1
|
Sharifi-Zahabi E, Rezvani N, Hajizadeh-Sharafabad F, Hosseini-Baharanchi FS, Shidfar F, Rahimi M. Theobromine supplementation in combination with a low-calorie diet improves cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese subjects with metabolic syndrome: a randomized controlled trial. Food Funct 2023; 14:8431-8441. [PMID: 37615657 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo00555k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Background & aims: The beneficial effects of theobromine (TB) on obesity and features of metabolic syndrome (MetS) have been reported in several studies. However, the findings are equivocal. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of 12 week pure TB supplementation (450 mg day-1) combined with a low-calorie diet on the anthropometric and metabolic syndrome indices in overweight and obese adults with MetS. Methods: In a randomized double-blind parallel controlled trial, 80 participants aged 40-55 years were randomly assigned to take 450 mg day-1 TB or placebo along with a low-calorie diet for 12 weeks. Dietary intake, anthropometric indices, blood pressure, lipid profile and glycemic indices were assessed at the start and end of the intervention. Results: Seventy-two participants completed the study. After 12 weeks, TB supplementation significantly decreased the waist circumference (WC) (-0.86 cm; P = 0.045), LDL-c/HDL-c (-0.26; P = 0.008), TG/HDL-c (-0.41; P = 0.001), TC/HDL-c (-0.38; P = 0.006) and increased HDL-c (1.72 mg dl-1; P = 0.036) compared to the placebo group. There were no significant differences regarding body weight, BMI, hip circumference (HC), hip-to-waist circumference ratio (WHR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fasting levels of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), fasting blood glucose, insulin, homoeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) between the two groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The results of the current study revealed that TB supplementation along with a low-calorie diet had favorable effects on WC, LDL-c/HDL-c, TG/HDL-c, TC/HDL-c, and serum level of HDL-c in overweight and obese subjects with MetS. Trial registration number: IRCT20091114002709N59. Registration date: 5 March 2022.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Sharifi-Zahabi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nayebali Rezvani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Sadat Hosseini-Baharanchi
- Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, & Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Shidfar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mehrali Rahimi
- School of Medicine, Diabetic Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharifi-Zahabi E, Hajizadeh-Sharafabad F, Nachvak SM, Mirzaian S, Darbandi S, Shidfar F. A comprehensive insight into the molecular effect of theobromine on cardiovascular-related risk factors: A systematic review of in vitro and in vivo studies. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3765-3779. [PMID: 37309834 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Theobromine may have beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors. This study aimed to find molecular effects of theobromine on lipid profile, glycemic status, inflammatory factors, and vascular function through a comprehensive assessment of all in vitro and in vivo studies. The search process was started at 18 July 2022. Databases including PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched to find all articles published up to 18 July 2022. Nineteen studies were included in this study. In vitro studies showed the improving effects of theobromine on inflammatory markers. Of four animal studies assessing the effect of theobromine on inflammatory markers, two reported favorable effects. Among five animal studies assessing the effects of theobromine on lipid profile, three reported improving effects on either triglyceride, total cholesterol, low- or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Of the three human studies, two revealed that theobromine had improving effects on lipid profile. A favorable effect of theobromine on augmentation index was also reported in two RCTs. The results for other outcomes were inconclusive. Theobromine may have favorable effects on inflammatory factors, lipid profile, and vascular function markers. However, studies with a longer duration and lower, dietary-relevant doses are required for future confirmation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seyed Mostafa Nachvak
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Soheila Mirzaian
- Department of Food and Human Nutrition Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sahar Darbandi
- Imam Khomeini comprehensive health center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farzad Shidfar
- Department of nutrition, School of public health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Nazir S, Jankowski V, Bender G, Zewinger S, Rye KA, van der Vorst EP. Interaction between high-density lipoproteins and inflammation: Function matters more than concentration! Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 159:94-119. [PMID: 33080259 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) plays an important role in lipid metabolism and especially contributes to the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. Over recent years it has become clear that the effect of HDL on immune-modulation is not only dependent on HDL concentration but also and perhaps even more so on HDL function. This review will provide a concise general introduction to HDL followed by an overview of post-translational modifications of HDL and a detailed overview of the role of HDL in inflammatory diseases. The clinical potential of HDL and its main apolipoprotein constituent, apoA-I, is also addressed in this context. Finally, some conclusions and remarks that are important for future HDL-based research and further development of HDL-focused therapies are discussed.
