paediatric field by focusing on the HTA. Particular attention will be paid to the factors that influence market access for new paediatric medicines and patients' access to treatment. The article will also highlight some central methodological challenges in conducting HTA in the paediatric field. Finally, the article will provide insight into how initiatives, such as conect4children, may subsequently reinforce HTA awareness in the paediatric community and strengthen collaborations through network mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Moretti
- Arsenàl.IT—Centro Veneto Ricerca e Innovazione per la Sanità digitalePadovaItaly
| | | | - Fedele Bonifazi
- Fondazione per la Ricerca Farmacologica Gianni Benzi OnlusBariItaly
| | - Elena Pizzo
- Department of Applied Health ResearchUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jenny M. Kindblom
- Pediatric Clinical Research Center at the Queen Silvia Children's Hospital at Sahlgrenska University HospitalGöteborgSweden
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MacArthur RB, Ashworth LD, Zhan K, Parrish RH. How Compounding Pharmacies Fill Critical Gaps in Pediatric Drug Development Processes: Suggested Regulatory Changes to Meet Future Challenges. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9121885. [PMID: 36553327 PMCID: PMC9777176 DOI: 10.3390/children9121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Drugs administered to children in the United States fall into two broad categories: (1) those that have followed the US Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) pediatric drug approval process and are marketed as finished dosage forms with pediatric labeling; and (2) all others, many of which are used "off-label". The use of most drug products in pediatrics is still off label, often requiring special preparation, packaging, and, in some cases, compounding into preparations. The latter category includes compounded preparations that incorporate either a US-FDA approved finished dosage form (e.g., a sterile solution, sterile powder, nonsterile capsules, oral solution, crushed tablets, etc.), or rely on bulk active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Compounded preparations are prepared for individual patients in 503A pharmacies, or on a larger scale and not just for specific patients, in licensed 503B establishments. Critical gaps in the current drug approval process for finished dosage forms have created a proverbial "Gordian knot" that needs to be untangled thoughtfully to facilitate increased production and approval of vitally needed medications for pediatric patients. This opinion will describe current regulatory processes pertaining to pediatrics-only drug approval in the United States. Additionally, discussed are steps required for a product to acquire pediatric labeling. Gaps in regulatory approval pathways for both manufactured and compounded pediatric drugs will be identified, especially those that complicate and slow development and availability to patients. Finally, suggestions for regulatory modifications that may enhance pediatric product development strategies for both manufacturers and compounders are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B. MacArthur
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Rockefeller University Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence: (R.B.M.); (R.H.P.II); Tel.: +1-(201)-694-2383 (R.B.M.); +1-(706)-223-5185 (R.H.P.II)
| | - Lisa D. Ashworth
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Children’s Health System of Texas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Keming Zhan
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Richard H. Parrish
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Columbus, GA 31902, USA
- Correspondence: (R.B.M.); (R.H.P.II); Tel.: +1-(201)-694-2383 (R.B.M.); +1-(706)-223-5185 (R.H.P.II)
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11
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Siapkara A, Fracasso C, Egger GF, Rizzari C, Trasorras CS, Athanasiou D, Turner MA. Recommendations by the European Network of Paediatric Research at the European Medicines Agency (Enpr-EMA) Working Group on preparedness of clinical trials about paediatric medicines process. Arch Dis Child 2021; 106:1149-1154. [PMID: 33858819 PMCID: PMC8666697 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-321433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Conduct of clinical trials in babies, children and young people is often hindered by issues that could have been foreseen before the trial opened; that is, some clinical trials are often underprepared. In order to identify a good approach to trial preparedness, the European Network of Paediatric Research at the European Medicines Agency formed a working group. The Working Group included representation from regulators, industry, academics, paediatric clinical research networks and parents.The Working Group consulted widely about how to prepare for paediatric clinical trials. The Group's detailed recommendations have been published (https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/other/preparedness-medicines-clinical-trials-paediatrics-recommendations-enpr-ema-working-group-trial_en.pdf).This paper is a summary of the key recommendations including the following: start early, preferably in parallel to designing the medicine's development plan and individual protocols; identify the rationale and clinical need; listen to the perspectives of children and families, and of patient advocacy groups; identify how many people will be eligible for the trial; identify the resources needed, such as clinical facilities (including play therapy) and out-of-pocket expenditure by participants and their families; use all available data to estimate what is possible; present information about preparedness in a structured way; deploy proportionate resources to support the preparation of trials.A well-prepared, well-designed trial is likely to require fewer changes during its course, be run in a shorter time frame and achieve expected objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Siapkara
- VRNN, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), London, UK
| | | | - Gunter F Egger
- Scientific Evidence Generation Department, European Medicines Agency, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carmelo Rizzari
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Milan–Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Mark A Turner
