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Koutantou M, Drancourt M, Angelakis E. Prevalence of Lyme Disease and Relapsing Fever Borrelia spp. in Vectors, Animals, and Humans within a One Health Approach in Mediterranean Countries. Pathogens 2024; 13:512. [PMID: 38921809 PMCID: PMC11206712 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Borrelia has been divided into Borreliella spp., which can cause Lyme Disease (LD), and Borrelia spp., which can cause Relapsing Fever (RF). The distribution of genus Borrelia has broadened due to factors such as climate change, alterations in land use, and enhanced human and animal mobility. Consequently, there is an increasing necessity for a One Health strategy to identify the key components in the Borrelia transmission cycle by monitoring the human-animal-environment interactions. The aim of this study is to summarize all accessible data to increase our understanding and provide a comprehensive overview of Borrelia distribution in the Mediterranean region. Databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google were searched to determine the presence of Borreliella and Borrelia spp. in vectors, animals, and humans in countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A total of 3026 were identified and screened and after exclusion of papers that did not fulfill the including criteria, 429 were used. After examination of the available literature, it was revealed that various species associated with LD and RF are prevalent in vectors, animals, and humans in Mediterranean countries and should be monitored in order to effectively manage and prevent potential infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrto Koutantou
- Diagnostic Department and Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Emmanouil Angelakis
- Diagnostic Department and Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 11521 Athens, Greece
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Sanderson VP, Miller JC, Bamm VV, Tilak M, Lloyd VK, Singh-Ranger G, Wills MKB. Profiling disease burden and Borrelia seroprevalence in Canadians with complex and chronic illness. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291382. [PMID: 37939060 PMCID: PMC10631674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease, caused by vector-borne Borrelia bacteria, can present with diverse multi-system symptoms that resemble other conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate disease presentations and Borrelia seroreactivity in individuals experiencing a spectrum of chronic and complex illnesses. We recruited 157 participants from Eastern Canada who reported one or more diagnoses of Lyme disease, neurological, rheumatic, autoimmune, inflammatory, gastrointestinal, or cardiovascular illnesses, or were asymptomatic and presumed healthy. Intake categories were used to classify participants based on their perceived proximity to Lyme disease, distinguishing between those with a disclosed history of Borrelia infection, those with lookalike conditions (e.g. fibromyalgia syndrome), and those with unrelated ailments (e.g. intestinal polyps). Participants completed three questionnaires, the SF-36 v1, SIQR, and HMQ, to capture symptoms and functional burden, and provided blood serum for analysis at an accredited diagnostic lab. Two-tiered IgG and IgM serological assessments (whole cell ELISA and Western blot) were performed in a blinded fashion on all samples. The pattern of symptoms and functional burden were similarly profound in the presumptive Lyme and Lyme-like disease categories. Borrelia seroprevalence across the study cohort was 10% for each of IgG and IgM, and occurred within and beyond the Lyme disease intake category. Western blot positivity in the absence of reactive ELISA was also substantial. Fibromyalgia was the most common individual diagnostic tag disclosed by two-tier IgG-positive participants who did not report a history of Lyme disease. Within the IgG seropositive cohort, the presence of antibodies against the 31 kDa Outer Surface Protein A (OspA) was associated with significantly better health outcomes. Previously, this marker has been linked to treatment-refractory Lyme arthritis. Overall, our findings support prior observations of phenotypic overlap between Lyme and other diseases. Seropositivity associated with non-specific symptoms and functional impairment warrants further mechanistic investigation and therapeutic optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria P. Sanderson
- G. Magnotta Lyme Disease Research Lab, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer C. Miller
- Galaxy Diagnostics, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Raleigh, United States of America
| | - Vladimir V. Bamm
- G. Magnotta Lyme Disease Research Lab, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manali Tilak
- G. Magnotta Lyme Disease Research Lab, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vett K. Lloyd
- Department of Biology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Gurpreet Singh-Ranger
- Upper River Valley Hospital, Horizon Health Network, Waterville, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Melanie K. B. Wills
- G. Magnotta Lyme Disease Research Lab, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Loeb M, Brison R, Bramson J, Hatchette T, Sander B, Stringer E. Protocol for a longitudinal cohort study of Lyme disease with physical, mental and immunological assessment. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e076833. [PMID: 37918926 PMCID: PMC10626810 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-076833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are limited data on the longitudinal impact of Lyme disease. Predictors of recovery have not been fully established using validated data collection instruments. There are sparse data on the immunological response to infection over time. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study is a longitudinal cohort study that will recruit 120 participants with Lyme disease in Ontario and Nova Scotia, Canada, with follow-up for up to 24 months. Data will be collected using the Short-Form 36 physical and mental component summaries, Depression and Anxiety Severity Scale Questionnaire, Fatigue Severity Scale and a battery of neuropsychological tests. Mononuclear cells, gene expression and cytokine profiling from blood samples will be used to assess immunological response. Analyses will include the use of non-linear mixed-effects modelling and proportional hazards models. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval has been obtained from ethics boards at McMaster University (Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board) (7564), Queens University (EMD 315-20) and Nova Scotia Health Research Ethics Board (1027173), and the study is enrolling participants. Written informed consent is obtained from all participants. The results will be disseminated by publication in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at a relevant conference. A brief report will be provided to decision-makers and patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Loeb
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Brison
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Bramson
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Todd Hatchette
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Beate Sander
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Stringer