Collapse
|
4
|
Camps-Bossacoma M, Garcia-Aloy M, Saldaña-Ruiz S, Cambras T, González-Domínguez R, Franch À, Pérez-Cano FJ, Andres-Lacueva C, Castell M. Role of Theobromine in Cocoa's Metabolic Properties in Healthy Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3605-3614. [PMID: 30855143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa is rich in polyphenols and methylxanthines, and it has been reported that its consumption, among other properties, has beneficial effects on metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the role of theobromine in cocoa's metabolic properties in healthy rats. In addition to morphometric measurements, biochemical markers of lipids and glucose metabolism and gene expression of molecules related to immune cells in adipose and hepatic tissues were assessed after 7 or 18 days of diet. Additionally, a metabolomic analysis was carried out at day 7. This study revealed the presence of six discriminant metabolites in plasma due to the diets. Moreover, the results showed that theobromine is the main responsible factor for cocoa's effects on body weight gain as well as on lipid and glucose metabolism. The effects on body weight and lipids appeared as early as after 7 days of diet, whereas those affecting glucose metabolism required a longer intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Camps-Bossacoma
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació; Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB) , Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
| | - Mar Garcia-Aloy
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, XaRTA, INSA-UB, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, UB, Barcelona; CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento (CIBERFES) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid 28029 , Spain
| | - Sandra Saldaña-Ruiz
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació; Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB) , Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
| | - Trinitat Cambras
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació; Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB) , Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
| | - Raúl González-Domínguez
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, XaRTA, INSA-UB, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, UB, Barcelona; CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento (CIBERFES) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid 28029 , Spain
| | - Àngels Franch
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació; Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB) , Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
| | - Francisco J Pérez-Cano
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació; Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB) , Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Biomarkers and Nutrimetabolomics Laboratory, Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, XaRTA, INSA-UB, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, UB, Barcelona; CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento (CIBERFES) , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid 28029 , Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació; Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB) , Universitat de Barcelona (UB) , Barcelona 08028 , Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jang MH, Kang NH, Mukherjee S, Yun JW. Theobromine, a Methylxanthine in Cocoa Bean, Stimulates Thermogenesis by Inducing White Fat Browning and Activating Brown Adipocytes. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-018-0434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
6
|
Švorc Ľ, Haššo M, Sarakhman O, Kianičková K, Stanković DM, Otřísal P. A progressive electrochemical sensor for food quality control: Reliable determination of theobromine in chocolate products using a miniaturized boron-doped diamond electrode. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
7
|
Talbot CPJ, Mensink RP, Smolders L, Bakeroot V, Plat J. Theobromine Does Not Affect Fasting and Postprandial HDL Cholesterol Efflux Capacity, While It Decreases Fasting miR-92a Levels in Humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800027. [PMID: 29797695 PMCID: PMC6055688 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Chocolate consumption lowers cardiovascular disease risk, which might be attributed to the methylxanthine theobromine. These effects may be mediated through effects on HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux, which may be affected by microRNA (miRNA) levels in the HDL particles. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate effects of theobromine consumption on fasting and postprandial cholesterol efflux and miRNAs levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty overweight and 14 obese healthy men and women participated in this randomized, double-blind crossover study. Participants consumed 500 mg d-1 of theobromine or placebo for 4 weeks. ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux was measured using J774 macrophages. MiRNAs levels (miR-92a, miR-223, miR-135a*) were quantified in apolipoprotein B-depleted serum. Theobromine consumption did not affect fasting and postprandial cholesterol efflux. Fasting miR-223 and miR-135a levels were unchanged, while miR-92a levels were decreased (-0.21; p < 0.05). The high-fat meal increased postprandial cholesterol efflux capacity (+4.3 percentage points; p ≤ 0.001), miR-92a (+1.21; p < 0.001), and miR-223 (+1.79; p < 0.001) levels, while a trend was found for miR-135a (+1.08; p = 0.06). CONCLUSION Theobromine did not improve fasting and postprandial ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity, but decreased fasting miR-92a levels. High-fat meal intake increased postprandial cholesterol efflux and the three selected miRNAs levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte P J Talbot
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Smolders
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Virginie Bakeroot
