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Arefinia S, Jarahi L, Khedmatgozar H, Abadi SEH, Moghadam MRSF, Tchernof A, Soleimaninia H, Rezvani R. Eating frequency has an inverse correlation with adiposity measures and non-invasive arterial stiffness parameters in healthy adult people. CLINICA E INVESTIGACION EN ARTERIOSCLEROSIS : PUBLICACION OFICIAL DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ARTERIOSCLEROSIS 2023; 35:21-31. [PMID: 35840429 DOI: 10.1016/j.arteri.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lifestyle modifications have been recommended as an essential treatment approach for cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies have shown that eating frequency (EF) correlates with hypertension and related risk of organ damage. This study aimed to examine critical clinical implications to evaluate the association of EF with arterial stiffness parameters as an early marker of atherosclerosis manifestations. METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed on 658 participants of the PERSIAN Organizational Cohort study in Mashhad, aged 30-70 years. Arterial stiffness was assessed by measurement markers of arteriosclerosis, including arterial age, augmentation index (AIx), augmentation pressure (AP), carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (Cf-PWV), and central blood pressure. Differences in anthropometric indices, blood indices, and arterial stiffness parameters were evaluated across EF groups. RESULTS Our data demonstrate that EF was positively correlated with total daily energy intake, and favourable profiles of adiposity and blood lipids. Subjects with an increased EF, had significantly lower AIx, AP, Arterial Age and Central blood pressure (P for trend<0.001) as compared to Lowest EF and not significant with PWV (P for trend, 0.19). Arterial stiffness was also significantly lower in those with increased EF compared with subjects with low EF. By Linear regression analysis, after adjustment for Confounding factors, except PWV, EF showed the associations with all of the non-invasive arterial stiffness parameters. CONCLUSION Increased EF is associated with a lower wave reflection and blood pressure in the central arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Arefinia
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Lida Jarahi
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamed Khedmatgozar
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Center for Biotechnology and Genomics, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Saeed Eslami Hasan Abadi
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - André Tchernof
- Centre de Recherche Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie & Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Hosein Soleimaninia
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Rezvani
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Bradley P. Refined carbohydrates, phenotypic plasticity and the obesity epidemic. Med Hypotheses 2019; 131:109317. [PMID: 31443772 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The major change in the United States and European diets associated with the increased rates of obesity was an increased consumption of refined carbohydrates. A feature of refined carbohydrates is their predisposition to cause increased fluctuations in plasma insulin and glucose levels and postprandial reactive hypoglycaemia. As the central nervous system is dependent on a stable supply of glucose this threatens the central nervous system functioning and these fluctuations also have a negative impact on the cardiovascular system. Phenotypic plasticity enables organisms to use adaptive phenotypes already in existence such as the increased insulin resistance and increased adiposity associated with pregnancy or the insulin resistance associated with infection, trauma and burns or to evolve new phenotypes to adapt to variations in the environment. This paper explores the evidence that increased insulin resistance that is commonly associated with increased adiposity possibly because of shared locations on the genome is a phenotypic plastic adaptation to the increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and their predisposition to cause increased fluctuations in plasma insulin and plasma glucose and post-prandial reactive hypoglycaemia both of which have negative impacts on the metabolism. Obesity, that is a relatively stable state of increased adiposity and insulin resistance has adaptive and defensive features to these fluctuations in plasma insulin and glucose in that metabolic disorders associated with refined carbohydrate consumption are often mitigated and modified as exemplified by the obesity paradox.