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Laison EKE, Hamza Ibrahim M, Boligarla S, Li J, Mahadevan R, Ng A, Muthuramalingam V, Lee WY, Yin Y, Nasri BR. Identifying Potential Lyme Disease Cases Using Self-Reported Worldwide Tweets: Deep Learning Modeling Approach Enhanced With Sentimental Words Through Emojis. J Med Internet Res 2023; 25:e47014. [PMID: 37843893 PMCID: PMC10616745 DOI: 10.2196/47014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme disease is among the most reported tick-borne diseases worldwide, making it a major ongoing public health concern. An effective Lyme disease case reporting system depends on timely diagnosis and reporting by health care professionals, and accurate laboratory testing and interpretation for clinical diagnosis validation. A lack of these can lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment, which can exacerbate the severity of Lyme disease symptoms. Therefore, there is a need to improve the monitoring of Lyme disease by using other data sources, such as web-based data. OBJECTIVE We analyzed global Twitter data to understand its potential and limitations as a tool for Lyme disease surveillance. We propose a transformer-based classification system to identify potential Lyme disease cases using self-reported tweets. METHODS Our initial sample included 20,000 tweets collected worldwide from a database of over 1.3 million Lyme disease tweets. After preprocessing and geolocating tweets, tweets in a subset of the initial sample were manually labeled as potential Lyme disease cases or non-Lyme disease cases using carefully selected keywords. Emojis were converted to sentiment words, which were then replaced in the tweets. This labeled tweet set was used for the training, validation, and performance testing of DistilBERT (distilled version of BERT [Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers]), ALBERT (A Lite BERT), and BERTweet (BERT for English Tweets) classifiers. RESULTS The empirical results showed that BERTweet was the best classifier among all evaluated models (average F1-score of 89.3%, classification accuracy of 90.0%, and precision of 97.1%). However, for recall, term frequency-inverse document frequency and k-nearest neighbors performed better (93.2% and 82.6%, respectively). On using emojis to enrich the tweet embeddings, BERTweet had an increased recall (8% increase), DistilBERT had an increased F1-score of 93.8% (4% increase) and classification accuracy of 94.1% (4% increase), and ALBERT had an increased F1-score of 93.1% (5% increase) and classification accuracy of 93.9% (5% increase). The general awareness of Lyme disease was high in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada, with self-reported potential cases of Lyme disease from these countries accounting for around 50% (9939/20,000) of the collected English-language tweets, whereas Lyme disease-related tweets were rare in countries from Africa and Asia. The most reported Lyme disease-related symptoms in the data were rash, fatigue, fever, and arthritis, while symptoms, such as lymphadenopathy, palpitations, swollen lymph nodes, neck stiffness, and arrythmia, were uncommon, in accordance with Lyme disease symptom frequency. CONCLUSIONS The study highlights the robustness of BERTweet and DistilBERT as classifiers for potential cases of Lyme disease from self-reported data. The results demonstrated that emojis are effective for enrichment, thereby improving the accuracy of tweet embeddings and the performance of classifiers. Specifically, emojis reflecting sadness, empathy, and encouragement can reduce false negatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elda Kokoe Elolo Laison
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Srikanth Boligarla
- Harvard Extension School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Harvard Extension School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Raja Mahadevan
- Harvard Extension School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Austen Ng
- Harvard Extension School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Wee Yi Lee
- Harvard Extension School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yijun Yin
- Harvard Extension School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Bouchra R Nasri
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Boligarla S, Laison EKE, Li J, Mahadevan R, Ng A, Lin Y, Thioub MY, Huang B, Ibrahim MH, Nasri B. Leveraging machine learning approaches for predicting potential Lyme disease cases and incidence rates in the United States using Twitter. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak 2023; 23:217. [PMID: 37845666 PMCID: PMC10578027 DOI: 10.1186/s12911-023-02315-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lyme disease is one of the most commonly reported infectious diseases in the United States (US), accounting for more than [Formula: see text] of all vector-borne diseases in North America. OBJECTIVE In this paper, self-reported tweets on Twitter were analyzed in order to predict potential Lyme disease cases and accurately assess incidence rates in the US. METHODS The study was done in three stages: (1) Approximately 1.3 million tweets were collected and pre-processed to extract the most relevant Lyme disease tweets with geolocations. A subset of tweets were semi-automatically labelled as relevant or irrelevant to Lyme disease using a set of precise keywords, and the remaining portion were manually labelled, yielding a curated labelled dataset of 77, 500 tweets. (2) This labelled data set was used to train, validate, and test various combinations of NLP word embedding methods and prominent ML classification models, such as TF-IDF and logistic regression, Word2vec and XGboost, and BERTweet, among others, to identify potential Lyme disease tweets. (3) Lastly, the presence of spatio-temporal patterns in the US over a 10-year period were studied. RESULTS Preliminary results showed that BERTweet outperformed all tested NLP classifiers for identifying Lyme disease tweets, achieving the highest classification accuracy and F1-score of [Formula: see text]. There was also a consistent pattern indicating that the West and Northeast regions of the US had a higher tweet rate over time. CONCLUSIONS We focused on the less-studied problem of using Twitter data as a surveillance tool for Lyme disease in the US. Several crucial findings have emerged from the study. First, there is a fairly strong correlation between classified tweet counts and Lyme disease counts, with both following similar trends. Second, in 2015 and early 2016, the social media network like Twitter was essential in raising popular awareness of Lyme disease. Third, counties with a high incidence rate were not necessarily related with a high tweet rate, and vice versa. Fourth, BERTweet can be used as a reliable NLP classifier for detecting relevant Lyme disease tweets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elda Kokoè Elolo Laison
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, École de Santé Publique, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Harvard Extension School, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - Raja Mahadevan
- Harvard Extension School, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - Austen Ng
- Harvard Extension School, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - Yangming Lin
- Harvard Extension School, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - Mamadou Yamar Thioub
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, École de Santé Publique, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Bruce Huang
- Department of Decision Sciences, HEC Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Mohamed Hamza Ibrahim
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, École de Santé Publique, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Bouchra Nasri
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, École de Santé Publique, University of Montreal, Montréal, Canada.
