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Picchioni F, Goulao LF, Roberfroid D. The impact of COVID-19 on diet quality, food security and nutrition in low and middle income countries: A systematic review of the evidence. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2955-2964. [PMID: 34535329 PMCID: PMC8390094 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The current global pandemic of Coronavirus (COVID-19), and measures adopted to reduce its spread, threaten the nutritional status of populations in Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Documenting how the COVID-19 affects diets, nutrition and food security can help generating evidence-informed recommendations for mitigating interventions and policies. METHODS We carried out a systematic literature review. A structured search strategy was applied in MEDLINE (Pubmed®), EMBASE®, Scopus® and Web of Science®. Grey literature was retrieved by screening a pre-set list of institutions involved in monitoring the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on nutrition and food security. The first search was done on 20th August 2020, and updated in mid-November 2020 and mid-January 2021. All research steps were described as recommended in the PRISMA statement. RESULTS Out of the 2085 references identified, thirty-five primary studies were included. In spite of their heterogeneity, studies converge to demonstrate a detrimental effect of COVID-19 pandemic and associated containment measures on diet quality and food insecurity. One of the major direct effects of COVID-19 on food and nutrition outcomes has been through its impact on employment, income generating activities and associated purchasing power. Other channels of impact, such as physical access, availability and affordability of food provided a heterogeneous picture and were assessed via binary and often simplistic questions. The impacts of COVID-19 on food systems and diets manifested with various intensity degrees, duration and in different forms. Factors contributing to these variations between and within countries were: 1) timing, duration and stringency of national COVID-19 restriction measures and policies to mitigate their adverse impacts; 2) context specific food value chain responses to domestic and international containment measures; 3) differentiated impacts of restriction measures on different groups, along lines of gender, age, socio-economic status and employment conditions. Shorter value chains and traditional smallholder farms were somewhat more resilient in the face of COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the impact of the pandemic has been particularly adverse on women, individuals with a low socio-economic status, informal workers and young adults that relied on daily wages. Finally, there were heterogeneous government responses to curb the virus and to mitigate the damaging effects of the pandemic. It has been demonstrated that existing and well-functioning social protection programmes and public distribution of food can buffer the adverse effects on food insecurity. But social safety nets cannot be effective on their own and there is a need for broader food systems interventions and investments to support sustainable and inclusive food systems to holistically achieve food and nutrition security. CONCLUSION The current economic and heath crisis impacted diet quality and food security. This raises concerns about long term impacts on access to and affordability of nutrient-rich, healthy diets and their health implications. Women and individuals with a low socio-economic are likely to be the most at risk of food insecurity. Social safety nets can be effective to protect them and must be urgently implemented. We advocate for improved data collection to identify vulnerable groups and measure how interventions are successful in protecting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Picchioni
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK,Corresponding author. Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Luis F. Goulao
- LEAF (Linking Landscape Environment Agriculture and Food) Research Centre, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Dominique Roberfroid
- Ghent University, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Belgium,University of Namur, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Belgium
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Barazzoni R, Bischoff SC, Busetto L, Cederholm T, Chourdakis M, Cuerda C, Delzenne N, Genton L, Schneider S, Singer P, Boirie Y. Nutritional management of individuals with obesity and COVID-19: ESPEN expert statements and practical guidance. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2869-2886. [PMID: 34140163 PMCID: PMC8110326 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemics has created unprecedented challenges and threats to patients and healthcare systems worldwide. Acute respiratory complications that require intensive care unit (ICU) management are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Among other important risk factors for severe COVID-19 outcomes, obesity has emerged along with undernutrition-malnutrition as a strong predictor of disease risk and severity. Obesity-related excessive body fat may lead to respiratory, metabolic and immune derangements potentially favoring the onset of COVID-19 complications. In addition, patients with obesity may be at risk for loss of skeletal muscle mass, reflecting a state of hidden malnutrition with a strong negative health impact in all clinical settings. Also importantly, obesity is commonly associated