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Faradina A, Tinkov AA, Skalny AV, Chang JS. Micronutrient (iron, selenium, vitamin D) supplementation and the gut microbiome. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2024; 27:421-427. [PMID: 38836886 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000001046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Deficiencies in micronutrients persist as widespread global challenges, where supplementation remains a crucial therapeutic approach. This review aims to elucidate the intricate relationships between micronutrient supplementation - specifically iron, selenium (Se), and vitamin D (Vit D) - and gut microbiota composition, investigating their collective impact on host health and disease susceptibility. RECENT FINDINGS Maintaining balanced iron levels is essential for gut microbiota equilibrium and host health, as both iron deficiency and excess disrupt gut bacterial balance, affecting colon health. Se supplementation can restore and improve the gut microbial balance, influencing health outcomes not only in the gut but also in areas such as neuroprotection in the brain, testicular health, and metabolic syndrome. Clinical and experimental models demonstrate that Vit D modulates the gut microbiome, enhancing anti-inflammatory effects, supporting metabolic health, and potentially reducing the risk of gut-related behavioral changes and diseases. SUMMARY Findings of this review emphasize that balanced iron levels are essential for maintaining a healthy gut microbiota composition and underscore the beneficial effects of Se and Vit D in modulating the gut microbiome. The interactions between micronutrients and the gut microbiome are complex but may have a broad spectrum of health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Faradina
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Alexey A Tinkov
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow
- Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl
- Institute of Cellular and Intracellular Symbiosis, Russian Academy of Sciences, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Anatoly V Skalny
- Center of Bioelementology and Human Ecology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow
- Laboratory of Ecobiomonitoring and Quality Control, Yaroslavl State University, Yaroslavl
| | - Jung-Su Chang
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital
- Chinese Taipei Society for the Study of Obesity, CTSSO
- TMU Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Xie K, Xiao C, Lin L, Li F, Hu W, Yang Y, Chen D, Miao Z, Sun TY, Yan Y, Zheng JS, Chen YM. Erythrocyte Very Long-Chain Saturated Fatty Acids, Gut Microbiota-Bile Acid Axis, and Incident Coronary Artery Disease in Adults: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Nutr 2024:S0022-3166(24)00456-5. [PMID: 39128547 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research has highlighted inverse associations between concentrations of circulating very long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLCSFAs) and coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the intricate links involving VLCSFAs, gut microbiota, and bile acids remain underexplored. OBJECTIVES This study examined the association of erythrocyte VLCSFAs with CHD incidence, focusing on the mediating role of gut microbiota and fecal bile acids. METHODS This 10-y prospective study included 2383 participants without CHD at baseline. Erythrocyte VLCSFAs [arachidic acid (C20:0), behenic acid (C22:0), and lignoceric acid (C24:0)] were measured using gas chromatography at baseline, and 274 CHD incidents were documented in triennial follow-ups. Gut microbiota in 1744 participants and fecal bile acid metabolites in 945 participants were analyzed using 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequencing and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry at middle-term. RESULTS The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) for CHD incidence in highest compared with lowest quartiles were 0.87 (0.61, 1.25) for C20:0, 0.63 (0.42, 0.96) for C22:0, 0.59 (0.41, 0.85) for C24:0, and 0.57 (0.39, 0.83) for total VLCSFAs. Participants with higher total VLCSFA concentrations exhibited increased abundances of Holdemanella, Coriobacteriales Incertae Sedis spp., Ruminococcaceae UCG-005 and UCG-010, and Lachnospiraceae ND3007 group. These 5 genera generated overlapping differential microbial scores (ODMSs) that accounted for 11.52% of the total VLCSFAs-CHD association (Pmediation = 0.018). Bile acids tauro_α_ and tauro_β_muricholic acid were inversely associated with ODMS and positively associated with incident CHD. Opposite associations were found for glycolithocholic acid and glycodeoxycholic acid. Mediation analyses indicated that glycolithocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, and tauro_α_ and tauro_β_muricholic acid explained 56.40%, 35.19%, and 26.17% of the ODMS-CHD association, respectively (Pmediation = 0.002, 0.008, and 0.020). CONCLUSIONS Elevated erythrocyte VLCSFAs are inversely associated with CHD risk in the Chinese population, with gut microbiota and fecal bile acid profiles potentially mediating this association. The identified microbiota and bile acid metabolites may serve as potential intervention targets in future studies. This trial was registered at www. CLINICALTRIALS gov as NCT03179657.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keliang Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congmei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lishan Lin