- Institute if Life Course and Medical Sciences, Liverpool Health Partners, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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12
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Rose K, Grant-Kels JM, Ettienne EB, Tanjinatus O, Striano P, Neubauer D. COVID-19 and Treatment and Immunization of Children-The Time to Redefine Pediatric Age Groups is Here. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2021; 12:RMMJ.10433. [PMID: 33780329 PMCID: PMC8092959 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Children are infected with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as often as adults, but with fewer symptoms. During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) in children (MIS-C), with symptoms similar to Kawasaki syndrome, was described in young minors testing positive for COVID-19. The United States (US) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defined MIS-C as occurring in <21-year-olds, triggering hundreds of PubMed-listed papers. However, postpubertal adolescents are no longer children biologically; the term MIS-C is misleading. Furthermore, MIS also occurs in adults, termed MIS-A by the CDC. Acute and delayed inflammations can be triggered by COVID-19. The 18th birthday is an administrative not a biological age limit, whereas the body matures slowly during puberty. This blur in defining children leads to confusion regarding MIS-C/MIS-A. United States and European Union (EU) drug approval is handled separately for children, defined as <18-year-olds, ascribing non-existent physical characteristics up to the 18th birthday. This blur between the administrative and the physiological meanings for the term child is causing flawed demands for pediatric studies in all drugs and vaccines, including those against COVID-19. Effective treatment of all conditions, including COVID-19, should be based on actual physiological need. Now, the flawed definition for children in the development of drugs and vaccines and their approval is negatively impacting prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in minors. This review reveals the necessity for redefining pediatric age groups to rapidly establish recommendations for optimal prevention and treatment in minors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Rose
- klausrose Consulting, Riehen, Switzerland
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, ‘G. Gaslini’ Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - David Neubauer
- Department of Child, Adolescent & Developmental Neurology, University Children’s Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Severin T, Corriol-Rohou S, Bucci-Rechtweg C, An Haack K, Fuerst-Recktenwald S, Lepola P, Norjavaara E, Dehlinger-Kremer M, Haertter S, Cheung SYA. How is the Pharmaceutical Industry Structured to Optimize Pediatric Drug Development? Existing Pediatric Structure Models and Proposed Recommendations for Structural Enhancement. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2020; 54:1076-1084. [PMID: 32030690 PMCID: PMC7458895 DOI: 10.1007/s43441-020-00116-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric regulations enacted in both Europe and the USA have disrupted the pharmaceutical industry, challenging business and drug development processes, and organizational structures. Over the last decade, with science and innovation evolving, industry has moved from a reactive to a proactive mode, investing in building appropriate structures and capabilities as part of their business strategy to better tackle the challenges and opportunities of pediatric drug development. METHODS The EFGCP Children's Medicines Working Party and the IQ Pediatric working group have joined their efforts to survey their member company representatives to understand how pharmaceutical companies are organized to fulfill their regulatory obligations and optimize their pediatric drug development programs. RESULTS Key success factors and recommendations for a fit-for-purpose Pediatric Expert Group (PEG) were identified. CONCLUSION Pediatric structures and expert groups were shown to be important to support optimization of the development of pediatric medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Severin
- Global Drug Development, Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Campus, 4002, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | - Christina Bucci-Rechtweg
- Global Health Policy, Regulatory Affairs, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Kristina An Haack
- R&D/Clinical Development Rare Diseases, Sanofi/Genzyme, Chilly-Mazarin, France
| | | | - Pirkko Lepola
- Department of Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Sebastian Haertter
- Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Ingelheim, Germany
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14
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Development of a stable oral pediatric solution of hydrochlorothiazide by the combined use of cyclodextrins and hydrophilic polymers. Int J Pharm 2020; 587:119692. [PMID: 32717285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) is widely used in pediatrics for hypertension management. Due to the lack of pediatric commercial forms, community or hospital pharmacies generally prepare HCT extemporaneous pediatric suspensions by dispersing in water a portion of a crushed tablet or the drug powder; however, any dose or stability control is usually done on these preparations. Obtaining stable HCT solutions is very challenging, due to its low water-solubility and pH-dependent degradation. The aim of this work was to develop a stable 2 mg/mL-HCT oral pediatric solution without using co-solvents. Combined use of cyclodextrins (CD) and hydrophilic polymers was exploited to improve poor HCT solubility and stability. HPβCD and SBEβCD were selected, considering their safe toxicological profiles, while PVP resulted the best among the tested polymers. Low PVP concentrations (0.2-1.0%) improved the solubilizing efficiency of both CDs, allowing to reach the prefixed HCT concentration. Different CD-PVP concentrations were used to prepare several 2 mg/mL-HCT solutions in pH 5.5 buffer. The best stability was shown by solutions containing the highest SBEβCD concentration (25 mM), which allowed a 3-months stability at 4 °C. In vivo studies on rats showed that such formulation allowed a more pronounced and more reproducible diuretic effect than the corresponding HCT suspension.
