1
|
Wang H, Ma Q, Chen Y, Luo L, Ye J, Zhong B. Optimized strategy among diet, exercise, and pharmacological interventions for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13727. [PMID: 38509775 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging treatment methods, including exercise, diet, and drugs, for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease have been proposed. However, the differences in their efficacy have not been determined. We aimed to compare the effects of these treatments excluding surgery via a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. DATA SOURCE The data sources included PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane up to February 1st, 2023. The endpoints consisted of body mass index (BMI), serum markers of metabolism and liver injury markers, liver fat content, and stiffness. RESULTS A total of 174 studies with 10,183 patients were included in this meta-analysis. In terms of improving BMI, Pan-agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) is the best treatment with the highest SUCRA (surface under the cumulative ranking) of 84.8% (mean = -3.40, 95% CI -5.55, -1.24) by the comparative effectiveness ranking. GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) has the best effect in improving the liver fat content based on the MRI-PDFF, steatosis score (SUCRA 99.7%, mean = -2.19, 95% CI -2.90, -1.48) and ballooning score (SUCRA 61.2%, mean = -0.82, 95% CI -4.46, 2.83). CONCLUSIONS Pan-agonist of PPAR was the most efficacious regimen in lowering BMIs, whereas GLP-1R agonists achieved the highest efficacy of steatosis improvement in this network meta-analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianqian Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youpeng Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ling Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junzhao Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bihui Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tang J, Shan S, Li F, Yun P. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on autoantibodies and thyroid function in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36759. [PMID: 38206745 PMCID: PMC10754614 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is the prevailing form of autoimmune thyroiditis and the leading cause of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient regions worldwide. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on HT through a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS The databases searched included PubMed, and others. We included RCTs that the treatment group received vitamin D, while the control group received either a placebo or no treatment. The studies measured the baseline and endpoint levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab), and thyroglobulin antibody (TG-Ab). We performed a meta-analysis to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS A total of 12 studies involving 862 individuals were included. Vitamin D supplementation has a significant impact on reducing the titers of TPO-Ab (SMD = -1.084, 95% CI = -1.624 to -0.545) and TG-Ab (SMD = -0.996, 95% CI = -1.579 to -0.413) in patients with HT, and it also improves thyroid function by decreasing TSH level (SMD = -0.167, 95% CI = -0.302 to 0.031) and increasing FT3 (SMD = 0.549, 95% CI = 0.077-1.020) and FT4 (SMD = 0.734, 95% CI = 0.184-1.285) levels. Active vitamin D (calcitriol) significantly reduces the titer of TPO-Ab compared to naive forms of vitamin D (vitamin D2 or D3); treatment durations > 12 weeks result in a more effective reduction of TPO-Ab levels and a more significant increase in FT4 and FT3 levels in patients with HT (meta-regression P < .05). CONCLUSION Vitamin D supplementation may have beneficial effects on HT patients by modulating immune responses and improving thyroid function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuanghong Shan
- Department of Endocrinology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fangping Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Peng Yun
- Department of Endocrinology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kosmalski M, Frankowski R, Ziółkowska S, Różycka-Kosmalska M, Pietras T. What's New in the Treatment of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12051852. [PMID: 36902639 PMCID: PMC10003344 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12051852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a serious health problem due to its high incidence and consequences. In view of the existing controversies, new therapeutic options for NAFLD are still being sought. Therefore, the aim of our review was to evaluate the recently published studies on the treatment of NAFLD patients. We searched for articles in the PubMed database using appropriate terms, including "non-alcoholic fatty liver disease", "nonalcoholic fatty liver disease", "NAFLD", "diet", "treatment", "physical activity", "supplementation", "surgery", "overture" and "guidelines". One hundred forty-eight randomized clinical trials published from January 2020 to November 2022 were used for the final analysis. The results show significant benefits of NAFLD therapy associated with the use of not only the Mediterranean but also other types of diet (including low-calorie ketogenic, high-protein, anti-inflammatory and whole-grain diets), as well as enrichment with selected food products or supplements. Significant benefits in this group of patients are also associated with moderate aerobic physical training. The available therapeutic options indicate, above all, the usefulness of drugs related to weight reduction, as well as the reduction in insulin resistance or lipids level and drugs with anti-inflammatory or antioxidant properties. The usefulness of therapy with dulaglutide and the combination of tofogliflozin with pioglitazone should be emphasized. Based on the results of the latest research, the authors of this article suggest a revision of the therapeutic recommendations for NAFLD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Kosmalski