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GERMOGLIO RG, LIMA SCVC, LIBERALINO LCP, CABRAL NLDA, LIMA KCD, LYRA CDO. Agreement between two Meal Quality Indexes adapted to evaluate food consumption of institutionalized elderly. REV NUTR 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-9865201932e180127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective To assess agreement between two meal quality indexes adapted for elderly people, evidencing their similarities and differences Methods Agreement study with 322 institutionalized elderly individuals. Food consumption data were collected by the method of weighted food record, in two nonconsecutive days. The Meal Quality Index and the Main Meal Quality Index of each older adult were calculated for the lunch meal. Agreement between methods was tested by cross-classification in quartiles and weighted kappa (Kw), and the difference between medians by the Wilcoxon test. Results The Meal Quality Index median was 54.67 points and the Main Meal Quality Index 53.51 points (p=0.723). When the components of each index were assessed, those associated to the consumption of carbohydrates, total fat and saturated fat were similar. The consumption of fruits separated from vegetables in the Main MealQuality Index evidenced low consumption of vegetables by the elderly. Cross-classification by quartiles showed good agreement; the exact one being 48.8% and the disagreement 3.4% (Kw=0,447). The proportion of elderlyindividuals in the same exact or adjacent quartile was greater than 85.0%. Agreement was higher in males (89.4%, Kw=0.475); in the age range of 70 to 79 years (91.1%; Kw=0.562) and in non-profit nursing homes(96.7%; Kw=0.622). Conclusion The two indexes reviewed show a good agreement between them and common characteristics. The number of components is higher in the MMQI and may represent a more detailed assessment of meal quality.
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Leech RM, Timperio A, Worsley A, McNaughton SA. Eating patterns of Australian adults: associations with blood pressure and hypertension prevalence. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:1899-1909. [PMID: 29876653 PMCID: PMC6647126 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Eating patterns have been linked to obesity, an established risk factor for hypertension; however, their contribution to hypertension is poorly understood. This study aimed to examine associations of frequency of meals, snacks and all eating occasions (EO), and temporal eating patterns, with blood pressure (BP) and hypertension. METHODS Dietary data collected via two 24-h recalls during the 2011-2012 Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (n = 4482 adults, ≥ 19 years) were analysed. Frequencies of EO, meals, and snacks were calculated. Temporal eating patterns were determined using latent class analysis. Multivariate regression models assessed associations of eating patterns with systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), and hypertension prevalence. RESULTS Among men, a higher snack frequency was inversely associated with DBP [β = - 0.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) (- 1.12, - 0.07)] and hypertension [odds ratio (OR) 0.86, 95% CI (0.75, 0.98)] after adjustment for covariates and BMI. However, these associations disappeared after additional adjustment for total energy intake and overall diet quality. Among women, a temporal eating pattern characterized by a later "lunch" meal was associated with SBP [β = 2.45, 95% CI (0.05, 4.84)], DBP [β = 1.69, 95% CI (0.25, 3.13)], and hypertension [OR = 1.49, 95% CI (1.00, 2.22)], when compared to a "conventional" eating pattern. CONCLUSIONS In this study, an inverse association found between snack frequency and BP among men disappeared after adjustment for dietary factors and a "later lunch" pattern was associated with higher BP in women. Future research is needed to understand the relationship and potential mechanistic pathways between eating patterns and BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Leech
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, 3216, Australia.