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15
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Raja P, Duffett M, Mazer-Amirshahi M, Patel A, Gilpin A, Litalien C, Chan AK, van den Anker J, Lacaze-Masmonteil T, Samiee-Zafarghandy S. Pediatric drug data in Canadian drug monographs: a descriptive analysis. CMAJ Open 2020; 8:E522-E529. [PMID: 32873580 PMCID: PMC7641187 DOI: 10.9778/cmajo.20200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal drug therapy in children relies on the availability of pediatric-specific information. We aimed to describe the current status of pediatric pharmacotherapy data in monographs of new drugs approved by Health Canada. METHODS In this descriptive analysis, we reviewed the quality and quantity of monographs of new drugs approved by Health Canada between Jan. 1, 2007, and Dec. 31, 2016. We excluded drugs withdrawn from the Canadian market and drugs with primary indications irrelevant to pediatrics. We determined the percentage of included drug monographs that listed pediatric-specific information. RESULTS During this study period, Health Canada approved 281 drugs, 270 of which met our inclusion criteria. Pediatric-specific information and indication were present in 127 (47.1%) and 75 (27.8%) of the drug monographs, respectively. Of all pediatric age groups, neonates had the lowest number of indications listed in the product monographs (7, 2.6%). Only 9 (60%) oral drugs indicated for children 6 years of age or younger were available in child-friendly, age-appropriate dosage forms. INTERPRETATION Most of the new drugs approved by Health Canada do not contain pediatric or neonatal indications in their product monographs, and therefore, are used "off-label." Regulatory mechanisms are required to promote both neonatal and pediatric drug development and submission of available pediatric data by manufacturers to Health Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeya Raja
- Department of Pharmacy (Raja), Hamilton Health Sciences; Departments of Pediatrics (Duffett), and Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Duffett), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mazer-Amirshahi), MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Patel), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Family Pediatric Formulations Centre of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center (Gilpin, Litalien), Montréal, Que.; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (Chan), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Clinical Pharmacology (van den Anker), Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (van den Anker), University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Neonatology (Lacaze-Masmonteil), Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Neonatology (Samiee-Zafarghandy), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Mark Duffett
- Department of Pharmacy (Raja), Hamilton Health Sciences; Departments of Pediatrics (Duffett), and Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Duffett), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mazer-Amirshahi), MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Patel), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Family Pediatric Formulations Centre of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center (Gilpin, Litalien), Montréal, Que.; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (Chan), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Clinical Pharmacology (van den Anker), Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (van den Anker), University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Neonatology (Lacaze-Masmonteil), Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Neonatology (Samiee-Zafarghandy), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Maryann Mazer-Amirshahi
- Department of Pharmacy (Raja), Hamilton Health Sciences; Departments of Pediatrics (Duffett), and Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Duffett), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mazer-Amirshahi), MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Patel), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Family Pediatric Formulations Centre of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center (Gilpin, Litalien), Montréal, Que.; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (Chan), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Clinical Pharmacology (van den Anker), Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (van den Anker), University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Neonatology (Lacaze-Masmonteil), Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Neonatology (Samiee-Zafarghandy), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Ashaka Patel
- Department of Pharmacy (Raja), Hamilton Health Sciences; Departments of Pediatrics (Duffett), and Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Duffett), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mazer-Amirshahi), MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Patel), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Family Pediatric Formulations Centre of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center (Gilpin, Litalien), Montréal, Que.; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (Chan), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Clinical Pharmacology (van den Anker), Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (van den Anker), University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Neonatology (Lacaze-Masmonteil), Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Neonatology (Samiee-Zafarghandy), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Andrea Gilpin
- Department of Pharmacy (Raja), Hamilton Health Sciences; Departments of Pediatrics (Duffett), and Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Duffett), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mazer-Amirshahi), MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Patel), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Family Pediatric Formulations Centre of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center (Gilpin, Litalien), Montréal, Que.; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (Chan), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Clinical Pharmacology (van den Anker), Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (van den Anker), University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Neonatology (Lacaze-Masmonteil), Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Neonatology (Samiee-Zafarghandy), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Catherine Litalien