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Talbot NC, Spillers NJ, Luther P, Flanagan C, Soileau LG, Ahmadzadeh S, Viswanath O, Varrassi G, Shekoohi S, Cornett EM, Kaye AM, Kaye AD. Lyme Disease and Post-treatment Lyme Disease Syndrome: Current and Developing Treatment Options. Cureus 2023; 15:e43112. [PMID: 37692614 PMCID: PMC10483257 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease and its treatment implications have become an ever-increasing area of concern within the United States related to the markedly increased prevalence of infection within the last two decades. The presentation, pathophysiology, and epidemiology of Lyme disease have been well studied, and thus treatments for this disease are widely available. While the treatment of its early and late stages is relatively simple with 10-14 day and four-week courses of doxycycline, respectively, the main problem rests in the understanding of the etiology and pathology of post-treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS). With the time of symptoms onsetting approximately six months after treatment and potentially lasting indefinitely, this syndrome's effect on patients' quality of life could be devastating. Searching on PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, and ScienceDirect using keywords including Lyme disease, PTLDS, doxycycline, erythema migrans, azlocillin, and treatment, the authors have tried to make clear the different aspects. The authors have reviewed and discussed clinical studies of Lyme disease and its treatments/potential therapeutics as well as PTLDS and its sparse treatments/potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norris C Talbot
- Radiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Noah J Spillers
- Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Patrick Luther
- Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Chelsi Flanagan
- Anesthesiology, University of the Incarnate Word School of Osteopathic Medicine, San Antonio, USA
| | - Lenise G Soileau
- Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Shahab Ahmadzadeh
- Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | | | | | - Sahar Shekoohi
- Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Elyse M Cornett
- Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
| | - Adam M Kaye
- Pharmacy Practice, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences University of the Pacific, Stockton, USA
| | - Alan D Kaye
- Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, USA
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Weiler NS, Niendorf E, Dumic I. Two Insects, Two Bites, One Patient: A Lyme Disease and Jamestown Canyon Co-infection. Cureus 2023; 15:e40222. [PMID: 37435255 PMCID: PMC10332484 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease (LD) is the most common tick-borne illness across the United States, caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and transmitted to humans by the bite of infected Ixodes ticks. Jamestown Canyon Virus (JCV) is an emerging mosquito-borne pathogen found mostly in the upper Midwest and Northeastern United States. Co-infection between these two pathogens has not been previously reported since it would require the host to be bitten by the two infected vectors at the same time. We report a 36-year-old man who presented with erythema migrans and meningitis. While erythema migrans is a pathognomonic sign of early localized Lyme disease, Lyme meningitis does not occur in this stage but in the early disseminated stage. Furthermore, CSF tests were not supportive of neuroborreliosis, and the patient was ultimately diagnosed with JCV meningitis. We review JCV infection, LD, and this first reported co-infection to illustrate the complex interaction between different vectors and pathogens and to emphasize the importance of considering co-infection in people who live in vector-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Igor Dumic
- Hospital Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Eau Claire, USA
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Adkison H, Embers ME. Lyme disease and the pursuit of a clinical cure. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1183344. [PMID: 37293310 PMCID: PMC10244525 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1183344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease, caused by the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, is the most common vector-borne illness in the United States. Many aspects of the disease are still topics of controversy within the scientific and medical communities. One particular point of debate is the etiology behind antibiotic treatment failure of a significant portion (10-30%) of Lyme disease patients. The condition in which patients with Lyme disease continue to experience a variety of symptoms months to years after the recommended antibiotic treatment is most recently referred to in the literature as post treatment Lyme disease syndrome (PTLDS) or just simply post treatment Lyme disease (PTLD). The most commonly proposed mechanisms behind treatment failure include host autoimmune responses, long-term sequelae from the initial Borrelia infection, and persistence of the spirochete. The aims of this review will focus on the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical evidence that either validates or challenges these mechanisms, particularly with regard to the role of the immune response in disease and resolution of the infection. Next generation treatments and research into identifying biomarkers to predict treatment responses and outcomes for Lyme disease patients are also discussed. It is essential that definitions and guidelines for Lyme disease evolve with the research to translate diagnostic and therapeutic advances to patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica E. Embers
- Division of Immunology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University Health Sciences, Covington, LA, United States
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Alcon-Chino MET, De-Simone SG. Recent Advances in the Immunologic Method Applied to Tick-Borne Diseases in Brazil. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080870. [PMID: 36014992 PMCID: PMC9414916 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic-origin infectious diseases are one of the major concerns of human and veterinary health systems. Ticks, as vectors of several zoonotic diseases, are ranked second only to mosquitoes as vectors. Many ticks’ transmitted infections are still endemic in the Americas, Europe, and Africa and represent approximately 17% of their infectious diseases population. Although our scientific capacity to identify and diagnose diseases is increasing, it remains a challenge in the case of tick-borne conditions. For example, in 2017, 160 cases of the Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF, a tick-borne illness) were confirmed, alarming the notifiable diseases information system. Conversely, Brazilian borreliosis and ehrlichiosis do not require notification. Still, an increasing number of cases in humans and dogs have been reported in southeast and northeastern Brazil. Immunological methods applied to human and dog tick-borne diseases (TBD) show low sensitivity and specificity, cross-reactions, and false IgM positivity. Thus, the diagnosis and management of TBD are hampered by the personal tools and indirect markers used. Therefore, specific and rapid methods urgently need to be developed to diagnose the various types of tick-borne bacterial diseases. This review presents a brief historical perspective on the evolution of serological assays and recent advances in diagnostic tests for TBD (ehrlichiosis, BSF, and borreliosis) in humans and dogs, mainly applied in Brazil. Additionally, this review covers the emerging technologies available in diagnosing TBD, including biosensors, and discusses their potential for future use as gold standards in diagnosing these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica E. T. Alcon-Chino
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 22040-036, Brazil
| | - Salvatore G. De-Simone
- Center for Technological Development in Health (CDTS), National Institute of Science and Technology for Innovation in Neglected Population Diseases (INCT-IDPN), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil;
- Post-Graduation Program in Science and Biotechnology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biology Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 22040-036, Brazil
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-38658183
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A Comprehensive Update on Retinal Vasculitis: Etiologies, Manifestations and Treatments. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11092525. [PMID: 35566655 PMCID: PMC9101900 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11092525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal vasculitis is characterized by inflammatory involvement of retinal arterioles, venules and/or capillaries and can be associated with a myriad of systemic and ophthalmic diseases. In this review, we have comprehensively discussed the etiologies, clinical manifestations, and presentations of retinal vasculitis. We have also included newer advances in imaging in retinal vasculitis such as OCTA and widefield imaging.