| | - Anna Timperio
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Anthony Worsley
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, 3216, Australia
| | - Sarah A McNaughton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 75 Pigdons Rd, Waurn Ponds, Geelong, 3216, Australia
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Georgiopoulos G, Karatzi K, Yannakoulia M, Georgousopoulou E, Efthimiou E, Mareti A, Bakogianni I, Mitrakou A, Papamichael C, Stamatelopoulos K. Eating frequency predicts changes in regional body fat distribution in healthy adults. QJM 2017; 110:729-734. [PMID: 29017004 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hcx120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating frequency (EF) has been associated with generalized obesity. AIM We aimed to prospectively investigate potential associations of frequency of eating episodes with regional fat layers. DESIGN EF was evaluated at baseline in 115 subjects free of clinically overt cardiovascular disease (54 ± 9.1 years, 70 women) in a prospective, observational study. METHODS Metabolic parameters known to be associated with dietary factors and anthropometric markers including ultrasound assessment of subcutaneous (Smin) and pre-peritoneal (Pmax) fat and their ratio Smin/Pmax (AFI) were evaluated at baseline and at follow-up, 5 years later. RESULTS EF at baseline positively correlated with Pmax, even after adjustment for potential confounders. EF above median was also an independent predictor for Pmax (beta coefficient = -0.192, P = 0.037) and AFI (beta coefficient = 0.199, P = 0.049) at follow up. Multivariable linear mixed models analysis demonstrated that subjects with increased EF presented a lower progression rate of Pmax (beta = -0.452, P = 0.006) and a higher progression rate of AFI (beta = 0.563, P = 0.003) over time, independently of age, sex, progression of BMI, energy intake, smoking and changes in parameters of glucose metabolism. CONCLUSIONS High EF is associated with lower progression rate of pre-peritoneal fat accumulation. Future interventional studies should further investigate the clinical utility of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Georgiopoulos
- Vascular Laboratory, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra University Hospital, 80 V. Sofias str, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - K Karatzi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 70 El Venizelou str, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - M Yannakoulia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 70 El Venizelou str, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - E Georgousopoulou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University, 70 El Venizelou str, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - E Efthimiou
- Vascular Laboratory, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra University Hospital, 80 V. Sofias str, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - A Mareti
- Vascular Laboratory, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra University Hospital, 80 V. Sofias str, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - I Bakogianni
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - A Mitrakou
- Vascular Laboratory, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra University Hospital, 80 V. Sofias str, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - C Papamichael
- Vascular Laboratory, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra University Hospital, 80 V. Sofias str, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - K Stamatelopoulos
- Vascular Laboratory, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra University Hospital, 80 V. Sofias str, 11528 Athens, Greece
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Eating frequency and weight and body composition: a systematic review of observational studies. Public Health Nutr 2017; 20:2079-2095. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980017000994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveThe present review aimed to examine the association of eating frequency with body weight or body composition in adults of both sexes.DesignPubMed, EMBASE and Scopus databases were searched. PRISMA and MOOSE protocols were followed. Observational studies published up to August 2016 were included. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed with the Downs and Black checklist.SettingA systematic review of the literature.SubjectsAdults (n 136 052); the majority of studies were developed in the USA and Europe.ResultsThirty-one articles were included in the review: two prospective and twenty-nine cross-sectional studies. Thirteen per cent of the studies received quality scores above 80 %. The assessment of eating frequency and body composition or body weight varied widely across the studies. Potential confounders were included in 73 % of the studies. Fourteen studies reported an inverse association between eating frequency and body weight or body composition, and seven studies found a positive association. The majority of studies applied multiple analyses adjusted for potential confounders, such as sex, age, education, income, smoking, physical activity and alcohol intake. Six studies took into account under-reporting of eating frequency and/or energy intake in the analysis, and one investigated the mediation effect of energy intake.ConclusionsThere is not sufficient evidence confirming the association between eating frequency and body weight or body composition when misreporting bias is taken into account. However, in men, a potential protective effect of high eating frequency was observed on BMI and visceral obesity.
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Eating frequency predicts new onset hypertension and the rate of progression of blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and wave reflections. J Hypertens 2016; 34:429-37; discussion 437. [PMID: 26771340 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000000822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sectional evidence indicates that eating frequency correlates with blood pressure, hypertension, and related target organ damage. The aim of the present study was to prospectively assess eating frequency as a predictor of arteriosclerosis progression and new onset hypertension over a follow-up period of 5 years in adults without cardiovascular disease. METHODS Eating frequency among other dietary parameters was evaluated in 115 nondiabetic study participants from a general population sample (54 ± 9.1 years, 45 women) at a baseline visit. Metabolic parameters known to be associated with eating frequency, markers of arteriosclerosis, including augmentation index, pulse wave velocity, SBP, and DBP were evaluated in all volunteers at baseline and after a 5-year follow-up. RESULTS By applying linear mixed models analysis, it was found that a high eating frequency at baseline significantly correlated with the rate of progression of pulse wave velocity (β = 0.521, P = 0.004), augmentation index (β = 0.503, P = 0.01), SBP (β = 0.694, P < 0.001), and DBP (β = 0.477, P = 0.009) and the incidence of new onset hypertension (odds ratio = 8.89, P < 0.001). After adjustment traditional cardiovascular risk factors, heart rate, homeostasis model assessment index of insulin resistance and total energy intake, the associations with augmentation index, SBP, DBP, and new onset hypertension remained significant. CONCLUSION In a population of nondiabetic adults without cardiovascular disease, eating frequency is associated with the rate of progression of wave reflections, blood pressure and of new onset hypertension. Interventional studies should confirm these data and possibly further assess the utility of eating behavior in the prevention of new onset hypertension and related target organ damage.
