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Mate PS, Verma VC, Agrawal S, Jaiswal JP, Kumari VV, Kumar R, Kumari M, Gaber A, Hossain A. Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) seed extract on glycemic index, in vitro digestibility, and physical characterization of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) starch. J Food Sci 2024. [PMID: 39327545 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes is a major health concern and is approaching epidemic proportions worldwide. In 2021, diabetes mellitus was responsible for 6.7 million deaths across the globe. Mortality due to diabetes is predicted to rise nearly 10-fold by 2030 and 783 million by 2045. Wheat starch, which constitutes about 70% of the endosperm, is a key component of wheat grain. The rapid hydrolysis of wheat starch can result in elevated postprandial glucose levels, leading to diabetes. The increase in blood glucose levels is primarily due to carbohydrate hydrolysis, catalyzed by the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Although various medications are available for treating diabetes, most of them are costly and may lead to adverse effects. Natural herbs like fenugreek are recommended in traditional medicine for regulating blood glucose levels. This investigation aimed to study the effect of fenugreek seed extract (FSE) on in vitro starch hydrolysis by pancreatic α-amylase and the ultrastructure of starch. Wheat cultivars were characterized for their total starch, amylose content, and resistant starch content, and were screened for their predicted glycemic index. Microscopic studies were conducted to analyze the size and shape of starch granules and to compare native starch with starch treated with FSE. Significant inhibition of enzymatic starch hydrolysis was observed with FSE, with the maximum inhibitory effect caused by 0.2% FSE. These findings suggest that fenugreek could play a role in controlling blood glucose levels by reducing wheat starch hydrolysis and could be effective in managing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal S Mate
- Department of Biochemistry, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, India
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Vivek Chandra Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjeev Agrawal
- Department of Biochemistry, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Jai Prakash Jaiswal
- Department of Genetics & Plant Breeding, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | | | - Rajeev Kumar
- Division of Plant Physiology & Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research (ICAR), Lucknow, India
| | - Mala Kumari
- Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Bihar Agricultural University, Bhagalpur, India
| | - Ahmed Gaber
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akbar Hossain
- Soil Science Division, Bangladesh Wheat and Maize Research Institute, Dinajpur, Bangladesh
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Chassé É, Guay F, Bach Knudsen KE, Zijlstra RT, Létourneau-Montminy MP. Toward Precise Nutrient Value of Feed in Growing Pigs: Effect of Meal Size, Frequency and Dietary Fibre on Nutrient Utilisation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092598. [PMID: 34573564 PMCID: PMC8471499 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Feed costs are the most important in swine production. Precise determination of nutritional values of pig diets can help reducing feed costs by reducing security margins for nutrients and therefore provide a more sustainable swine production. In commercial farms, pigs have free access to feed and eat with no limitation according to their natural behaviour. In contrast, during digestibility trials, pigs are restricted in their daily intake of feed, which is distributed in a limited number of meals. The number of meals per day and the amount of feed consumed daily can affect the digestibility of the nutrients, the transit time and the metabolism. To reduce feed costs, by-products are frequently added to diets. Most by-products are rich in dietary fibre, which are known to have negative effects on digestibility. Enzymes can be supplemented in the diet to counteract the negative aspects of dietary fibre, but their efficiency can vary depending on the number of meals per day and the amount of feed consumed daily. Abstract Nutritional values of ingredients have been and still are the subject of many studies to reduce security margins of nutrients when formulating diets to reduce feed cost. In most studies, pigs are fed a limited amount of feed in a limited number of meals that do not represent how pigs are fed in commercial farm conditions. With free access to feed, pigs follow their intrinsic feeding behaviour. Feed intake is regulated by satiety and satiation signals. Reducing the feed intake level or feeding frequency can affect digestibility and transit time and induce metabolic changes. To reduce feed costs, alternative ingredients that are frequently rich in dietary fibre are added to diets. Fibre acts on the digestion process and transit time by decreasing energy density and causing viscosity. Various analyses of fibre can be realised, and the measured fibre fraction can vary. Exogenous enzymes can be added to counteract the effect of fibre, but digestive tract conditions, influenced by meal size and frequency, can affect the efficiency of supplemented enzymes. In conclusion, the frequency and size of the meals can affect the digestibility of nutrients by modulating gastrointestinal tract conditions (pH and transit time), metabolites (glucose and short-chain fatty acids) and hormones (glucagon-like peptide 1 and peptide tyrosine tyrosine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Élisabeth Chassé
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, 2425 Rue de l’Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.G.); (M.-P.L.-M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Frédéric Guay
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, 2425 Rue de l’Agriculture, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; (F.G.); (M.-P.L.-M.)