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11
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Predictive Model of Lyme Disease Epidemic Process Using Machine Learning Approach. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lyme disease is the most prevalent tick-borne disease in Eastern Europe. This study focuses on the development of a machine learning model based on a neural network for predicting the dynamics of the Lyme disease epidemic process. A retrospective analysis of the Lyme disease cases reported in the Kharkiv region, East Ukraine, between 2010 and 2017 was performed. To develop the neural network model of the Lyme disease epidemic process, a multilayered neural network was used, and the backpropagation algorithm or the generalized delta rule was used for its learning. The adequacy of the constructed forecast was tested on real statistical data on the incidence of Lyme disease. The learning of the model took 22.14 s, and the mean absolute percentage error is 3.79%. A software package for prediction of the Lyme disease incidence on the basis of machine learning has been developed. Results of the simulation have shown an unstable epidemiological situation of Lyme disease, which requires preventive measures at both the population level and individual protection. Forecasting is of particular importance in the conditions of hostilities that are currently taking place in Ukraine, including endemic territories.
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Chakravarthi ST, Joshi SG. An Association of Pathogens and Biofilms with Alzheimer's Disease. Microorganisms 2021; 10:microorganisms10010056. [PMID: 35056505 PMCID: PMC8778325 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the leading causes of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a condition in which individuals experience progressive cognitive decline. Although it is known that beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposits and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) of tau fibrils are hallmark characteristics of AD, the exact causes of these pathologies are still mostly unknown. Evidence that infectious diseases may cause AD pathology has been accumulating for decades. The association between microbial pathogens and AD is widely studied, and there are noticeable correlations between some bacterial species and AD pathologies, especially spirochetes and some of the oral microbes. Borrelia burgdorferi has been seen to correlate with Aβ plaques and NFTs in infected cells. Because of the evidence of spirochetes in AD patients, Treponema pallidum and other oral treponemes are speculated to be a potential cause of AD. T. pallidum has been seen to form aggregates in the brain when the disease disseminates to the brain that closely resemble the Aβ plaques of AD patients. This review examines the evidence as to whether pathogens could be the cause of AD and its pathology. It offers novel speculations that treponemes may be able to induce or correlate with Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya T. Chakravarthi
- Center for Surgical Infection and Biofilm, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Suresh G. Joshi
- Center for Surgical Infection and Biofilm, College of Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Drexel School of Biomedical Engineering, Science & Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-215-895-1988
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Risk factors for Lyme disease stage and manifestation using electronic health records. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1269. [PMID: 34930173 PMCID: PMC8686252 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06959-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about risk factors for early (e.g., erythema migrans) and disseminated Lyme disease manifestations, such as arthritis, neurological complications, and carditis. No study has used both diagnoses and free text to classify Lyme disease by disease stage and manifestation. METHODS We identified Lyme disease cases in 2012-2016 in the electronic health record (EHR) of a large, integrated health system in Pennsylvania. We developed a rule-based text-matching algorithm using regular expressions to extract clinical data from free text. Lyme disease cases were then classified by stage and manifestation using data from both diagnoses and free text. Among cases classified by stage, we evaluated individual, community, and health care variables as predictors of disseminated stage (vs. early) disease using Poisson regression models with robust errors. Final models adjusted for sociodemographic factors, receipt of Medical Assistance (i.e., Medicaid, a proxy for low socioeconomic status), primary care contact, setting of diagnosis, season of diagnosis, and urban/rural status. RESULTS Among 7310 cases of Lyme disease, we classified 62% by stage. Overall, 23% were classified using both diagnoses and text, 26% were classified using diagnoses only, and 13% were classified using text only. Among the staged diagnoses (n = 4530), 30% were disseminated stage (762 arthritis, 426 neurological manifestations, 76 carditis, 95 secondary erythema migrans, and 76 other manifestations). In adjusted models, we found that persons on Medical Assistance at least 50% of time under observation, compared to never users, had a higher risk (risk ratio [95% confidence interval]) of disseminated Lyme disease (1.20 [1.05, 1.37]). Primary care contact (0.59 [0.54, 0.64]) and diagnosis in the urgent care (0.22 [0.17, 0.29]), compared to the outpatient setting, were associated with lower risk of disseminated Lyme disease. CONCLUSIONS The associations between insurance payor, primary care status, and diagnostic setting with disseminated Lyme disease suggest that lower socioeconomic status and less health care access could be linked with disseminated stage Lyme disease. Intervening on these factors could reduce the individual and health care burden of disseminated Lyme disease. Our findings demonstrate the value of both diagnostic and narrative text data to identify Lyme disease manifestations in the EHR.
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Pediatric Headache Attributed to Infection. Semin Pediatr Neurol 2021; 40:100923. [PMID: 34749918 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2021.100923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric headaches attributed to infection are typically related to non-life threatening illnesses such as upper respiratory tract infections and rhinosinusitis. Although less common, secondary headaches related to life threatening infections are most frequently associated with meningitis. This review provides an overview of the International Classification of Headache Disorders third edition (ICHD-3) categories of infections contributing to secondary headache, describes clinical presentation, and presents a focused review on relevant diagnoses associated with this headache type. An understanding of headache attributed to infection will provide the foundation on distinguishing secondary headaches from various etiological infectious disorders.