- Department of Pharmacy (Raja), Hamilton Health Sciences; Departments of Pediatrics (Duffett), and Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Duffett), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mazer-Amirshahi), MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Patel), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Family Pediatric Formulations Centre of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center (Gilpin, Litalien), Montréal, Que.; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (Chan), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Clinical Pharmacology (van den Anker), Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (van den Anker), University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Neonatology (Lacaze-Masmonteil), Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Neonatology (Samiee-Zafarghandy), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Anthony K Chan
- Department of Pharmacy (Raja), Hamilton Health Sciences; Departments of Pediatrics (Duffett), and Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Duffett), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mazer-Amirshahi), MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Patel), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Family Pediatric Formulations Centre of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center (Gilpin, Litalien), Montréal, Que.; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (Chan), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Clinical Pharmacology (van den Anker), Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (van den Anker), University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Neonatology (Lacaze-Masmonteil), Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Neonatology (Samiee-Zafarghandy), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - John van den Anker
- Department of Pharmacy (Raja), Hamilton Health Sciences; Departments of Pediatrics (Duffett), and Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Duffett), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mazer-Amirshahi), MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Patel), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Family Pediatric Formulations Centre of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center (Gilpin, Litalien), Montréal, Que.; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (Chan), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Clinical Pharmacology (van den Anker), Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (van den Anker), University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Neonatology (Lacaze-Masmonteil), Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Neonatology (Samiee-Zafarghandy), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Thierry Lacaze-Masmonteil
- Department of Pharmacy (Raja), Hamilton Health Sciences; Departments of Pediatrics (Duffett), and Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Duffett), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mazer-Amirshahi), MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Patel), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Family Pediatric Formulations Centre of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center (Gilpin, Litalien), Montréal, Que.; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (Chan), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Clinical Pharmacology (van den Anker), Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (van den Anker), University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Neonatology (Lacaze-Masmonteil), Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Neonatology (Samiee-Zafarghandy), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont
| | - Samira Samiee-Zafarghandy
- Department of Pharmacy (Raja), Hamilton Health Sciences; Departments of Pediatrics (Duffett), and Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (Duffett), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Emergency Medicine (Mazer-Amirshahi), MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Patel), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; The Rosalind & Morris Goodman Family Pediatric Formulations Centre of the Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center (Gilpin, Litalien), Montréal, Que.; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (Chan), McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Clinical Pharmacology (van den Anker), Department of Pediatrics, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC; Division of Paediatric Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (van den Anker), University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland; Division of Neonatology (Lacaze-Masmonteil), Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alta.; Division of Neonatology (Samiee-Zafarghandy), Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.
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Bucci-Rechtweg CM, Ward RM. Tiny and Forgotten: A Call for Focused Neonatal Policy Reform. Ther Innov Regul Sci 2019; 53:615-617. [DOI: 10.1177/2168479018821922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Song YK, Han N, Burckart GJ, Oh JM. International Coherence of Pediatric Drug Labeling for Drug Safety: Comparison of Approved Labels in Korea and the United States. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2019; 107:530-540. [PMID: 31544241 PMCID: PMC7028218 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze information on pediatric use in Korean drug product labels and compare it with that in US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) labeling information. Prescription information on pediatric use contained in the commonly used drugs’ product labels approved by Korean government was compared with that approved by the FDA. Among the top 50 commonly prescribed drugs, 20 drugs were deemed to have insufficient prescribing information in Korean drug labels. Pediatric prescribing information regarding indication, approved age, formulations, and safety was insufficient in Korean drug labels compared with those in the FDA. Most important, the adverse events frequently reported in Korean children were not sufficiently presented in drug labels. In conclusion, this study highlights the urgent need for the Korean regulatory agency to encourage and accelerate research and development to increase the extent of pediatric prescribing information to be added to drug labels to promote appropriate drug prescribing for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kyoung Song