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-728-358-504
| | - Rafał Frankowski
- Students’ Research Club, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Ziółkowska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Tadeusz Pietras
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-153 Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang JJ, Yu HC, Li Y, Zhang YB, Geng TT, Lu Q, Liao YF, Guo KQ, Du L, Ruan HL, Yang K, Liu G, Pan A. Association between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations and mortality among individuals with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: a prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 116:1409-1417. [PMID: 36107812 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqac260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations and mortality remains unclear among patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and mortality among individuals with MAFLD/NAFLD. METHODS The study included 4651 individuals with fatty liver disease (FLD) (3964 had MAFLD and 3968 had NAFLD) from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Fatty liver disease was identified by ultrasonographic detection of hepatic steatosis. Mortality was ascertained by linkage to the National Death Index up to 31 December 2019. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) with adjustment of potential confounders. RESULTS Of 4651 individuals with FLD, 3427 individuals (69.7%) had both MAFLD and NAFLD. During median follow-ups of 25.8 and 26.1 years, we identified 1809 and 1665 deaths among 3964 participants with MAFLD and 3968 participants with NAFLD, respectively. Compared with participants with serum 25(OH)D concentrations ≤30.0 nmol/L, the multivariable-adjusted HR and 95% CI of all-cause mortality were 0.62 (0.43, 0.89) for participants with MAFLD having serum 25(OH)D >75.0 nmol/L (P-trend = 0.001), and 0.63 (0.42, 0.95) for participants with NAFLD having serum 25(OH)D >75.0 nmol/L (P-trend = 0.002). A nonlinearly inverse association was observed between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and all-cause mortality among participants with MAFLD (Poverall <0.001; Pnonlinear = 0.003) or NAFLD (Poverall <0.001; Pnonlinear = 0.009), with a threshold effect at around 50.0 nmol/L. The inverse association was stronger among participants with MAFLD aged <60 years (P-interaction = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study suggested a nonlinearly inverse association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and all-cause mortality among patients with MAFLD/NAFLD, with a threshold effect at around 50.0 nmol/L of serum 25(OH)D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Juan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Han-Cheng Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yan-Bo Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Geng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yun-Fei Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kun-Quan Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Liang Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hua-Ling Ruan
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Kun Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Dongfeng Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - An Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rahimpour Z, Hoseini R, Behpour N. Alterations of liver enzymes and lipid profile in response to exhaustive eccentric exercise: vitamin D supplementation trial in overweight females with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2022; 22:372. [PMID: 35927637 PMCID: PMC9354270 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-022-02457-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Eccentric exhaustive exercise (EEE) training has been known as a promising training modality to enhance performance and stimulate adaptation in healthy individuals or patients that might also cause abnormal liver enzymes and lipid profiles. Vitamin D (Vit D) supplementation is believed to improve the condition of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) patients. However, there is limited evidence on the effect of Vit D supplementation on the EEE-induced alterations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of short-term supplementation of Vit D on the liver enzymes and lipid profile alterations following EEE in overweight women with NAFLD. Methods In this clinical trial, 22 overweight women with NAFLD were randomly divided into experimental and control (n = 11 in each). The experimental group consumed 2000 IU of Vit D per day for six weeks; the control group consumed