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15
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Forty Years of Evidence on the Efficacy and Safety of Oral and Injectable Antibiotics for Treating Lyme Disease of Adults and Children: A Network Meta-Analysis. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0076121. [PMID: 34756070 PMCID: PMC8579938 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00761-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease (LD) is a heavy public health burden. The most common manifestations of LD include erythema migrans (EM), Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB), and Lyme arthritis (LA). The efficacy and safety of antibiotics for treating LD is still controversial. Thus, we performed a network meta-analysis (NMA) to obtain more data and tried to solve this problem. We searched studies in the databases of Embase and PubMed from the date of their establishments until 22 April 2021. Odds ratios (ORs) were used to assess dichotomous outcomes. A total of 31 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 2,748 patients and 11 antibiotics were included. Oral amoxicillin (1.5 g/day), oral azithromycin (0.5 g/day), injectable ceftriaxone, and injectable cefotaxime were effective for treating LD (range of ORs, 1.02 to 1,610.43). Cefuroxime and penicillin were safe for treating LD (range of ORs, 0.027 to 0.98). Amoxicillin was effective for treating EM (range of ORs, 1.18 to 25.66). Based on the results, we thought oral amoxicillin (1.5 g/day), oral azithromycin (0.5 g/day), injectable ceftriaxone, and injectable cefotaxime were effective for treating LD. Cefuroxime and penicillin were safe for treating LD. Amoxicillin was effective for treating EM. We did not observe evidence proving the advantage of doxycycline in efficacy and safety for treating LD, LA, LNB, and EM of children or adults. We did not have sufficient data to prove the significant difference of efficacy for treating LA and LNB in adults and LD in children, the significant difference of safety of oral drugs for treating LD, and the significant difference of safety of drugs for treating EM. IMPORTANCE Some previous studies investigated the efficacy and safety of antibiotics for treating Lyme disease (LD). However, due to technical limitations, several questions regarding the routes of drug administration and the dosages of drug are still unclear, which might be causing problems for clinicians. Hence, we performed network meta-analysis (NMA) to quantitatively analyze the clinical data published during the last 40 years. Here, we demonstrate the evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of antibiotics commonly used for treating LD in adults and children. We found that amoxicillin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, and cefotaxime were effective for treating LD, but we did not observe significant efficacy and safety of doxycycline for treating LD.
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16
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Bobe JR, Jutras BL, Horn EJ, Embers ME, Bailey A, Moritz RL, Zhang Y, Soloski MJ, Ostfeld RS, Marconi RT, Aucott J, Ma'ayan A, Keesing F, Lewis K, Ben Mamoun C, Rebman AW, McClune ME, Breitschwerdt EB, Reddy PJ, Maggi R, Yang F, Nemser B, Ozcan A, Garner O, Di Carlo D, Ballard Z, Joung HA, Garcia-Romeu A, Griffiths RR, Baumgarth N, Fallon BA. Recent Progress in Lyme Disease and Remaining Challenges. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:666554. [PMID: 34485323 PMCID: PMC8416313 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.666554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease (also known as Lyme borreliosis) is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States with an estimated 476,000 cases per year. While historically, the long-term impact of Lyme disease on patients has been controversial, mounting evidence supports the idea that a substantial number of patients experience persistent symptoms following treatment. The research community has largely lacked the necessary funding to properly advance the scientific and clinical understanding of the disease, or to develop and evaluate innovative approaches for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Given the many outstanding questions raised into the diagnosis, clinical presentation and treatment of Lyme disease, and the underlying molecular mechanisms that trigger persistent disease, there is an urgent need for more support. This review article summarizes progress over the past 5 years in our understanding of Lyme and tick-borne diseases in the United States and highlights remaining challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Bobe
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Brandon L. Jutras
- Department of Biochemistry, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | | | - Monica E. Embers
- Tulane University Health Sciences, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Allison Bailey
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mark J. Soloski
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lyme Disease Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Richard T. Marconi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - John Aucott
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lyme Disease Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - Kim Lewis
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Alison W. Rebman
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Lyme Disease Research Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mecaila E. McClune
- Department of Biochemistry, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Edward B. Breitschwerdt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | | | - Ricardo Maggi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Frank Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Bennett Nemser
- Steven & Alexandra Cohen Foundation, Stamford, CT, United States
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Omai Garner
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Zachary Ballard
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hyou-Arm Joung
- University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Albert Garcia-Romeu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Roland R. Griffiths
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Brian A. Fallon
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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17
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Naeem M, Enos D, Shah S, Patel N, Fisher T. Management of Chronic Symptoms of Lyme Disease With Intravenous Ceftriaxone. Cureus 2021; 13:e16354. [PMID: 34395132 PMCID: PMC8359626 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is a vector-borne illness of North America and Europe transmitted by Borrelia burgdorferi, over 30,000 cases are reported in the United States yearly. Patients typically present having early localized disease with fevers, headaches, myalgias, and a single erythema migrans. Usually, oral doxycycline is administered with a good disease prognosis but we report the case of a 58-year-old male who presented with Lyme disease diagnosed by immunoassay; he was treated with doxycycline but was refractory and saw an improvement in his symptoms with IV ceftriaxone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naeem