| | | | - Ruurd T. Zijlstra
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada;
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Lal MK, Singh B, Sharma S, Singh MP, Kumar A. Glycemic index of starchy crops and factors affecting its digestibility: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Pectin Interaction with Immune Receptors is Modulated by Ripening Process in Papayas. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1690. [PMID: 32015377 PMCID: PMC6997392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary fibers have been shown to exert immune effects via interaction with pattern recognition receptors (PRR) such as toll-like receptors (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors. Pectin is a dietary fiber that interacts with PRR depending on its chemical structure. Papaya pectin retains different chemical structures at different ripening stages. How this influence PRR signaling is unknown. The aim of this work was to determine how ripening influences pectin structures and their ability to interact with TLR2, 3, 4, 5 and 9, and NOD1 and 2. It was evaluated the interaction of the water-soluble fractions rich in pectin extracted from unripe to ripe papayas. The pectin extracted from ripe papayas activated all the TLR and, to a lesser extent, the NOD receptors. The pectin extracted from unripe papayas also activated TLR2, 4 and 5 but inhibited the activation of TLR3 and 9. The differences in pectin structures are the higher methyl esterification and smaller galacturonan chains of pectin from ripe papayas. Our finding might lead to selection of ripening stages for tailored modulation of PRR to support or attenuate immunity.
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Alba K, Campbell GM, Kontogiorgos V. Dietary fibre from berry-processing waste and its impact on bread structure: a review. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:4189-4199. [PMID: 30737794 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The structure and function of by-products of berry-processing industries are reviewed, with particular attention to dietary fibre (DF) and its effects in food products. The complex chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics of DF have been investigated and strategies for extraction of specific fractions that provide tailored technological and physiological functionality have been reviewed. The aim of this review is to describe in detail the structural composition and isolation methods of dietary fibre derived from berry by-products, and to explore their potential functionality in foods. The goal is to introduce DF from berry waste streams into the food chain, for which bread is a major vehicle. However, the appeal of bread lies in its aerated structure, for which DF is generally detrimental. The technological influence of DF on the formation and stabilization of the aerated structure of bread is therefore reviewed, in order to understand how to incorporate DF into bread while maintaining palatability. The aerated structure of bread is stabilized by two mechanisms: the gluten matrix and the liquid film surrounding bubbles. Incorporating DF successfully into bread requires understanding its interactions with both of these mechanisms. DF fractions from berries offer superior nutritional value compared to cereal fibre, potentially with less damage to bread structure, due to the higher proportion of soluble fibre. By-products from berry-processing industries could be used as a source of technologically and nutritionally distinctive DF to fabricate foods with enhanced nutritional value. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Alba
- Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Grant M Campbell
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Vassilis Kontogiorgos
- Department of Biological and Geographical Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
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Zhang T, Yang Y, Liang Y, Jiao X, Zhao C. Beneficial Effect of Intestinal Fermentation of Natural Polysaccharides. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1055. [PMID: 30096921 PMCID: PMC6116026 DOI: 10.3390/nu10081055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of modern society, many chronic diseases are increasing including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular diseases, etc., which further cause an increased death rate worldwide. A high caloric diet with reduced natural polysaccharides, typically indigestible polysaccharides, is considered a health risk factor. With solid evidence accumulating that indigestible polysaccharides can effectively prevent and/or ameliorate symptoms of many chronic diseases, we give a narrative review of many natural polysaccharides extracted from various food resources which mainly contribute their health beneficial functions via intestinal fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Yuan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Xu Jiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China.
| | - Changhui Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China.
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Viuda-Martos M, Lucas-Gonzalez R, Ballester-Costa C, Pérez-Álvarez JA, Muñoz LA, Fernández-López J. Evaluation of protective effect of different dietary fibers on polyphenolic profile stability of maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis(Molina) Stuntz) duringin vitrogastrointestinal digestion. Food Funct 2018; 9:573-584. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fo01671a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the protective effect of dietary fibers on the recovery and bioaccessibility indexes, and the stability of polyphenolic compounds of maqui berry powder subjected toin vitrogastrointestinal digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Viuda-Martos
- IPOA Research Group. Agro-Food Technology Department. Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela. Miguel Hernández University
- Orihuela
- Spain
| | - Raquel Lucas-Gonzalez
- IPOA Research Group. Agro-Food Technology Department. Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela. Miguel Hernández University
- Orihuela
- Spain
| | - Carmen Ballester-Costa
- IPOA Research Group. Agro-Food Technology Department. Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela. Miguel Hernández University
- Orihuela
- Spain
| | - José A. Pérez-Álvarez
- IPOA Research Group. Agro-Food Technology Department. Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela. Miguel Hernández University
- Orihuela
- Spain
| | - Loreto A. Muñoz
- Universidad Central de Chile
- Facultad de Ingeniería
- Santiago de Chile
- Chile