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fanqin Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingdi Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Danyu Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zelei Miao
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting-Yu Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ju-Sheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China; School of Medicine, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Yu-Ming Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Ren Y, Huang P, Zhang L, Tang YF, Luo SL, She Z, Peng H, Chen YQ, Luo JW, Duan WX, Liu LJ, Liu LQ. Dual Regulation Mechanism of Obesity: DNA Methylation and Intestinal Flora. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1633. [PMID: 39200098 PMCID: PMC11351752 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12081633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory metabolic disorder, with pathogenesis influenced by genetic and non-genetic factors such as environment and diet. Intestinal microbes and their metabolites play significant roles in the occurrence and development of obesity by regulating energy metabolism, inducing chronic inflammation, and impacting intestinal hormone secretion. Epigenetics, which involves the regulation of host gene expression without changing the nucleotide sequence, provides an exact direction for us to understand how the environment, lifestyle factors, and other risk factors contribute to obesity. DNA methylation, as the most common epigenetic modification, is involved in the pathogenesis of various metabolic diseases. The epigenetic modification of the host is induced or regulated by the intestinal microbiota and their metabolites, linking the dynamic interaction between the microbiota and the host genome. In this review, we examined recent advancements in research, focusing on the involvement of intestinal microbiota and DNA methylation in the etiology and progression of obesity, as well as potential interactions between the two factors, providing novel perspectives and avenues for further elucidating the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ren
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (Y.R.); (P.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.-F.T.); (S.-L.L.); (Z.S.); (H.P.); (Y.-Q.C.); (J.-W.L.); (W.-X.D.); (L.-J.L.)
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Haikou Hospital of the Maternal and Child Health, Haikou 570100, China
- Department of Children’s Healthcare, Hainan Modern Women and Children’s Medical, Haikou 570100, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (Y.R.); (P.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.-F.T.); (S.-L.L.); (Z.S.); (H.P.); (Y.-Q.C.); (J.-W.L.); (W.-X.D.); (L.-J.L.)
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (Y.R.); (P.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.-F.T.); (S.-L.L.); (Z.S.); (H.P.); (Y.-Q.C.); (J.-W.L.); (W.-X.D.); (L.-J.L.)
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yu-Fen Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (Y.R.); (P.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.-F.T.); (S.-L.L.); (Z.S.); (H.P.); (Y.-Q.C.); (J.-W.L.); (W.-X.D.); (L.-J.L.)
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Sen-Lin Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (Y.R.); (P.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.-F.T.); (S.-L.L.); (Z.S.); (H.P.); (Y.-Q.C.); (J.-W.L.); (W.-X.D.); (L.-J.L.)
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Zhou She
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (Y.R.); (P.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.-F.T.); (S.-L.L.); (Z.S.); (H.P.); (Y.-Q.C.); (J.-W.L.); (W.-X.D.); (L.-J.L.)
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Hong Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (Y.R.); (P.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.-F.T.); (S.-L.L.); (Z.S.); (H.P.); (Y.-Q.C.); (J.-W.L.); (W.-X.D.); (L.-J.L.)
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yu-Qiong Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (Y.R.); (P.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.-F.T.); (S.-L.L.); (Z.S.); (H.P.); (Y.-Q.C.); (J.-W.L.); (W.-X.D.); (L.-J.L.)
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Jin-Wen Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (Y.R.); (P.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.-F.T.); (S.-L.L.); (Z.S.); (H.P.); (Y.-Q.C.); (J.-W.L.); (W.-X.D.); (L.-J.L.)
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Wang-Xin Duan
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (Y.R.); (P.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.-F.T.); (S.-L.L.); (Z.S.); (H.P.); (Y.-Q.C.); (J.-W.L.); (W.-X.D.); (L.-J.L.)
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Ling-Juan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (Y.R.); (P.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.-F.T.); (S.-L.L.); (Z.S.); (H.P.); (Y.-Q.C.); (J.-W.L.); (W.-X.D.); (L.-J.L.)