- Internal Medicine, St. Francis Medical Center, Trenton, USA
| | - Derek Enos
- Internal Medicine, St. Francis Medical Center, Trenton, USA
| | - Shazia Shah
- Internal Medicine, St. Francis Medical Center, Trenton, USA
| | - Nidhi Patel
- Medicine, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Tara Fisher
- Medicine, Seton Hall University Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
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18
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Clarke DJB, Rebman AW, Bailey A, Wojciechowicz ML, Jenkins SL, Evangelista JE, Danieletto M, Fan J, Eshoo MW, Mosel MR, Robinson W, Ramadoss N, Bobe J, Soloski MJ, Aucott JN, Ma'ayan A. Predicting Lyme Disease From Patients' Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Profiled With RNA-Sequencing. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636289. [PMID: 33763080 PMCID: PMC7982722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although widely prevalent, Lyme disease is still under-diagnosed and misunderstood. Here we followed 73 acute Lyme disease patients and uninfected controls over a period of a year. At each visit, RNA-sequencing was applied to profile patients' peripheral blood mononuclear cells in addition to extensive clinical phenotyping. Based on the projection of the RNA-seq data into lower dimensions, we observe that the cases are separated from controls, and almost all cases never return to cluster with the controls over time. Enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes between clusters identifies up-regulation of immune response genes. This observation is also supported by deconvolution analysis to identify the changes in cell type composition due to Lyme disease infection. Importantly, we developed several machine learning classifiers that attempt to perform various Lyme disease classifications. We show that Lyme patients can be distinguished from the controls as well as from COVID-19 patients, but classification was not successful in distinguishing those patients with early Lyme disease cases that would advance to develop post-treatment persistent symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J B Clarke
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alison W Rebman
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Allison Bailey
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Megan L Wojciechowicz
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sherry L Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - John E Evangelista
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Matteo Danieletto
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jinshui Fan
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Mark W Eshoo
- Ibis Biosciences (an Abbott Laboratories company), Carlsbad, CA, United States
| | - Michael R Mosel
- Ibis Biosciences (an Abbott Laboratories company), Carlsbad, CA, United States
| | - William Robinson
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Nitya Ramadoss
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Jason Bobe
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mark J Soloski
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John N Aucott
- Lyme Disease Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Avi Ma'ayan
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Bioinformatics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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Higa LDOS, Csordas BG, Garcia MV, Oshiro LM, Duarte PO, Barros JC, Andreotti R. Spotted fever group Rickettsia and Borrelia sp. cooccurrence in Amblyomma sculptum in the Midwest region of Brazil. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2020; 81:441-455. [PMID: 32572671 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-020-00513-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
More than 70 tick species are found in Brazil, distributed over five genera and including main vectors of infectious disease agents affecting both animals and humans. The genus Amblyomma is the most relevant for public health in Brazil, wherein Amblyomma aureolatum, Amblyomma ovale and Amblyomma sculptum have been incriminated as vectors of Rickettsia and Borrelia pathogens. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of Rickettsia spp. and Borrelia spp. in ticks in the Brazilian mid-western savannah. DNA extraction, PCR for Borrelia spp. (flgE gene) and Rickettsia spp. (ompA and gltA genes) and subsequent sequencing were performed. A total of 1875 ticks were collected and identified as A. sculptum except for two Amblyomma coelebs ticks. Molecular evidence for Borrelia spp. and Rickettsia parkeri was found in A. sculptum. This is the first molecular evidence for R. parkeri in A. sculptum ticks in the Midwest region and Borrelia spp. circulating in a tick of the Amblyomma genus in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro de Oliveira Souza Higa
- Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias-Faculdade de Medicina, UFMS - Univ. Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Laboratório de Biologia do carrapato, Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Guimarães Csordas
- Laboratório de Biologia do Carrapato, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Gado de Corte, Bolsista FUNDAPAM, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Marcos Valério Garcia
- Laboratório de Biologia do Carrapato, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Gado de Corte, Bolsista FUNDAPAM, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Leandra Marla Oshiro
- Laboratório de Biologia do Carrapato, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Gado de Corte, Bolsista FUNDAPAM, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Pâmella Oliveira Duarte
- Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias-Faculdade de Medicina, UFMS - Univ. Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Laboratório de Biologia do carrapato, Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Andreotti
- Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa Gado de Corte, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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20
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Early Disseminated Lyme Carditis Inducing High-Degree Atrioventricular Block. Case Rep Cardiol 2020; 2020:5309285. [PMID: 32566317 PMCID: PMC7292967 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5309285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne illness in the United States due to Borrelia burgdorferi infection. This case demonstrates a 20-year-old male patient presenting with complaints of annular skin rash, malaise, fever, and lightheadedness after significant outdoor exposure. Physical exam revealed multiple large targetoid lesions on the back and extremities. The rash had raised borders and centralized clearing consistent with erythema migrans chronicum. Electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed a high-degree atrioventricular (AV) block. The patient was started on intravenous ceftriaxone due to clinical suspicion for Lyme carditis. ELISA and Western blot tests were reactive for Lyme IgM and IgG, confirming the diagnosis. The AV block resolved by hospital day four and the patient was discharged with outpatient follow-up. Early identification of disease allowed for effective treatment with no adverse outcomes or sequelae.