| | - Juana Fernández-López
- IPOA Research Group. Agro-Food Technology Department. Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela. Miguel Hernández University
- Orihuela
- Spain
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Nyambe K, Chama L, Siachoono S, Mubemba B. Food Quality in Lusaka National Park: Tracking Mortality in Black Lechwe Antelopes. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2017; 20:219-229. [PMID: 28541780 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2017.1292140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Translocation is one of the fundamental tools in wildlife management but only if appropriately undertaken. In 2009, 30 black lechwe antelopes were suddenly translocated from the State House Habitat (STH) into the newly established Lusaka National Park (LNP). However, within 4 months of being translocated to LNP, 28 black lechwes (93%) died. A pathological report produced by veterinarians following a postmortem examination suggested no disease incidence affected the antelopes. The food quality of LNP was tested and compared to that in the STH and the antelopes' native habitat of the Bangweulu wetlands (BGW) to establish if variations in food quality were responsible for the antelopes' mortality. The findings suggest that the food quality in LNP was greatly inferior to that in STH, which could explain the observed high mortality of the antelopes in LNP. Further, the quality of food in LNP did not widely differ from that in the BGW, suggesting that the antelopes might not have survived had they been translocated to their native habitat, as they had already adapted to feeding on highly nutritious supplementary feed at the STH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lackson Chama
- b Department of Zoology and Aquatic Sciences , School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University , Riverside , Kitwe , Zambia
| | - Stanford Siachoono
- b Department of Zoology and Aquatic Sciences , School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University , Riverside , Kitwe , Zambia
| | - Benjamin Mubemba
- b Department of Zoology and Aquatic Sciences , School of Natural Resources, Copperbelt University , Riverside , Kitwe , Zambia
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Lovegrove A, Edwards CH, De Noni I, Patel H, El SN, Grassby T, Zielke C, Ulmius M, Nilsson L, Butterworth PJ, Ellis PR, Shewry PR. Role of polysaccharides in food, digestion, and health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:237-253. [PMID: 25921546 PMCID: PMC5152545 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.939263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polysaccharides derived from plant foods are major components of the human diet, with limited contributions of related components from fungal and algal sources. In particular, starch and other storage carbohydrates are the major sources of energy in all diets, while cell wall polysaccharides are the major components of dietary fiber. We review the role of these components in the human diet, including their structure and distribution, their modification during food processing and effects on functional properties, their behavior in the gastrointestinal tract, and their contribution to healthy diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Lovegrove
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - C. H. Edwards
- King's College London, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, London, United Kingdom
| | - I. De Noni
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - H. Patel
- King's College London, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, London, United Kingdom
| | - S. N. El
- Food Engineering Department, Nutrition Section, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - T. Grassby
- King's College London, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, London, United Kingdom
| | - C. Zielke
- Food Colloids Group, Department of Food Engineering, Technology and Nutrition, Faculty of Engineering LTH, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - M. Ulmius
- Solve Research and Consultancy AB, Lund, Sweden
| | - L. Nilsson
- Food Colloids Group, Department of Food Engineering, Technology and Nutrition, Faculty of Engineering LTH, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - P. J. Butterworth
- King's College London, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, London, United Kingdom
| | - P. R Ellis
- King's College London, Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, London, United Kingdom
| | - P. R. Shewry
- Department of Plant Biology and Crop Science, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts, United Kingdom
- Department of Agriculture, Reading University, Whiteknights, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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Flavanone-rich citrus beverages counteract the transient decline in postprandial endothelial function in humans: a randomised, controlled, double-masked, cross-over intervention study. Br J Nutr 2017; 116:1999-2010. [PMID: 28065188 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114516004219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Specific flavonoid-rich foods/beverages are reported to exert positive effects on vascular function; however, data relating to effects in the postprandial state are limited. The present study investigated the postprandial, time-dependent (0-7 h) impact of citrus flavanone intake on vascular function. An acute, randomised, controlled, double-masked, cross-over intervention study was conducted by including middle-aged healthy men (30-65 years, n 28) to assess the impact of flavanone intake (orange juice: 128·9 mg; flavanone-rich orange juice: 272·1 mg; homogenised whole orange: 452·8 mg; isoenergetic control: 0 mg flavanones) on postprandial (double meal delivering a total of 81 g of fat) endothelial function. Endothelial function was assessed by flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of the brachial artery at 0, 2, 5 and 7 h. Plasma levels of naringenin/hesperetin metabolites (sulphates and glucuronides) and nitric oxide species were also measured. All flavanone interventions were effective at attenuating transient impairments in FMD induced by the double meal (7 h post intake; P<0·05), but no dose-response effects were observed. The effects on FMD coincided with the peak of naringenin/hesperetin metabolites in circulation (7 h) and sustained levels of plasma nitrite. In summary, citrus flavanones are effective at counteracting the negative impact of a sequential double meal on human vascular function, potentially through the actions of flavanone metabolites on nitric oxide.