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Nayoung Han
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gilbert J Burckart
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jung Mi Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Cooner F, Gamalo-Siebers M, Xia A, Gao A, Ruan S, Jiang T, Thompson L. Use of Alternative Designs and Data Sources for Pediatric Trials. Stat Biopharm Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19466315.2019.1671217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amy Xia
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA
| | | | | | | | - Laura Thompson
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
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Hoon D, Taylor M, Kapadia P, Gerhard T, Strom BL, Horton DB. Trends in Off-Label Drug Use in Ambulatory Settings: 2006-2015. Pediatrics 2019; 144:peds.2019-0896. [PMID: 31527173 PMCID: PMC7286122 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2019-0896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Off-label drug use in children is common and potentially harmful. In most previous off-label use research, authors studied hospitalized children, specific drug classes, or non-US settings. We characterized frequencies, trends, and reasons for off-label systemic drug orders for children in ambulatory US settings. METHODS Using nationally representative surveys of office-based physicians (National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys, 2006-2015), we studied off-label orders of systemic drugs for children age <18 based on US Food and Drug Administration-approved labeling for age, weight, and indication. We characterized the top classes and diagnoses with off-label orders and analyzed factors and trends of off-label orders using logistic regression. RESULTS Physicians ordered ≥1 off-label systemic drug at 18.5% (95% confidence interval: 17.7%-19.3%) of visits, usually (74.6%) because of unapproved conditions. Off-label ordering was most common proportionally in neonates (83%) and in absolute terms among adolescents (322 orders out of 1000 visits). Off-label ordering was associated with female sex, subspecialists, polypharmacy, and chronic conditions. Rates and reasons for off-label orders varied considerably by age. Relative and absolute rates of off-label orders rose over time. Among common classes, off-label orders for antihistamines and several psychotropics increased over time, whereas off-label orders for several classes of antibiotics were stable or declined. CONCLUSIONS US office-based physicians have ordered systemic drugs off label for children at increasing rates, most often for unapproved conditions, despite recent efforts to increase evidence and drug approvals for children. These findings can help inform education, research, and policies around effective, safe use of medications in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Hoon
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew Taylor
- Rutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, NJ, USA,Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Pooja Kapadia
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Tobias Gerhard
- Rutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, NJ, USA,Department of Pharmacy Practice and Administration, Rutgers Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Brian L. Strom
- Rutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, NJ, USA,Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel B. Horton
- Rutgers Center for Pharmacoepidemiology and Treatment Science, Institute for Health, Health Care Policy and Aging Research, New Brunswick, NJ, USA,Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA,Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Wu W, Tang Z, Chen J, Gao Y. Pediatric drug development in China: Reforms and challenges. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104412. [PMID: 31491470 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In China, child and adolescent pediatricians often face challenges in treating children with the appropriate medications. Within the last 8 years, the Chinese government has already initiated a series of policies to promote development of age-appropriate medicines for children. In this study,we introduced the current status of pediatric drugs, obstacles for pediatric drugs development and regulatory reforms in China. The lack of label information in drugs for children, inadequacy of age-appropriate dosage forms and strengths, and shortage of pediatric drugs are some of the problems commonly faced. There exists neither mandatory requirements nor enough financial drivers for development of pediatric medicines. Though some progress in terms of pediatric drugs development as well as distribution have been made by Chinese government over past years, further efforts are necessary to improve availability of pediatric medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Management, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Sino-Dannish Regulatory Science Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijia Tang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Management, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiyuan Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Management, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Management, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Sino-Dannish Regulatory Science Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Rose K, Neubauer D, Grant-Kels JM. Rational Use of Medicine in Children-The Conflict of Interests Story. A Review. Rambam Maimonides Med J 2019; 10:RMMJ.10371. [PMID: 31335307 PMCID: PMC6649781 DOI: 10.5041/rmmj.10371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND United States (US) and European Union (EU) legislation attempts to counterbalance the presumed discrimination in pediatric drug treatment and development. METHODS We analyzed the history of drug development, US/EU pediatric laws, and pediatric studies required by US/EU regulatory authorities and reviewed relevant literature. RESULTS The US and EU definitions of a child are defined administratively (rather than physiologically) as being aged <17 years and <18 years, respectively. However, children mature physiologically well before their seventeenth or eighteenth birthdays. The semantic blur for these differing definitions may indicate certain conflicts of interest. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric healthcare today is better than ever. Regulatory-related requirements for "pediatric" studies focus on labeling. Most of these studies lack medical usefulness and may even harm "pediatric" patients through administration of placebo and/or substandard treatment, despite the resultant publications, networking, patent extensions, and strengthened regulatory standing. Clinicians, parents, and ethics committees should be aware of these issues. New rules are needed to determine new pharmaceutical dose estimates in prepubescent patients, and when/how to clinically confirm them. Internet-based structures to divulge this information should be established between drug developers, clinicians, and regulatory authorities. A prerequisite for the rational use of pharmaceuticals in children would be to correct the flawed concept that children are discriminated against in drug treatment and development, and to abandon separate "pediatric" drug approval processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Rose