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Li-Qun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (Y.R.); (P.H.); (L.Z.); (Y.-F.T.); (S.-L.L.); (Z.S.); (H.P.); (Y.-Q.C.); (J.-W.L.); (W.-X.D.); (L.-J.L.)
- Children’s Brain Development and Brain Injury Research Office, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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Majait S, Meessen ECE, Davids M, Chahid Y, Olde Damink SW, Schaap FG, Kemper EM, Nieuwdorp M, Soeters MR. Age-Dependent Differences in Postprandial Bile-Acid Metabolism and the Role of the Gut Microbiome. Microorganisms 2024; 12:764. [PMID: 38674708 PMCID: PMC11052118 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ageing changes the impact of nutrition, whereby inflammation has been suggested to play a role in age-related disabilities such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in postprandial bile-acid response and its effect on energy metabolism between young and elderly people. Nine young, healthy men and nine elderly, healthy men underwent a liquid mixed-meal test. Postprandial bile-acid levels, insulin, glucose, GLP-1, C4, FGF19 and lipids were measured. Appetite, body composition, energy expenditure and gut microbiome were also measured. The elderly population showed lower glycine conjugated CDCA and UDCA levels and higher abundances of Ruminiclostridium, Marvinbryantia and Catenibacterium, but lower food intake, decreased fat free mass and increased cholesterol levels. Aging is associated with changes in postprandial bile-acid composition and microbiome, diminished hunger and changes in body composition and lipid levels. Further studies are needed to determine if these changes may contribute to malnutrition and sarcopenia in elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumia Majait
- Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (Y.C.)
| | - Emma C. E. Meessen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Mark Davids
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.D.); (M.N.)
| | - Youssef Chahid
- Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacy, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.M.); (Y.C.)
| | - Steven W. Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.W.O.D.); (F.G.S.)
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank G. Schaap
- Department of Surgery, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (S.W.O.D.); (F.G.S.)
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ellis Marleen Kemper
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (M.D.); (M.N.)
| | - Maarten R. Soeters
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
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Huang L, Li Y, Tang R, Yang P, Zhuo Y, Jiang X, Che L, Lin Y, Xu S, Li J, Fang Z, Zhao X, Li H, Yang M, Feng B, Wu D, Hua L. Bile acids metabolism in the gut-liver axis mediates liver injury during lactation. Life Sci 2024; 338:122380. [PMID: 38142738 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The obesity epidemic, especially in pregnant women, linked to a higher risk of liver diseases. Bile acids (BAs) are known to participate in liver metabolism, but this function during obesogenic reproductive process remains largely uncertain. The study aims to identify whether a high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy negatively disturbs liver metabolism and the potential role of BAs and gut microbiota (GM)in a sow model. MAIN METHODS Reproductive (RP) or non-reproductive (NRP) sows were fed a 15 % HFD containing compound oil. Body condition, blood parameters, and BAs levels/profile during gestation and lactation were monitored. The tissues and colonic GM were collected after euthanasia at the end of lactation. HepG2 hepatocytes were used to test the effects of BAs on liver damage and the mechanism. KEY FINDINGS Reproductive sows fed an HFD (HF-RP) experienced increased weight loss, and elevated plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) during lactation, consistent with exacerbated lipolysis, aggravating the risk of liver damage. HF-RP sows exhibited an enlarged BAs pool size and alterations in composition (higher levels of CDCA and LCA species) along with a drastic change in the GM (increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and declined Lactobacillus abundance). Furthermore, the liver FXR-SHP pathway, BAs synthesis and transport underwent adaptive regulation to sustain the BAs homeostasis and hepatic lipid metabolism. CDCA alleviated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induced by palmitic acid via FXR pathway, in HepG2 cells. SIGNIFICANCE Lactation BAs metabolism signal in gut-liver axis coordinated the risk of liver damage induced by exacerbated lipolysis in obesogenic pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Huang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Yingjie Li
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Rui Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Pu Yang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Yan Lin
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Jian Li
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Xilun Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Hua Li
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- Pet Nutrition and Health Research Center, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Bin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - De Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
| | - Lun Hua
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of the Ministry of Education of China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
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