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21
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Hirsh J, Kositangool P, Shah A, Radwan Y, Padilla D, Barragan J, Cervantes J. IL-26 mediated human cell activation and antimicrobial activity against Borrelia burgdorferi. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2020; 1:30-36. [PMID: 34841299 PMCID: PMC8610320 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease is an inflammatory disease caused by infection with Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb). Inflammatory sequelae of Bb infection appear to be refractory to antibiotics. An antimicrobial peptide with the ability to bind the DNA in the tissue could serve as a viable option of treatment for chronic complications of Lyme borreliosis. DNA of Bb can remain in tissues causing a prolonged inflammatory response that lead to chronic joint pain. Here we examined the effect of IL-26, a newly reported antimicrobial protein, against Bb DNA. An antimicrobial effect of IL-26 on the spirochete was observed. In human macrophages, IL-26 treated cells showed an increase in IRF activation upon Bb stimulation. Moreover, IL-26 treated macrophages showed an increased in phagocytic activity compared to untreated cells. Although no Bb DNA degradation was observed using a TUNEL assay run in an agarose gel, a Comet assay on whole bacteria showed cellular and Bb DNA degradation by IL-26. Our results showed that IL-26 (monomer and dimer) has not only the potential to control Bb growth in vitro, but it also enhances the anti-borrelial response of human macrophages. Further research aiming to characterize the role of IL-26 in controlling other aspects of the inflammatory response that could provide insight of its potential therapeutic applications are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hirsh
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Piya Kositangool
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Aayush Shah
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Yousf Radwan
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, Texas, U.S.A
| | - Diana Padilla
- Laboratory for Education in Molecular Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, TX, U.S.A
| | - Jose Barragan
- Laboratory for Education in Molecular Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, TX, U.S.A
| | - Jorge Cervantes
- Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, Texas, U.S.A.,Laboratory for Education in Molecular Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at El Paso, TX, U.S.A
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22
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Strizova Z, Smrz D, Bartunkova J. Seroprevalence of Borrelia IgM and IgG Antibodies in Healthy Individuals: A Caution Against Serology Misinterpretations and Unnecessary Antibiotic Treatments. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2020; 20:800-802. [PMID: 32397861 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2020.2632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Lyme disease, the interpretation of diagnostic assays is often misunderstood. Cross-reactions of Borrelia proteins with antigens from other bacterial species are well known. Therefore, to diagnose Lyme disease, the finding of positive IgM antibodies must be accompanied by objectively verified clinical signs and a history of a possible tick exposure. Positive Borrelia IgM antibodies in healthy individuals with nonspecific clinical symptoms are likely a false-positive result for Lyme disease and neither long-term antibiotic treatment nor cycling of different antibiotic regimens is beneficial. To date, there is clear evidence that positive serology does not indicate infection with Borrelia species. Borrelia serology has been reported to be positive for months or years in ∼20% of healthy patients who had experienced Lyme disease in the past. Thus, serology as a single diagnostic tool has a very limited value and should be used only to support clinically suspected cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Strizova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Smrz
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jirina Bartunkova
- Department of Immunology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and University Hospital Motol, Prague, Czech Republic
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23
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Ettischer-Schmid N, Preyer R. ELISPOT assays and their diagnostic potential in Lyme disease and Lyme neuroborreliosis. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 200:299-301. [PMID: 32180218 PMCID: PMC8202138 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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24
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Ruiz VH, Edjolo A, Roubaud-Baudron C, Jaulhac B, Avila-Funes JA, Dartigues JF, Amieva H, Pérès K. Association of Seropositivity to Borrelia burgdorferi With the Risk of Neuropsychiatric Disorders and Functional Decline in Older Adults: The Aging Multidisciplinary Investigation Study. JAMA Neurol 2020; 77:210-214. [PMID: 31560067 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.3292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Importance Exposure to Borrelia burgdorferi (Bb) has been reported to be associated with certain neuropsychiatric disorders. Objective To establish the association between seropositivity to Bb and incidental neuropsychiatric disorders (eg, cognitive decline, incident dementia, and depressive symptoms) as well as functional decline. Design, Setting, and Participants This prospective, 6-year follow-up cohort study was conducted in a rural southwestern region of France and included 689 retired farmers 65 years or older randomly recruited from the Farmer Health Insurance System who agreed to submit a blood sample and were participants in the Aging Multidisciplinary Investigation study, an ongoing epidemiological prospective study of aging initiated in 2007. The data were analyzed from April to May 2019. Exposures Borrelia burgdorferi serology testing was performed in a 2-tiered approach. During the follow-up period, cognitive decline, incident dementia, depressive symptoms, and functional decline were repeatedly assessed. Main Outcomes and Measures Diagnosis of dementia relied on a 3-step procedure; cognitive decline was determined using the Mini-Mental State Examination and depressive symptomatology was assessed using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. For disability, scores on instrumental and basic activities of daily living were investigated. Results Of 689 participants, 432 (62.2%) were men and the mean (SD) age was 75.8 (6.4) years. The seroprevalence rate of Bb was 6.5%. At baseline, compared with Bb- participants, those who were Bb+ were older, predominantly men, and had lower depressive symptoms. No association between seropositivity and any of the studied outcomes (ie, cognitive decline, depressive symptoms, or functional decline) was found in the crude analysis and after adjusting for confounding variables. Regarding incident dementia, no increased risk was found among Bb+ participants (hazard ratio, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.1-1.17; adjusted for diverse confounders). Conclusions and Relevance To our knowledge, this is one of the few longitudinal studies exploring the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders and functional decline associated with exposure to Bb. Despite its limitations (eg, a lack of information if clinical manifestations of Lyme borreliosis existed, date of exposure, or treatment received), this study suggests that seropositivity to Bb is not a risk factor for incidental neuropsychiatric disorders and functional decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgilio Hernández Ruiz
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France.,Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Arlette Edjolo
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Claire Roubaud-Baudron
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, BaRITOn, URM 1053, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoît Jaulhac
- French National Reference Center for and Early Bacterial Virulence: Lyme borreliosis Group, Université de Strasbourg, CHRU Strasbourg, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - José-Alberto Avila-Funes
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France.,Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Jean-François Dartigues
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hélène Amieva
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
| | - Karine Pérès
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, UMR 1219, Bordeaux, France
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Borrelia burgdorferi as a risk factor for Alzheimer's dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Eur Geriatr Med 2019; 10:493-500. [PMID: 34652786 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-018-0153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the association of Borrelia burgdorferi infection with Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older adults. METHODS Case-control study. Patients older than 60 years, both sexes, were included. Three groups were created: with probable Alzheimer's disease cases with NINCDS-ADRDA criteria, MCI cases in those not meeting NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for dementia, but who had an abnormal cognitive evaluation and independence in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), cognitively healthy controls were diagnosed with normal cognitive evaluation and independence in IADL were identified in the community. Western blot IgG against B. burgdorferi in serum was done in all the participants. Non-conditional logistic regression was applied to estimate the association of Alzheimer's disease or MCI and seropositive to B. burgdorferi. RESULTS Thirty-eight patients with Alzheimer's disease, mean age of 75.6 ± 3.4 years, 69% were females, education 8.3 ± 4.8 years. 39 patients with MCI, mean age of 72.2 ± 6.8 years, 85% were females, education 11.2 ± 4.2 years. A total of 11/38 (29%) were positive to B. burgdorferi with Alzheimer's disease, 9/39 (23%) with MCI, and 11/108 (10%) of controls. In patients with Alzheimer's disease, an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.65 (95% CI 1.2-11.1) adjusted for education and a history of cerebrovascular disease (CVD) was estimated, and in patients with MCI an aOR = 3.2 (95% CI 1.1-9.1) for a history of diabetes mellitus and CVD was estimated. CONCLUSIONS In our study, there was an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease and MCI in seropositive IgG patients to B. burgdorferi.