- klausrose Consulting, Pediatric Drug Development & More, Riehen, Switzerland
| | - David Neubauer
- Department of Child, Adolescent and Developmental Neurology, University Children’s Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Rose K. The Challenges of Pediatric Drug Development. CURRENT THERAPEUTIC RESEARCH 2019; 90:128-134. [PMID: 31388368 PMCID: PMC6677568 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND "Pediatric Drug Development" is being used to describe not the development of drugs for children, but rather the planning & conducting separate efficacy and safety (E&S) studies requested/demanded by regulatory authorities designed to produce pediatric labels. Pediatric studies required for drug approval enroll "children"; defined as <17 years of age (US Food and Drug Administration [FDA])/ <18 years (European Union [EU]). The medical rationale for study designs was examined. MATERIAL & METHODS International industry-sponsored pediatric E&S studies registered in www.clinicaltrials.gov were analysed along with the history of US/EU laws, published literature, internet-retrieved regulatory documents, and regulatory/ American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) justifications for doing separate pediatric E&S studies. RESULTS US/EU regulators utilize an official, but non-physiological definition of childhood based on an age limit of 17/18 years. This definition, which blurs the interface between medicine and law, emerged after clinical studies became required for drug approval in 1962 prompting drug manufacturers to insert pediatric warnings into product information. Intended largely as legal protection against liability, they were interpreted medically. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion mature rapidly. Drug toxicities seen in newborns during the first months of life were cited by AAP/FDA in warnings of dangers of drugs in all "children" including in adolescents who are physiologically no longer children. Warnings were/are exaggerated, exploit/ed parents' protective instincts and fears, and increase/d pediatric clinical trial activity. Conflicts of interest created by this increased activity involve research funding, career status & advancement, commercial profits. DISCUSSION FDA/EMA-requested/demanded "pediatric" studies were identified which lack medical sense at best, others actually harm young patients by impeding use of superior, effective treatments. Separate labels for different indications make medical sense; separate approval in persons above/below 17/18 years of age does not. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric medical research should be restricted to studies which meet important medical needs of all recruited young patients, which generate information that cannot be obtained by other study designs, and do not limit access to superior alternative therapies. Clinical centers, investigators, and IRBs/ECs should more carefully examine studies for unjustified regulatory demands, prevention of subjects' access to superior treatments, and undeclared COI's. Questionable studies should not be approved and ongoing ones should be suspended.
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Walson PD. From Research to the Bedside: Challenges for Pediatric Academic Researchers. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2018; 90:123-127. [PMID: 31388367 PMCID: PMC6677781 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Public–private collaboration and funding has produced some successful pediatric drug development. Academic pediatricians still face many barriers that limit successful pediatric drug and device development.
Background Although improving, development of drugs and devices for children is still less effective than for adults. Pediatric academicians play an important role in the bench-to-bedside research process, but much remains to be done to improve their contributions. Objective To provide a non-comprehensive review of selected literature based on my own personal experience as a U.S. based academic researcher who has spent over 4 decades doing pediatric drug and device development. Methods This commentary presents a summary of a talk given at a recent pediatric drug development conference. The observations and conclusions reached were based on the author's (largely US) experience and review of past history, the role of academicians in this process, some successful models of public–private collaboration, available funding, and barriers that remain to be overcome. Results Pediatric-specific legislation and more available funding have increased participation from and successes of US academicians in the pediatric drug and device development process. Incentive based public–private collaborations have been particularly successful. However, academicians still face both attitude and practical barriers to success. Conclusions Changes are needed if academicians are to maximize their involvement in pediatric drug and device development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip D Walson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
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More on Altruism, Moral Behavior, and Assent by Children for Research. Clin Ther 2017; 39:1907-1910. [PMID: 28966013 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Maron JL. Forgotten No More: How Policy Guideline Changes Are Bringing Newborns, Infants, and Children to the Forefront of Drug Discovery and Testing. Clin Ther 2017; 39:1918-1919. [PMID: 28943116 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill L Maron
- Floating Hospital for Children at Tufts Medical Center
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