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McCrory MA, Shaw AC, Lee JA. Energy and Nutrient Timing for Weight Control: Does Timing of Ingestion Matter? Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2016; 45:689-718. [PMID: 27519140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 40 years, meal skipping and snacking in US adults have increased, and currently most eating occasions occur later in the day than previously. Whether these changes have played a causal role in the obesity epidemic is poorly understood. Observational studies are largely inconclusive due to methodological limitations. Experimental evidence does not support a causal role for eating frequency or breakfast skipping in weight control. Emerging evidence suggests that eating irregularity and eating later in the day may be detrimental for weight control, but more studies are needed. This article summarizes studies and highlights areas needing attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A McCrory
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, PO Box 3995, Atlanta, GA 30302-3995, USA.
| | - Ayla C Shaw
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, PO Box 3995, Atlanta, GA 30302-3995, USA
| | - Joy A Lee
- Department of Nutrition, Georgia State University, PO Box 3995, Atlanta, GA 30302-3995, USA
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Wang YQ, Zhang YQ, Zhang F, Zhang YW, Li R, Chen GX. Increased Eating Frequency Is Associated with Lower Obesity Risk, But Higher Energy Intake in Adults: A Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13060603. [PMID: 27322302 PMCID: PMC4924060 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Body weight is regulated by energy intake which occurs several times a day in humans. In this meta-analysis, we evaluated whether eating frequency (EF) is associated with obesity risk and energy intake in adults without any dietary restriction. Experimental and observational studies published before July 2015 were selected through English-language literature searches in several databases. These studies reported the association between EF and obesity risk (odd ratios, ORs) in adults who were not in dietary restriction. R software was used to perform statistical analyses. Ten cross-sectional studies, consisting of 65,742 participants, were included in this analysis. ORs were considered as effect size for the analysis about the effect of EF on obesity risk. Results showed that the increase of EF was associated with 0.83 time lower odds of obesity (i.e., OR = 0.83, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.70-0.99, p = 0.040). Analysis about the effect of EF on differences in participants' energy intake revealed that increased EF was associated with higher energy intake (β = 125.36, 95% CI 21.76-228.97, p = 0.017). We conclude that increased EF may lead to lower obesity risk but higher energy intake. Clinical trials are warranted to confirm these results and to assess the clinical practice applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Qiao Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yun-Quan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Fei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yi-Wen Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 185 East Lake Road, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Guo-Xun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, 1215 West Cumberland Avenue, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Chen HJ, Wang Y, Cheskin LJ. Relationship between frequency of eating and cardiovascular disease mortality in U.S. adults: the NHANES III follow-up study. Ann Epidemiol 2016; 26:527-533. [PMID: 27397905 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined longitudinal relationship between baseline daily eating frequency and all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality among U.S. adults. METHODS The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1992) participants were followed through 2006. Nonpregnant adults >17 years old (n = 6884) whose dietary recall was of good quality and had fasted at least 8 hours before physical examinations were eligible for this analysis. Frequency of eating was derived from 24-hour dietary recalls. Main outcomes included all-cause and CVD mortality during follow-up, based on National Death Index data. RESULTS During follow-up (median time: 176 months), 1280 subjects died, 503 of them from CVD. Adults reporting eating ≥6 times/day had a lower hazard ratio for CVD mortality than those reporting eating 4 times/day (hazard ratio = 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.43-1.08; test for trend, P = .011). The gradient of CVD mortality risk by eating frequency was significant for the groups with ≥2500 kcal of total energy intake (test for trend, P = .037). CONCLUSIONS Eating frequency was inversely associated with CVD mortality, which was especially marked for people reporting high total energy intake. Nevertheless, public health recommendations should be cautious, as eating frequency was positively associated with total energy intake, which could promote weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Jen Chen