with micronutrient deficiencies that directly influence immune function and infection risk. Finally, the pandemic-related lockdown, deleterious lifestyle changes and other numerous psychosocial consequences may worsen eating behaviors, sedentarity, body weight regulation, ultimately leading to further increments of obesity-associated metabolic complications with loss of skeletal muscle mass and higher non-communicable disease risk. Therefore, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies should be routinely included in the management of COVID-19 patients in the presence of obesity; lockdown-induced health risks should also be specifically monitored and prevented in this population. In the current document, the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism (ESPEN) aims at providing clinical practice guidance for nutritional management of COVID-19 patients with obesity in various clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Barazzoni
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy,Azienda sanitaria universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy,Corresponding author. Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences and Azienda sanitaria universitaria Giuliano Isontina (ASUGI), Cattinara University Hospital, Strada di Fiume 447, Trieste, Italy
| | - Stephan C. Bischoff
- Department of Nutritional Medicine and Prevention, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Luca Busetto
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Tommy Cederholm
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Michael Chourdakis
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Cristina Cuerda
- Nutrition Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laurence Genton
- Clinical Nutrition, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Schneider
- Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Nice University Hospital, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Pierre Singer
- Department of General Intensive Care and Institute for Nutrition Research, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Yves Boirie
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, University of Clermont Auvergne, Human Nutrition Unit, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Barazzoni R, Breda J, Cuerda C, Schneider S, Deutz NE, Wickramasinghe K, Abbasoglu O, Meijerink JB, Bischoff S, Pelaez RB, Cardenas D, Cederholm T, Cereda E, Chourdakis M, Toulson Davisson Correia MI, Schuren MDVD, Delzenne N, Frias-Toral E, Genton L, Cappellari GG, Cakir BK, Klek S, Krznaric Z, Laviano A, Lobo D, Muscaritoli M, Ockenga J, Pirlich M, Serlie MJM, Shi HP, Singer P, Soop M, Walrand S, Weimann A. COVID-19: Lessons on malnutrition, nutritional care and public health from the ESPEN-WHO Europe call for papers. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2858-2868. [PMID: 36075815 PMCID: PMC9365508 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
With prolonged pandemic conditions, and emerging evidence but persisting low awareness of the importance of nutritional derangements, ESPEN has promoted in close collaboration with World Health Organization-Europe a call for papers on all aspects relating COVID-19 and nutrition as well as nutritional care, in the Society Journals Clinical Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. Although more COVID-related papers are being submitted and continue to be evaluated, ESPEN and WHO present the current editorial to summarize the many published findings supporting major interactions between nutritional status and COVID-19. These include 1) high risk of developing the disease and high risk of severe disease in the presence of pre-existing undernutrition (malnutrition) including micronutrient deficiencies; 2) high risk of developing malnutrition during the course of COVID-19, with substantial impact on long-term sequelae and risk of long COVID; 3) persons with obesity are also prone to develop or worsen malnutrition and its negative consequences during the course of COVID-19; 4) malnutrition screening and implementation of nutritional care may improve disease outcomes; 5) social and public health determinants contribute to the interaction between nutritional status and COVID-19, including negative impact of lockdown and social limitations on nutrition quality and nutritional status. We believe the evidence supports the need to consider COVID-19 as (also) a case of malnutrition-enhanced disease and disease-related malnutrition, with added risk for persons both with and without obesity. Similarities with many other disease conditions further support recommendations to implement standard nutritional screening and care in COVID-19 patients, and they underscore the relevance of appropriate nutritional and lifestyle prevention policies to limit infection risk and mitigate the negative health impact of acute pandemic bouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Barazzoni