a lactose placebo daily with the same color, shape, and warmth percentage. Two treadmill EEE sessions were performed before and after the six-week Vit D supplementation. Blood was taken from the antecubital vein to measure the liver enzymes, lipid profile, and Vit D at four stages: Pre 1(before the first EEE session), Post 1(after the first EEE session), Pre 2 (before the second EEE session), and Post 2 (after the second EEE session). Results The results indicate that Vit D supplementation significantly reduced Bodyweight (BW; P = 0.047), Body Mass Index (BMI; P = 0.044), Body Fat Percentage (BFP; P = 0.001), and Waist Hip Ratio (WHR; P = 0.001) in the experimental group. Additionally, the results showed increased liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and GGT) and lipid profile (TC, TG, and LDL) following EEE. While the HDL levels decreased significantly after EEE. Compared with control, the results of the independent t-test showed significantly lower ALT (P = 0.001; P = 0.001), AST (P = 0.001; P = 0.001), and GGT (P = 0.001; P = 0.001); while significantly higher Vit D (P = 0.001, P = 0.001) in the experimental in both Pre 2 and Post 2; receptively. Also, significantly lower TC (P = 0.001; P = 0.001), TG (P = 0.048; P = 0.001), and LDL (P = 0.001; P = 0.001); while significantly higher HDL (P = 0.001, P = 0.001) were observed in the experimental group compared to the control in both Pre 2 and Post 2; receptively. Conclusions Vit D supplementation reduces the liver enzymes and improves lipid profile alterations following EEE in overweight women with NAFLD. Thus, Vit D supplementation can be considered a functional supplement to improve the EEE-induced alteration. Trial registration: The trial was in the Iranian Clinical Trial Registration Center under the (IRCT20201130049538N1) on 05/07/2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rahimpour
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Rastegar Hoseini
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Nasser Behpour
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aggeletopoulou I, Thomopoulos K, Mouzaki A, Triantos C. Vitamin D–VDR Novel Anti-Inflammatory Molecules—New Insights into Their Effects on Liver Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158465. [PMID: 35955597 PMCID: PMC9369388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is consistent evidence that vitamin D deficiency is strongly associated with liver dysfunction, disease severity, and poor prognosis in patients with liver disease. Vitamin D and its receptor (VDR) contribute to the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The presence of genetic variants of vitamin D- and VDR-associated genes has been associated with liver disease progression. In our recent work, we summarized the progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in vitamin D–VDR signaling and discussed the functional significance of VDR signaling in specific cell populations in liver disease. The current review focuses on the complex interaction between immune and liver cells in the maintenance of liver homeostasis and the development of liver injury, the interplay of vitamin D and VDR in the development and outcome of liver disease, the role of vitamin D- and VDR-associated genetic variants in modulating the occurrence and severity of liver disease, and the therapeutic value of vitamin D supplementation in various liver diseases. The association of the vitamin D–VDR complex with liver dysfunction shows great potential for clinical application and supports its use as a prognostic index and diagnostic tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Aggeletopoulou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; (I.A.); (C.T.)
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Konstantinos Thomopoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; (I.A.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece;
| | - Christos Triantos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Patras, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; (I.A.); (C.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Role and Treatment of Insulin Resistance in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124349. [PMID: 34959901 PMCID: PMC8707041 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and dialysis have higher mortality than those without, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death. As CVD is caused by several mechanisms, insulin resistance plays an important role in CVD. This review summarizes the importance and mechanism of insulin resistance in CKD and discusses the current evidence regarding insulin resistance in patients with CKD and dialysis. Insulin resistance has been reported to influence endothelial dysfunction, plaque formation, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. A recent study also reported an association between insulin resistance and cognitive dysfunction, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, and malignancy. Insulin resistance increases as renal function decrease in patients with CKD and dialysis. Several mechanisms increase insulin resistance in patients with CKD, such as chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, obesity, and mineral bone disorder. There is the possibility that insulin resistance is the potential future target of treatment in patients with CKD.