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Majee SK, Bera K, Raja W, Ghosh K, Ray S, Ray B. Structural highlights of an antioxidative arabinogalactan protein of Lannea grandis gum that stabilizes β -lactoglobulin. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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The Gut Microbiota from Lean and Obese Subjects Contribute Differently to the Fermentation of Arabinogalactan and Inulin. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159236. [PMID: 27410967 PMCID: PMC4943740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An aberrant metabolic activity or a compositional alteration of the gut microbiota has been proposed as a factor that makes us more prone to disease. Therefore, we explored the effect of two dietary fibers (arabinogalactan and inulin) on the microbiota from lean and obese subjects during 72 h in vitro fermentation experiments using the validated TNO dynamic in vitro model of the proximal colon: TIM-2. Metabolically, arabinogalactan fermentation showed a higher production of propionate when compared to n-butyrate in the obese microbiota fermentations. In general, lean microbiota produced more n-butyrate from the fermentation of both substrates when compared to the obese microbiota. Furthermore, the obese microbiota extracted more energy from the fermentation of both fibers. Results Compositionally, bacteria belonging to Gemmiger, Dorea, Roseburia, Alistipes, Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium genera were found to be highly abundant or stimulated by the prebiotics in the lean microbiota suggesting a potential role in leanness. Furthermore, a significant correlation between known butyrogenic strains including B. adolescentis, an unclassified Bifidobacterium and F. prausnitzii with this metabolite in the fermentation of inulin in both microbiotas was found. Conclusions Although supplementary in vivo studies are needed, the current study provides more evidence for the consumption of specific ingredients with the aim of modulating the gut microbiota in the context of obesity.
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Nutritional improvement of corn pasta-like product with broad bean (Vicia faba) and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa). Food Chem 2016; 199:150-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Norton JE, Gonzalez Espinosa Y, Watson RL, Spyropoulos F, Norton IT. Functional food microstructures for macronutrient release and delivery. Food Funct 2016; 6:663-78. [PMID: 25553863 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00965g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is a need to understand the role of fat, protein and carbohydrate in human health, and also how foods containing and/or structured using these macronutrients can be designed so that they can have a positive impact on health. This may include a reduction in fat, salt or sugar, the protection and targeted release of micronutrients or active ingredients from/to particular parts of the digestive system, improvement of gastrointestinal health or satiety enhancing properties. Such foods can be designed with various macro- and microstructures that will impact on macronutrient release and delivery. These include simple and double emulsions, the use of Pickering particles and shells, nanoparticles, liposomes, gelled networks, fluid gels and gel particles, foams, self-assembled structures, and encapsulated systems. In order to design foods that deliver these benefits understanding of how these structures behave in the gastrointestinal tract is also required, which should involve utilising both in vitro and in vivo studies. This review aims to draw together research in these areas, by focusing on the current state of the art, but also exciting possibilities for future research and food development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Norton
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK.
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Adorian TJ, Mombach PI, Goulart FR, Loureiro BB, Pianesso D, da Silva LP. Dietary fiber in the nutrition of silver catfish: Prebiotic or antinutrient? Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Shewry PR, Hey SJ. The contribution of wheat to human diet and health. Food Energy Secur 2015; 4:178-202. [PMID: 27610232 PMCID: PMC4998136 DOI: 10.1002/fes3.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat is the most important staple crop in temperate zones and is in increasing demand in countries undergoing urbanization and industrialization. In addition to being a major source of starch and energy, wheat also provides substantial amounts of a number of components which are essential or beneficial for health, notably protein, vitamins (notably B vitamins), dietary fiber, and phytochemicals. Of these, wheat is a particularly important source of dietary fiber, with bread alone providing 20% of the daily intake in the UK, and well-established relationships between the consumption of cereal dietary fiber and reduced risk of cardio-vascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and forms of cancer (notably colo-rectal cancer). Wheat shows high variability in the contents and compositions of beneficial components, with some (including dietary fiber) showing high heritability. Hence, plant breeders should be able to select for enhanced health benefits in addition to increased crop yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Shewry
- Rothamsted Research Harpenden Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ UK; University of Reading Whiteknights Reading Berkshire RG6 6AH UK
| | - Sandra J Hey
- Rothamsted Research Harpenden Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ UK
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Rösch C, Venema K, Gruppen H, Schols HA. Characterisation and in vitro fermentation of resistant maltodextrins using human faecal inoculum and analysis of bacterial enzymes present. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Majee SK, Ray S, Ghosh K, Micard V, Ray B. Isolation and structural features of an antiradical polysaccharide of Capsicum annuum that interacts with BSA. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 75:144-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sivapragasam N, Thavarajah P, Ohm JB, Ohm JB, Margaret K, Thavarajah D. Novel starch based nano scale enteric coatings from soybean meal for colon-specific delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:273-9. [PMID: 25037352 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Soybean meal was used to isolate resistant starch and produce nanoparticles, which could be potential coating materials for colonic nutrient and drug deliveries. The nanoparticles were in 40 ± 33.2 nm ranges. These nanoparticles were stable under simulated human physiological conditions. The degrees of dissolution in both stomach and intestinal conditions were less than 30%. Furthermore, the nanoparticles were less susceptible to pancreatic enzymatic digestion (20%), which was also evidenced by the co-existence of B-type crystalline pattern. In addition to the dissolution and digestion studies in the upper gastrointestinal tract, the nanoparticles were subjected to in vitro fermentation by Bifidobacterium brevis and Lactobacillus casei. Both species showed an increase in growth and activity, while producing short chain fatty acids: acetate, propionate, and butyrates in varying amounts. Overall this study clearly demonstrated a novel method that can be used for colon-specific delivery of bioactive compounds such as drugs and nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilushni Sivapragasam