- Corresponding author. Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, Strada di Fiume 447, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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Barros-Neto JA, Mello CS, Vasconcelos SML, Bádue GS, Ferreira RC, Andrade MISD, Nascimento CQD, Macena MDL, Silva JAD, Clemente HA, Petribu MDMV, Dourado KF, Pinho CPS, Vieira RAL, Mello LBD, Neves MBD, Jesus CAD, Santos TMPD, Soares BLDM, Medeiros LDB, França APD, Sales ALDCC, Furtado EVH, Oliveira AC, Farias FO, Freitas MC, Bueno NB. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN UNDERWEIGHT AND EXCESS BODY WEIGHT BEFORE SARS-COV-2 INFECTION AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF COVID-19: MULTICENTER STUDY. Nutrition 2022; 101:111677. [PMID: 35660497 PMCID: PMC8975608 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The present study aimed to identify associations between extremes in body weight status (underweight and excess body weight) before a COVID-19 diagnosis and clinical outcomes in patients infected with SARS coronavirus type 2. Methods A multicenter cohort study was conducted in eight different states in northeastern Brazil. Demographic, clinical (previous diagnosis of comorbidities), and anthropometric (self-reported weight and height) data about individuals who tested positive for COVID-19 were collected. Outcomes included hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and death. Multivariable logistic regression models, adjusted based on age, sex and previous comorbidities, were used to assess the effects of extremes in body weight status on clinical outcomes. Results A total of 1308 individuals were assessed (33.6% were elderly individuals). The univariable analyses showed that only hospitalization was more often observed among underweight (3.2% versus 1.2%) and overweight (68.1% versus 63.3%) individuals. In turn, cardiovascular diseases were more often observed in all clinical outcomes (hospitalization: 19.7% versus 4.8%; mechanical ventilation: 19.9% versus 13.5%; death: 21.8% versus 14.1%). Based on the multivariable analysis, body weight status was not associated with risk of hospitalization (underweight: odds ratio [OR]: 1.10; 95% confidence interval [CI] 95%, 0.50–2.41 and excess body weight: OR: 0.81; 95 CI, 0.57–1.14), mechanical ventilation (underweight: OR: 0.92; 95% CI, 0.52–1.62 and excess weight: OR: 0.90; 95% CI, 0.67–1.19), and death (underweight: OR: 0.61; 95% CI, 0.31–1.20 and excess body weight: OR 0.88; 95% CI, 0.63–1.23). Conclusions Being underweight and excess body weight were not independently associated with clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 in the herein analyzed cohort. This finding indicates that the association between these variables may be confounded by both age and comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raphaela Costa Ferreira
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil; Curso de Nutrição, Centro Universitário Tiradentes, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - José Adailton da Silva
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Heleni Aires Clemente
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Santa Cruz, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | | | - Keila Fernandes Dourado
- Centro Acadêmico de Vitória, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Larissa de Brito Medeiros
- Faculdade de Santa Maria de Cajazeiras, Cajazeiras, Paraíba, Brazil; Facudade de Integração do Sertão, Serra Talhada, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Haddad EN, Kojaoghlanian T, Comstock SS. Moving Toward Remote, Parent-Reported Measurements in Pediatric Anthropometrics for Research and Practice. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:838815. [PMID: 35350270 PMCID: PMC8957848 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.838815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eliot N Haddad
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Tsoline Kojaoghlanian
- Department of Pediatrics, Maimonides Children's Hospital, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Sarah S Comstock
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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Limketkai BN, Mauldin K, Manitius N, Jalilian L, Salonen BR. The Age of Artificial Intelligence: Use of Digital Technology in Clinical Nutrition. CURRENT SURGERY REPORTS 2021; 9:20. [PMID: 34123579 PMCID: PMC8186363 DOI: 10.1007/s40137-021-00297-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Computing advances over the decades have catalyzed the pervasive integration of digital technology in the medical industry, now followed by similar applications for clinical nutrition. This review discusses the implementation of such technologies for nutrition, ranging from the use of mobile apps and wearable technologies to the development of decision support tools for parenteral nutrition and use of telehealth for remote assessment of nutrition. RECENT FINDINGS Mobile applications and wearable technologies have provided opportunities for real-time collection of granular nutrition-related data. Machine learning has allowed for more complex analyses of the increasing volume of data collected. The combination of these tools has also translated into practical clinical applications, such as decision support tools, risk prediction, and diet optimization. SUMMARY The state of digital technology for clinical nutrition is still young, although there is much promise for growth and disruption in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkeley N. Limketkai
- Vatche & Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA School of Medicine, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 345, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Kasuen Mauldin
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science, and Packaging, San José State University, San José, CA USA
| | - Natalie Manitius
- Vatche & Tamar Manoukian Division of Digestive Diseases, UCLA School of Medicine, 100 UCLA Medical Plaza, Suite 345, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Laleh Jalilian
- Department of Anesthesiology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA USA
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