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Smolders L, Mensink RP, Boekschoten MV, de Ridder RJJ, Plat J. The acute effects on duodenal gene expression in healthy men following consumption of a low-fat meal enriched with theobromine or fat. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1700. [PMID: 29374228 PMCID: PMC5785967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing apoA-I synthesis may improve HDL functionality and lower CVD risk. As theobromine and fat increase fasting apoA-I concentrations, and the intestine is involved in apoA-I production, the acute effects of both were studied on duodenal gene transcription to better understand underlying mechanisms. In this crossover study, 8 healthy men received once a low fat (LF) meal, a LF meal plus theobromine (850 mg), or a high fat (HF) meal. Five hours after meal intake duodenal biopsies were taken for microarray analysis. Theobromine and HF consumption did not change duodenal apoA-I expression. Theobromine did not change gene expression related to lipid and cholesterol metabolism, whereas those related to glycogen/glucose breakdown were downregulated. HF consumption increased gene expression related to lipid and cholesterol uptake and transport, and to glucose storage, while it decreased those related to glucose uptake. Furthermore, genes related to inflammation were upregulated, but inflammation markers in plasma were not changed. In healthy men, acute theobromine and fat consumption did not change duodenal apoA-I mRNA, but inhibited expression of genes related to glucose metabolism. Furthermore, HF intake activated in the duodenum expression of genes related to lipid and cholesterol metabolism and to inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Smolders
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, The Netherlands
| | - Mark V Boekschoten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier J J de Ridder
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Smolders L, Mensink RP, van den Driessche JJ, Joris PJ, Plat J. Theobromine consumption does not improve fasting and postprandial vascular function in overweight and obese subjects. Eur J Nutr 2018; 58:981-987. [PMID: 29330660 PMCID: PMC6499748 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-1612-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Backgound Theobromine, a component of cocoa, may favorably affect conventional lipid-related cardiovascular risk markers, but effects on flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and other vascular function markers are not known. Objective To evaluate the effects of 4-week theobromine consumption (500 mg/day) on fasting and postprandial vascular function markers. Design In a randomized, double-blind crossover study, 44 apparently healthy overweight (N = 30) and obese (N = 14) men and women with low HDL-C concentrations, consumed daily 500 mg theobromine or placebo for 4 weeks. After 4 weeks, FMD, peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT), augmentation index (AIx), pulse wave velocity (PWV), blood pressure (BP) and retinal microvasculature measurements were performed. These measurements were carried out under fasting conditions and 2.5 h after a high-fat mixed meal challenge. Results 4-week theobromine consumption did not change fasting vascular function markers, except for a decrease in central AIx (cAIx, − 1.7 pp, P = 0.037) and a trend towards smaller venular calibers (− 2 µm, P = 0.074). Consuming a high-fat mixed meal decreased FMD (0.89 pp, P = 0.002), reactive hyperemia index (RHI, − 0.30, P < 0.001), peripheral systolic BP (SBP, − 3 mmHg, P ≤ 0.001), peripheral diastolic BP (DBP, − 2 mmHg, P ≤ 0.001), central SBP (− 6 mmHg, P ≤ 0.001) and central DBP (− 2 mmHg, P ≤ 0.001), but increased heart rate (HR, 2 bpm, P < 0.001). Theobromine did not modify these postprandial effects, but increased postprandially the brachial artery diameter (0.03 cm, P = 0.015), and decreased the cAIx corrected for a HR of 75 (cAIx75, − 5.0 pp, P = 0.004) and peripheral AIx (pAIx, − 6.3 pp, P = 0.017). Conclusion Theobromine consumption did not improve fasting and postprandial endothelial function, but increased postprandial peripheral arterial diameters and decreased the AIx. These findings do not suggest that theobromine alone contributes to the proposed cardioprotective effects of cocoa. This trial was registered on clinicaltrials.gov under study number NCT02209025. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00394-018-1612-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Smolders
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 50, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 50, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jose J van den Driessche
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 50, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Joris
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 50, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 50, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jacobs DM, Smolders L, Lin Y, de Roo N, Trautwein EA, van Duynhoven J, Mensink RP, Plat J, Mihaleva VV. Effect of Theobromine Consumption on Serum Lipoprotein Profiles in Apparently Healthy Humans with Low HDL-Cholesterol Concentrations. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:59. [PMID: 28971099 PMCID: PMC5609577 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Scope: Theobromine is a major active compound in cocoa with allegedly beneficial effect on high-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-CH). We have investigated the effect of theobromine (TB) consumption on the concentrations of triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (CH) in various lipoprotein (LP) subclasses. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study, 44 apparently healthy women and men (age: 60 ± 6 years, BMI: 29 ± 3 kg/m2) with low baseline HDL-CH concentrations consumed a drink supplemented with 500 mg/d theobromine for 4 weeks. TG and CH concentrations in 15 LP subclasses were predicted from diffusion-edited 1H NMR spectra of fasting serum. Results: The LP phenotype of the subjects was characterized by low CH concentrations in the large HDL particles and high TG concentrations in large VLDL and chylomicron (CM) particles, which clearly differed from a LP phenotype of subjects with normal HDL-CH. TB only reduced CH concentrations in the LDL particles by 3.64 and 6.79%, but had no effect on TG and CH in any of the HDL, VLDL and CM subclasses. Conclusion: TB was not effective on HDL-CH in subjects with a LP phenotype characterized by low HDL-CH and high TG in VLDL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lotte Smolders
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - John van Duynhoven
- Unilever R&DVlaardingen, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Biophysics, Wageningen UniversityWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|