- School of Food Systems, North Dakota State University, IACC 372, 1320 Albrecht Blvd, Dept. 7640, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Pushparajah Thavarajah
- School of Food Systems, North Dakota State University, IACC 372, 1320 Albrecht Blvd, Dept. 7640, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Jae-Bom Ohm
- USDA-ARS Cereal Crops Research Unit, Hard Spring and Durum Wheat Quality Laboratory, Dept. 7640, 214 Harris Hall, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Jae-Bom Ohm
- USDA-ARS Cereal Crops Research Unit, Hard Spring and Durum Wheat Quality Laboratory, Dept. 7640, 214 Harris Hall, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Khaitsa Margaret
- Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Van Es 118, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Dil Thavarajah
- School of Food Systems, North Dakota State University, Dept. 7640, 208 Harris Hall, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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Pawar K, Thompkinson DK. Multiple Functional Ingredient Approach in Formulating Dietary Supplement for Management of Diabetes: A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:957-73. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.621039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Villanueva-Carvajal A, Bernal-Martínez LR, García-Gasca MT, Dominguez-Lopez A. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion of Hibiscus sabdariffa L.: The use of its natural matrix to improve the concentration of phenolic compounds in gut. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Jørgensen H, Knudsen KEB, Lauridsen C. Influence of different cultivation methods on carbohydrate and lipid compositions and digestibility of energy of fruits and vegetables. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:2876-2882. [PMID: 22729700 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental as well as cultivation factors may greatly influence the chemical composition of plants. The main factors affecting the chemical composition of foodstuff are level and type of fertilizer (conventional and organic cultivation systems), location or soil type, and year of harvest. Organic foods are defined as products that are produced under controlled cultivation conditions characterized by the absence of synthetic fertilisers and very restricted use of pesticides. Very limited information is available regarding the impact of organic cultivation systems on the composition of carbohydrates and fatty acids of fruits and vegetables. The objective was to investigate the influence of organic and conventional cultivation systems on the carbohydrate and fatty acid composition and digestibility of the energy of apple, carrot, kale, pea, potato, and rape seed oil. RESULTS Carbohydrate and lignin values ranged from 584 g kg⁻¹ dry matter in kale to 910 g kg⁻¹ DM in potato, but with significant differences in the proportion of sugars, starch, non-starch polysaccharides, and lignin between the foodstuffs. Triacylglycerol was the major lipid class in pea, with 82% of total fatty acids, as opposed to apple, with only 35% of fatty acids of the ether extract. The most important factor influencing the digestibility of energy, and consequently faecal bulking, was the content of dietary fibre. CONCLUSION The cultivation system had minor impact on the carbohydrate and lipid composition in the investigated foodstuffs or on the digestibility of energy when assessed in the rat model. Faecal bulking was related to dietary fibre in a linear fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Jørgensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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Jonathan MC, Haenen D, Souza da Silva C, Bosch G, Schols HA, Gruppen H. Influence of a diet rich in resistant starch on the degradation of non-starch polysaccharides in the large intestine of pigs. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 93:232-9. [PMID: 23465924 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of resistant starch to the degradation of other non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) in the large intestine of pigs, two groups of pigs were fed either a diet containing digestible starch (DS) or a diet containing resistant starch (RS). Both diets contained NSPs from wheat and barley. Digesta from different parts of the large intestine were collected and analysed for sugar composition and carbohydrate-degrading-enzyme activities. Resistant starch, as well as β-glucans and soluble arabinoxylan, was utilised mainly in the caecum. The utilisation of β-glucans and soluble arabinoxylan in the caecum was higher in DS-fed pigs than in RS-fed pigs. Analyses on carbohydrate-degrading-enzyme activities demonstrated that microbial enzyme production was stimulated according to the diet composition, and the enzyme profile throughout the large intestine of RS-fed pigs indicated that the presence of resistant starch shifted the utilisation of NSPs to more distal parts of the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melliana C Jonathan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 2, 6703HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Adams GG, Kök MS, Imran S, Harding SE, Ilyas M, Tatham AS. The interaction of dietary fibres with disulphide bonds (S-S) and a potential strategy to reduce the toxicity of the gluten proteins in coeliac disease. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 2012; 28:115-30. [PMID: 22616484 DOI: 10.5661/bger-28-115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary G Adams
- University of Nottingham, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Insulin and Diabetes Experimental Research (IDER) Group, Clifton Boulevard, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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Treatment of bran containing bread by baking enzymes; effect on the growth of probiotic bacteria on soluble dietary fiber extract in vitro. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1135-9. [PMID: 22790935 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.110977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Different ways of treating bran by baking enzymes prior to dough making and the baking process were used to increase the amount of water-soluble dietary fiber (DF) in wheat bread with added bran. Soluble DF was extracted from the bread with water and separated from the digestible material with gastrointestinal tract enzymes and by solvent precipitation. The baking enzyme mixtures tested (xylanase and glucanase/cellulase, with and without lipase) increased the amounts of soluble arabinoxylan and protein resistant to digestion. The isolated fiber was used as a growth substrate for 11 probiotic and intestinal Bifidobacterium strains, for commensal strains of Bacteroides fragilis and Escherichia coli, and for potential intestinal pathogenic strains of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and Clostridium perfringens. Fermentation analyses indicated that the tested strains had varying capacity to grow in the presence of the extracted fiber. Of the tested probiotic strains B. longum species generally showed the highest ability to utilize the fiber extracts, although the potential pathogens tested also showed an ability to grow on these fiber extracts. In sum, the enzymes used to improve the baking process for high-fiber bread can also be used to produce in situ soluble fiber material, which in turn can exert prebiotic effects on certain potentially beneficial microbes.