- Institute and Department of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Global Obesity Prevention Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
| | - Youfa Wang
- Global Obesity Prevention Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Systems-Oriented Global Childhood Obesity Intervention Program, Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Lawrence J Cheskin
- Global Obesity Prevention Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the effects of number of eating occasions and snacks on dietary quality (DQ), defined as adherence to dietary recommendations. METHODS A sample of 884 adolescents (11-18 years) in the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) were included. The Diet Quality Index for Adolescents (DQI-A) was implemented. The total number of eating occasions and snacks was frequency of food or beverages consumed over 24 h and frequency of foods or beverages consumed outside of the three mealtimes, respectively. Results were generated with and without low-energy food under 210 kJ (50 kcal). Regression models were generated with DQ score as the outcome variable and number of eating occasions and snacks as predictors. RESULTS The mean (95 % CI) DQ score was 31.1 % (30.2, 32.0). The mean number of eating occasions and snacks was 7.5 (7.3, 7.7) and 2.6 (2.6, 2.7) times/day, respectively. When low-energy events were excluded, the mean number of eating occasions and snacks reduced to 6.2 (6.1, 6.4) and 2.0 (2.0, 2.1) times/day, respectively. DQ score increased by 0.74 points (0.42, 1.05; p < 0.01) and 0.55 points (-0.08, 0.69; p = 0.17) for total eating occasions and snacks, respectively. When low-energy events were excluded, DQ score increased by 0.30 points (-0.84, 0.69; p = 0.13) for each eating occasion and decreased by 1.20 points (-2.1, -0.3; p < 0.01) for each snack. CONCLUSION Eating more frequently improves dietary quality especially if some eating occasions are low in energy. A focus on replacing high-energy snacks with low-energy alternatives rather than reducing the number of eating occasions may result in improved dietary quality in adolescents.
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Sung KC, Sung E, Byrne CD, Kim YB, Ahn CW, Chung HK. Composition of dietary macronutrient intake is not associated with prevalence of coronary artery calcification in healthy Korean adults. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2014; 66:36-43. [PMID: 25531976 DOI: 10.1159/000369563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is little information supporting the relationships between macronutrients and pre-clinical atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to identify whether dietary macronutrient content is related with CAC. METHODS 10,793 healthy Korean adults in a cohort were enrolled. Subjects were divided into CAC (CAC score >0) or non-CAC group (CAC score = 0). Intake of energy, carbohydrate (CHO), protein and fat were obtained using food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Macronutrient composition was expressed as the ratio of energy from each macronutrient to total energy. Subjects were classified into three groups according to tertiles of intake for each macronutrient. To investigate the association between macronutrient intake and CAC, multiple regression analysis was conducted according to tertile groups of each macronutrient. RESULTS The prevalence of CAC significantly differed among tertile groups of CHO and fat intake in men (p < 0.001, p < 0.01) and women (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). However, multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratios (ORs) for CAC were not significantly different among tertile groups of each macronutrient intake after adjustment in men (CHO: OR = 0.965 [95% CI = 0.826-1.129]; protein: OR = 1.029 [95% CI = 0.881-1.201]; fat: OR = 1.015 [95% CI = 0.868-1.188]) and women (CHO: OR = 1.158 [95% CI = 0.550-2.438]; protein: OR = 1.261 [95% CI = 0.629-2.528]; fat: OR = 0.625 [95% CI = 0.286-1.365]). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of CAC may not be associated with composition of dietary macronutrient intake in in healthy Korean adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Chul Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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