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Abstract
Given the variable clinical signs attributed to Borrelia burgdorferi, including infectious arthritis, neurologic disease, and behavioral changes, B burgdorferi is an important differential for decreased performance in sport horses. The primary vectors (Ixodes tick species) are expanding their range and thus Borrelia species are located in a wider area, making exposure more likely. Due to regionally high seroprevalence and vague clinical signs, diagnosis of Lyme disease in the horse is believed overestimated. Antibiotics are first-line treatment of confirmed Lyme disease. A single positive serologic test, by itself, is not conformation of Lyme disease but is evidence of current or past infection.
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Divers TJ, Gardner RB, Madigan JE, Witonsky SG, Bertone JJ, Swinebroad EL, Schutzer SE, Johnson AL. Borrelia burgdorferi Infection and Lyme Disease in North American Horses: A Consensus Statement. J Vet Intern Med 2018; 32:617-632. [PMID: 29469222 PMCID: PMC5866975 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi infection is common in horses living in Lyme endemic areas and the geographic range for exposure is increasing. Morbidity after B. burgdorferi infection in horses is unknown. Documented, naturally occurring syndromes attributed to B. burgdorferi infection in horses include neuroborreliosis, uveitis, and cutaneous pseudolymphoma. Although other clinical signs such as lameness and stiffness are reported in horses, these are often not well documented. Diagnosis of Lyme disease is based on exposure to B. burgdorferi, cytology or histopathology of infected fluid or tissue and antigen detection. Treatment of Lyme disease in horses is similar to treatment of humans or small animals but treatment success might not be the same because of species differences in antimicrobial bioavailability and duration of infection before initiation of treatment. There are no approved equine label Lyme vaccines but there is strong evidence that proper vaccination could prevent infection in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | | | - J E Madigan
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California - Davis, CA
| | - S G Witonsky
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Region CVM, Blacksburg, VA
| | - J J Bertone
- CVMm Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA
| | | | - S E Schutzer
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ
| | - A L Johnson
- Department of Clinical Studies, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA
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Caol S, Divers T, Crisman M, Chang YF. In vitro susceptibility of Borrelia burgdorferi isolates to three antibiotics commonly used for treating equine Lyme disease. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:293. [PMID: 28962614 PMCID: PMC5622483 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lyme disease in humans is predominantly treated with tetracycline, macrolides or beta lactam antibiotics that have low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against Borrelia burgdorferi. Horses with Lyme disease may require long-term treatment making frequent intravenous or intramuscular treatment difficult and when administered orally those drugs may have either a high incidence of side effects or have poor bioavailability. The aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro susceptibility of three B. burgdorferi isolates to three antibiotics of different classes that are commonly used in practice for treating Borrelia infections in horses. Results Broth microdilution assays were used to determine minimum inhibitory concentration of three antibiotics (ceftiofur sodium, minocycline and metronidazole), for three Borrelia burgdorferi isolates. Barbour-Stoner-Kelly (BSK K + R) medium with a final inoculum of 106Borrelia cells/mL and incubation periods of 72 h were used in the determination of MICs. Observed MICs indicated that all isolates had similar susceptibility to each drug but susceptibility to the tested antimicrobial agents varied; ceftiofur sodium (MIC = 0.08 μg/ml), minocycline hydrochloride (MIC = 0.8 μg/ml) and metronidazole (MIC = 50 μg/ml). Conclusions The MIC against B. burgorferi varied among the three antibiotics with ceftiofur having the lowest MIC and metronidazole the highest MIC. The MIC values observed for ceftiofur in the study fall within the range of reported serum and tissue concentrations for the drug metabolite following ceftiofur sodium administration as crystalline-free acid. Minocycline and metronidazole treatments, as currently used in equine practice, could fall short of attaining MIC concentrations for B. burgdorferi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjie Caol
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.,Currently Research Center of Swine Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Thomas Divers
- Department of Clinical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Mark Crisman
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Cervantes J. Doctor says you are cured, but you still feel the pain. Borrelia DNA persistence in Lyme disease. Microbes Infect 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Enhanced Protective Immunogenicity of Homodimeric Borrelia burgdorferi Outer Surface Protein C. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017; 24:CVI.00306-16. [PMID: 27733423 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00306-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lyme borreliosis is caused by tick-transmitted spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato group and is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States and Europe. Outer surface protein C (OspC) is a 23-kDa outer surface lipoprotein expressed during spirochete transmission from the tick to the vertebrate host. In a previous study, we found that immunization with a recombinant disulfide-bridged dimeric form of OspC (D-OspC) stimulates increased antibody responses relative to immunization with commonly employed monomeric OspC. Here, we report that mice immunized with dimeric OspC proteins also exhibited enhanced protection against infection with the cognate B. burgdorferi strain. Mice were protected by four immunizations containing as little as 100 ng of dimeric OspC, suggesting that this form of the protein can induce protective immunity within a dose range reasonable for a human or veterinary vaccine. In contrast, monomeric OspC was only partially protective at much higher doses. IgG subclass analysis revealed that D-OspC-immunized animals mainly possessed anti-OspC-IgG1. In contrast, infected animals develop anti-OspC restricted to the IgG3 isotype. A subset of antibodies generated by dimeric OspC immunization did not recognize the monomeric variant, indicating that unique epitopes exist on the dimeric form. Moreover, monoclonal antibodies that recognized only dimeric OspC protected mice from B. burgdorferi challenge, whereas another monoclonal that recognized both immunogens was not protective. These studies suggest that this dimeric OspC presents distinctive epitopes that generate antibodies protective against B. burgdorferi infection and could be a useful vaccine component.
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