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Otieno DO, Ahring BK. A thermochemical pretreatment process to produce xylooligosaccharides (XOS), arabinooligosaccharides (AOS) and mannooligosaccharides (MOS) from lignocellulosic biomasses. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 112:285-292. [PMID: 22425397 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.01.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and high yield production of xylooligosaccharides, arabinooligosaccharide and mannooligosaccharides from biomasses is a significant boost to the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industry. These organic compounds, also known as prebiotics, promote the growth of intestinal probiotic microorganisms thus improving the hosts' overall immune system. This work aimed at designing a thermochemical pretreatment of biomasses leading to production of high prebiotic yields and assessing the liquor quality based on resultant oligomer-monomer constituents. Four biomasses, namely Miscanthus sinensis, Panicum virgatum, Calamagrostis acutiflora and Bagasse, each having a dry weight xylan content of ≥ 20% were used. Identification and quantification using HPLC and ion chromatography systems showed xylooligomer yields of 65.0%, 84.2%, 87.9% and 92.3%, respectively. The xylooligomers also showed a degree of polymerization ranging from 2 to 25. These results demonstrate the potential of a low cost, pretreatment process of biomasses which may be suitable for a commercial scale production of prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel O Otieno
- Washington State University Tri-Cities, Center for Bioproducts and Bioenergy (CBB), Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory (BSEL) sciences, Richland, Washington 99354, USA
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Fabregat T, Rodrigues L, Nascimento TTD, Urbinati E, Sakomura N, Fernandes J. Fontes de fibra na alimentação do pacu: desempenho, composição corporal e morfometria intestinal. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0102-09352011000600034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da utilização de diferentes ingredientes fibrosos nas dietas sobre o desempenho, a composição corporal e a morfometria intestinal de juvenis de pacu. Foram avaliadas cinco dietas isoproteicas (23% de proteína digestível), isoenergéticas (3250kcal de energia digestível/kg) e isofibrosas (9% de fibra bruta), sendo a principal fonte fibrosa de cada constituída por farelo de soja, casca de soja, farelo de girassol e polpa cítrica; esta última em dois níveis de inclusão (30 e 45%). Foram utilizados 300 juvenis de pacu (25,12±0,78 gramas), alojados em 25 aquários (200 litros). Os melhores resultados de crescimento e conversão alimentar foram obtidos com as dietas contendo farelo de soja e farelo de girassol. As dietas contendo casca de soja e polpa cítrica prejudicaram o desempenho dos juvenis de pacu, e o efeito negativo foi acentuado com o aumento da inclusão de polpa cítrica. Além disto, somente nos peixes alimentados com a dieta com 45% de polpa cítrica foi observada diminuição na densidade de vilosidades por área no epitélio intestinal. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que alguns ingredientes fibrosos podem afetar negativamente o desempenho e as características do epitélio intestinal de juvenis de pacu.