Collapse
|
8
|
Komolafe O, Buzzetti E, Linden A, Best LM, Madden AM, Roberts D, Chase TJ, Fritche D, Freeman SC, Cooper NJ, Sutton AJ, Milne EJ, Wright K, Pavlov CS, Davidson BR, Tsochatzis E, Gurusamy KS. Nutritional supplementation for nonalcohol-related fatty liver disease: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 7:CD013157. [PMID: 34280304 PMCID: PMC8406904 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013157.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease (NAFLD) varies between 19% and 33% in different populations. NAFLD decreases life expectancy and increases risks of liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and the requirement for liver transplantation. Uncertainty surrounds relative benefits and harms of various nutritional supplements in NAFLD. Currently no nutritional supplement is recommended for people with NAFLD. OBJECTIVES • To assess the benefits and harms of different nutritional supplements for treatment of NAFLD through a network meta-analysis • To generate rankings of different nutritional supplements according to their safety and efficacy SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, Science Citation Index Expanded, Conference Proceedings Citation Index-Science, the World Health Organization International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and trials registers until February 2021 to identify randomised clinical trials in people with NAFLD. SELECTION CRITERIA We included only randomised clinical trials (irrespective of language, blinding, or status) for people with NAFLD, irrespective of method of diagnosis, age and diabetic status of participants, or presence of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We excluded randomised clinical trials in which participants had previously undergone liver transplantation. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We performed a network meta-analysis with OpenBUGS using Bayesian methods whenever possible and calculated differences in treatments using hazard ratios (HRs), odds ratios (ORs), and rate ratios with 95% credible intervals (CrIs) based on an available-case analysis, according to National Institute of Health and Care Excellence Decision Support Unit guidance. MAIN RESULTS We included in the review a total of 202 randomised clinical trials (14,200 participants). Nineteen trials were at low risk of bias. A total of 32 different interventions were compared in these trials. A total of 115 trials (7732 participants) were included in one or more comparisons. The remaining trials did not report any of the outcomes of interest for this review. Follow-up ranged from 1 month to 28 months. The follow-up period in trials that reported clinical outcomes was 2 months to 28 months. During this follow-up period, clinical events related to NAFLD such as mortality, liver cirrhosis, liver decompensation, liver transplantation, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver-related mortality were sparse. We did not calculate effect estimates for mortality because of sparse data (zero events for at least one of the groups in the trial). None of the trials reported that they measured overall health-related quality of life using a validated scale. The evidence is very uncertain about effects of interventions on serious adverse events (number of people or number of events). We are very uncertain about effects on adverse events of most of the supplements that we investigated, as the evidence is of very low certainty. However, people taking PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acid) may be more likely to experience an adverse event than those not receiving an active intervention (network meta-analysis results: OR 4.44, 95% CrI 2.40 to 8.48; low-certainty evidence; 4 trials, 203 participants; direct evidence: OR 4.43, 95% CrI 2.43 to 8.42). People who take other supplements (a category that includes nutritional supplements other than vitamins, fatty acids, phospholipids, and antioxidants) had higher numbers of adverse events than those not receiving an active intervention (network meta-analysis: rate ratio 1.73, 95% CrI 1.26 to 2.41; 6 trials, 291 participants; direct evidence: rate ratio 1.72, 95% CrI 1.25 to 2.40; low-certainty evidence). Data were sparse (zero events in all groups in the trial) for liver transplantation, liver decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma. So, we did not perform formal analysis for these outcomes. The evidence is very uncertain about effects of other antioxidants (antioxidants other than vitamins) compared to no active intervention on liver cirrhosis (HR 1.68, 95% CrI 0.23 to 15.10; 1 trial, 99 participants; very low-certainty evidence). The evidence is very uncertain about effects of interventions in any of the remaining comparisons, or data were sparse (with zero events in at least one of the groups), precluding formal calculations of effect estimates. Data were probably because of the very short follow-up period (2 months to 28 months). It takes follow-up of 8 to 28 years to detect differences in mortality between people with NAFLD and the general population. Therefore, it is unlikely that differences in clinical outcomes are noted in trials providing less than 5 to 10 years of follow-up. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The evidence indicates considerable uncertainty about effects of nutritional supplementation compared to no additional intervention on all clinical outcomes for people with non-alcohol-related fatty liver disease. Accordingly, high-quality randomised comparative clinical trials with adequate follow-up are needed. We propose registry-based randomised clinical trials or cohort multiple randomised clinical trials (study design in which multiple interventions are trialed within large longitudinal cohorts of patients to gain efficiencies and align trials more closely to standard clinical practice) comparing interventions such as vitamin E, prebiotics/probiotics/synbiotics, PUFAs, and no nutritional supplementation. The reason for the choice of interventions is the impact of these interventions on indirect outcomes, which may translate to clinical benefit. Outcomes in such trials should be mortality, health-related quality of life, decompensated liver cirrhosis, liver transplantation, and resource utilisation measures including costs of intervention and decreased healthcare utilisation after minimum follow-up of 8 years (to find meaningful differences in clinically important outcomes).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Buzzetti
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital and the UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Audrey Linden
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lawrence Mj Best
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Angela M Madden
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Danielle Roberts
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Jg Chase
- Department of General Surgery, Homerton University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Suzanne C Freeman
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nicola J Cooper
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Alex J Sutton
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Kathy Wright
- Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group, Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, The Capital Region of Denmark, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Chavdar S Pavlov
- Department of Therapy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Brian R Davidson
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emmanuel Tsochatzis
- Sheila Sherlock Liver Centre, Royal Free Hospital and the UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, London, UK
| | - Kurinchi Selvan Gurusamy
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Therapy, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhai LL, Zhu AK, Tang ZG. Effect of supplementation with calcitriol versus cholecalciferol on insulin resistance in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Several issues of concern. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:4845-4846. [PMID: 34358825 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Zhai
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - A-Kao Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Gang Tang
- Department of General Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pinheiro MM, Pinheiro FMM, Diniz SN, Fabbri A, Infante M. Combination of vitamin D and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (VIDPP-4i) as an immunomodulation therapy for autoimmune diabetes. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107518. [PMID: 33756226 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) represent the most common types of autoimmune diabetes and are characterized by different age of onset, degrees of immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta cells and rates of disease progression towards insulin dependence. Several immunotherapies aimed to counteract autoimmune responses against beta cells and preserve beta-cell function are currently being investigated, particularly in T1D. Preliminary findings suggest a potential role of combination therapy with vitamin D and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors (VIDPP-4i) in preserving beta-cell function in autoimmune diabetes. This manuscript aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the immunomodulatory properties of vitamin D and DPP-4 inhibitors, as well as the rationale for investigation of their combined use as an immunomodulation therapy for autoimmune diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Maia Pinheiro
- UNIVAG, University Center, Dom Orlando Chaves Ave, 2655 - Cristo Rei, Várzea Grande, 78118-000 Mato Grosso, Brazil; Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo - SP, 3305, Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães Ave., Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Moura Maia Pinheiro
- Hospital de Base, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto FAMERP - SP, 5546, Brigadeiro Faria Lima Ave, Vila São Pedro, São José do Rio Preto, 15015-500 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Susana Nogueira Diniz
- Universidade Anhanguera de São Paulo - SP, 3305, Raimundo Pereira de Magalhães Ave., Pirituba, São Paulo, 05145-200 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Diabetes Research Institute Federation (DRIF), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, CTO Andrea Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via San Nemesio 21, 00145 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Infante
- Diabetes Research Institute Federation (DRIF), Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, CTO Andrea Alesini Hospital, ASL Roma 2, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via San Nemesio 21, 00145 Rome, Italy; UniCamillus, Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant'Alessandro, 8, 00131 Rome, Italy; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Via San Nemesio 21, 00145 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|