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31
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Palafox-Carlos H, Ayala-Zavala JF, González-Aguilar GA. The role of dietary fiber in the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of fruit and vegetable antioxidants. J Food Sci 2011; 76:R6-R15. [PMID: 21535705 PMCID: PMC3052441 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Antioxidants are abundant compounds primarily found in fresh fruits and vegetables, and evidence for their role in the prevention of degenerative diseases is continuously emerging. However, the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of each compound differs greatly, and the most abundant antioxidants in ingested fruit are not necessarily those leading to the highest concentrations of active metabolites in target tissues. Fruit antioxidants are commonly mixed with different macromolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins to form a food matrix. In fruits and vegetables, carbohydrates are the major compounds found, mainly in free and conjugated forms. Dietary fiber, the indigestible cell wall component of plant material, is considered to play an important role in human diet and health. Most studies on antioxidant bioavailability are focused on foods and beverages from which antioxidants are easily released. There is evidence indicating that food microstructure affects the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of several nutrients, referring mostly to antioxidants. Nevertheless, the specific role of dietary fiber in the absorption of antioxidants has not been widely discussed. In this context, the purpose of the present review is to compile and analyze evidence relating to the association between dietary fiber and antioxidants, and the physical and chemical interactions that modulate their release from the chyme in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Palafox-Carlos
- Coordinación de Tecnología de Alimentos de Origen Vegetal, Centro de Investigaciones en Alimentación y Desarrollo, Hermosillo, Sonora, México
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Garthoff JA, Heemskerk S, Hempenius RA, Lina BA, Krul CA, Koeman JH, Speijers GJ. Safety evaluation of pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides (pAOS): Genotoxicity and sub-chronic studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 57:31-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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33
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Esfahlan AJ, Jamei R, Esfahlan RJ. The importance of almond (Prunus amygdalus L.) and its by-products. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Fuentes-Zaragoza E, Riquelme-Navarrete M, Sánchez-Zapata E, Pérez-Álvarez J. Resistant starch as functional ingredient: A review. Food Res Int 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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35
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Year rather than farming system influences protein utilization and energy value of vegetables when measured in a rat model. Nutr Res 2008; 28:866-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2008.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Schwab C, Mastrangelo M, Corsetti A, Gänzle M. Formation of Oligosaccharides and Polysaccharides byLactobacillus reuteriLTH5448 andWeissella cibaria10M in Sorghum Sourdoughs. Cereal Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1094/cchem-85-5-0679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Schwab
- University of Alberta, Dept. Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Mario Mastrangelo
- University of Alberta, Dept. Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5
- Università degli Studi di Teramo, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Via C. R. Lerici 1, 64023 Mosciano S. Angelo, Italy
| | - Aldo Corsetti
- Università degli Studi di Teramo, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Via C. R. Lerici 1, 64023 Mosciano S. Angelo, Italy
| | - Michael Gänzle
- University of Alberta, Dept. Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2P5
- Corresponding author. Phone: + 1 780 492 0774. Fax + 1 780 492 4265. E-mail:
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Mandalari G, Nueno-Palop C, Bisignano G, Wickham MSJ, Narbad A. Potential prebiotic properties of almond (Amygdalus communis L.) seeds. Appl Environ Microbiol 2008; 74:4264-70. [PMID: 18502914 PMCID: PMC2493170 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00739-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Almonds are known to have a number of nutritional benefits, including cholesterol-lowering effects and protection against diabetes. They are also a good source of minerals and vitamin E, associated with promoting health and reducing the risk for chronic disease. For this study we investigated the potential prebiotic effect of almond seeds in vitro by using mixed fecal bacterial cultures. Two almond products, finely ground almonds (FG) and defatted finely ground almonds (DG), were subjected to a combined model of the gastrointestinal tract which included in vitro gastric and duodenal digestion, and the resulting fractions were subsequently used as substrates for the colonic model to assess their influence on the composition and metabolic activity of gut bacteria populations. FG significantly increased the populations of bifidobacteria and Eubacterium rectale, resulting in a higher prebiotic index (4.43) than was found for the commercial prebiotic fructooligosaccharides (4.08) at 24 h of incubation. No significant differences in the proportions of gut bacteria groups were detected in response to DG. The increase in the numbers of Eubacterium rectale during fermentation of FG correlated with increased butyrate production. In conclusion, we have shown that the addition of FG altered the composition of gut bacteria by stimulating the growth of bifidobacteria and Eubacterium rectale.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mandalari
- The Model Gut Platform, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom.
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38
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Abstract
Dietary carbohydrates are a group of chemically defined substances with a range of physical and physiological properties and health benefits. As with other macronutrients, the primary classification of dietary carbohydrate is based on chemistry, that is character of individual monomers, degree of polymerization (DP) and type of linkage (alpha or beta), as agreed at the Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Consultation in 1997. This divides carbohydrates into three main groups, sugars (DP 1-2), oligosaccharides (short-chain carbohydrates) (DP 3-9) and polysaccharides (DP> or =10). Within this classification, a number of terms are used such as mono- and disaccharides, polyols, oligosaccharides, starch, modified starch, non-starch polysaccharides, total carbohydrate, sugars, etc. While effects of carbohydrates are ultimately related to their primary chemistry, they are modified by their physical properties. These include water solubility, hydration, gel formation, crystalline state, association with other molecules such as protein, lipid and divalent cations and aggregation into complex structures in cell walls and other specialized plant tissues. A classification based on chemistry is essential for a system of measurement, predication of properties and estimation of intakes, but does not allow a simple translation into nutritional effects since each class of carbohydrate has overlapping physiological properties and effects on health. This dichotomy has led to the use of a number of terms to describe carbohydrate in foods, for example intrinsic and extrinsic sugars, prebiotic, resistant starch, dietary fibre, available and unavailable carbohydrate, complex carbohydrate, glycaemic and whole grain. This paper reviews these terms and suggests that some are more useful than others. A clearer understanding of what is meant by any particular word used to describe carbohydrate is essential to progress in translating the growing knowledge of the physiological properties of carbohydrate into public health messages.
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Tabernero M, Serrano J, Saura-Calixto F. Dietary fiber intake in two European diets with high (copenhagen, Denmark) and low (Murcia, Spain) colorectal cancer incidence. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:9443-9449. [PMID: 17929892 DOI: 10.1021/jf072146o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Contradictory results have been reported in studies associating dietary fiber (DF) intake and the incidence of colorectal cancer. Most studies focused mainly on the amount of total DF, but DF is a heterogeneous complex and its components are generally ignored. The aim of this work was to compare the amount and composition of DF intake in Murcia (Spain) and Copenhagen (Denmark). Total dietary fiber intake was a 31% higher in Murcia than in Copenhagen, the ratio of insoluble DF/soluble DF being similar in the two diets. DF in Murcia contains major amounts of nonstarch polysaccharides and polyphenolic compounds, mainly derived from the high consumption of fruits and vegetables (6.7 servings). Resistant starch intake was of the same order in the two regions while resistant protein intake was higher in Murcia. The quantitative and qualitative differences in DF intake may contribute to understand the differences in colorectal cancer incidence in Mediterranean and Scandinavian areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Tabernero
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frio (CSIC), Jose Antonio Novais 10, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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40
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Psyllium husk combined with hydroxycitrate reduces body weight gain and body fat in diet-induced obese rats. Nutr Res 2007; 27:349-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2007.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ou SY, Jackson GM, Jiao X, Chen J, Wu JZ, Huang XS. Protection against oxidative stress in diabetic rats by wheat bran feruloyl oligosaccharides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2007; 55:3191-5. [PMID: 17381113 DOI: 10.1021/jf063310v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most costly of the chronic diseases and is increasing in epidemic proportions in developing countries. It has been found that some antioxidants play a role in protection against oxidative stress, which is associated with diabetes. In this study, enzyme-released feruloyl oligosaccharides from wheat bran were given intragastrically (ig) to test their effect on antioxidant capacity, body weight restoring capacity, and serum glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, using sodium ferulate and vitamin C as positive control groups. The levels of blood glucose, total antioxidant capacity (TAOC), and malondiadehyde (MDA) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and xanthine oxidase (XOD) were determined in rat serum, liver, and testes. Feruloyl oligosaccharides significantly increased TAOC level, GSH-Px, and SOD activities, but decreased blood glucose and MDA levels and XOD activity in serum, liver, and testes of diabetic rats compared to diabetic controls. Feruloyl oligosaccharides were, overall, more efficient in mitigating oxidative damage in diabetic rats than sodium ferulate and vitamin C. In this feruloyl oligosaccharide feeding study, the antioxidant restoring capacity varied across the tissues observed, and also the activity change of the various antioxidant enzymes varied within a single tissue. Feruloyl oligosaccharides showed greater antioxidant capacity in vivo than in vitro when compared with vitamin C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yi Ou
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Vitali D, Vedrina Dragojević I, Šebečić B, Vujić L. Impact of modifying tea–biscuit composition on phytate levels and iron content and availability. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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43
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Li XM, Le GW, Shi YH. Microwave-assisted solid-phase oligosaccharides synthesis reaction and scavenging activity of synthetic product to free radical. Carbohydr Polym 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2005.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Everitt AV, Hilmer SN, Brand-Miller JC, Jamieson HA, Truswell AS, Sharma AP, Mason RS, Morris BJ, Le Couteur DG. Dietary approaches that delay age-related diseases. Clin Interv Aging 2006; 1:11-31. [PMID: 18047254 PMCID: PMC2682451 DOI: 10.2147/ciia.2006.1.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reducing food intake in lower animals such as the rat decreases body weight, retards many aging processes, delays the onset of most diseases of old age, and prolongs life. A number of clinical trials of food restriction in healthy adult human subjects running over 2-15 years show significant reductions in body weight, blood cholesterol, blood glucose, and blood pressure, which are risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Lifestyle interventions that lower energy balance by reducing body weight such as physical exercise can also delay the development of diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In general, clinical trials are suggesting that diets high in calories or fat along with overweight are associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, some cancers, and dementia. There is a growing literature indicating that specific dietary constituents are able to influence the development of age-related diseases, including certain fats (trans fatty acids, saturated, and polyunsaturated fats) and cholesterol for cardiovascular disease, glycemic index and fiber for diabetes, fruits and vegetables for cardiovascular disease, and calcium and vitamin D for osteoporosis and bone fracture. In addition, there are dietary compounds from different functional foods, herbs, and neutraceuticals such as ginseng, nuts, grains, and polyphenols that may affect the development of age-related diseases. Long-term prospective clinical trials will be needed to confirm these diet-disease relationships. On the basis of current research, the best diet to delay age-related disease onset is one low in calories and saturated fat and high in wholegrain cereals, legumes, fruits and vegetables, and which maintains a lean body weight. Such a diet should become a key component of healthy aging, delaying age-related diseases and perhaps intervening in the aging process itself. Furthermore, there are studies suggesting that nutrition in childhood and even in the fetus may influence the later development of aging diseases and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur V Everitt
- Centre for Education and Research on Ageing and Anzac Research Institute, University of Sydney, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Concord, NSW, Australia.
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