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Guo Y, Cao F, Li F. Impacts of pancreatic exocrine insufficiency on gut microbiota. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2024; 25:271-279. [PMID: 38584090 PMCID: PMC11009442 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2300070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (PEI) can be induced by various kinds of diseases, including chronic pancreatitis, acute pancreatitis, and post-pancreatectomy. The main pathogenetic mechanism of PEI involves the decline of trypsin synthesis, disorder of pancreatic fluid flow, and imbalance of secretion feedback. Animal studies have shown that PEI could induce gut bacterial overgrowth and dysbiosis, with the abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium increasing the most, which could be partially reversed by pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. Clinical studies have also confirmed the association between PEI and the dysbiosis of gut microbiota. Pancreatic exocrine secretions and changes in duodenal pH as well as bile salt malabsorption brought about by PEI may affect and shape the abundance and composition of gut microbiota. In turn, the gut microbiota may impact the pancreatic exocrine acinus through potential bidirectional crosstalk. Going forward, more and higher-quality studies are needed that focus on the mechanism underlying the impact of PEI on the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Acute Pancreatitis Clinical Center of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Feng Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
- Acute Pancreatitis Clinical Center of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
- Acute Pancreatitis Clinical Center of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China.
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2
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Hu H, Sun W, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Kuang T, Qu D, Lian S, Hu S, Cheng M, Xu Y, Liu S, Qian Y, Lu Y, He L, Cheng Y, Si H. Carboxymethylated Abrus cantoniensis polysaccharide prevents CTX-induced immunosuppression and intestinal damage by regulating intestinal flora and butyric acid content. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129590. [PMID: 38266859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
As a Chinese folk health product, Abrus cantoniensis exhibits good immunomodulatory activity because of its polysaccharide components (ACP), and carboxymethylation of polysaccharides can often further improve the biological activity of polysaccharides. In this study, we explored the impact of prophylactic administration of carboxymethylated Abrus cantoniensis polysaccharide (CM-ACP) on immunosuppression and intestinal damage induced by cyclophosphamide (CTX) in mice. Our findings demonstrated that CM-ACP exhibited a more potent immunomodulatory activity compared to ACP. Additionally, CM-ACP effectively enhanced the abundance of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria in immunosuppressed mice and regulated the gene expression of STAT6 and STAT3 mediated pathway signals. In order to further explore the relationship among polysaccharides, intestinal immunity and intestinal flora, we performed a pseudo-sterile mouse validation experiment and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiment. The findings suggest that CM-FMT and butyrate attenuate CTX-induced immunosuppression and intestinal injury. CM-FMT and butyrate show superior immunomodulatory ability, and may effectively regulate intestinal cell metabolism and repair the damaged intestine by activating STAT6 and STAT3-mediated pathways. These findings offer new insights into the mechanisms by which CM-ACP functions as functional food or drug, facilitating immune response regulation and maintaining intestinal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Biology & Pharmacy, Yulin Normal University, No. 1303 Jiaoyu East Road, Yulin, 537000, Guangxi, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Tiantian Kuang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Dongshuai Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shuaitao Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Ming Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yanping Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Song Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yajing Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yujie Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Lingzhi He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yumeng Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Hongbin Si
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding, Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning 530004, China.
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Li F, Zhang F, Wan X, Wu K, Liu Q, Qiu C, Yin H, Lyu J. Infections in Acute Pancreatitis: Organisms, Resistance-Patterns and Effect on Mortality. Dig Dis Sci 2023; 68:630-643. [PMID: 36562889 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-022-07793-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common gastrointestinal disease in which infection is a serious complication. Understanding its bacterial spectrum and antibiotic resistance is of great significance for treatment. OBJECTIVE This retrospective study analyzed the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care database with the aim of identifying the distribution characteristics of pathogenic bacteria in AP patients. METHODS First, 2089 AP patients were classified and analyzed statistically according to culture results. Second, the bacterial profile, antibiotic resistance, and antibiotic-use data of positive culture group were analyzed. Third, logistic regression analysis was used to identify the rick factors of culture results, and culture results correlations with mortality. RESULTS This study included 1486 patients in negative culture group, 603 patients in positive cultures. Enterococcus spp. (71%), Enterococcus faecium (61%), and Staphylococcus aureus coagulase-positive (54%) exhibited the highest proportions of drug resistance. Logistic regression revealed five factors related to positive culture (the number of antibiotics, length of stay in hospital, length of stay in intensive care unit, mechanical ventilation, and parenteral nutrition) and four factors related to distribution of multidrug-resistant bacterial infection (age, hemoglobin, length of stay in hospital, and duration on antibiotics). CONCLUSIONS This study found that enteric bacteria were the most common source of infection (26.7%). Carbapenems, penicillins containing enzyme inhibitors, fifth-generation cephalosporins, oxazolidinones, and some of the aminoglycoside antibiotics had high sensitivity, which can guide the use of clinical empiric antibiotics. Positive culture was an independent risk factor for in-hospital all-cause mortality of AP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Wan
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Kesong Wu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Chuiyan Qiu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Yin
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jun Lyu
- Department of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Rampanelli E, Nieuwdorp M. Gut microbiome in type 1 diabetes: the immunological perspective. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:93-109. [PMID: 36401835 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2150612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a prevalent, and yet uncurable, autoimmune disease targeting insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells. Despite a known genetic component in T1D onset, genetics alone cannot explain the alarming worldwide rise in T1D incidence, which is attributed to a growing impact of environmental factors, including perturbations of the gut microbiome. AREAS COVERED Intestinal commensal bacteria plays a crucial role in host physiology in health and disease by regulating endocrine and immune functions. An aberrant gut microbiome structure and metabolic function have been documented prior and during T1D onset. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current studies depicting the taxonomic profile and role of the gut microbial communities in murine models of T1D, diabetic patients and human interventional trials. EXPERT OPINION Compelling evidence have shown that the intestinal microbiota is instrumental in driving differentiation and functions of immune cells. Therefore, any alterations in the intestinal microbiome composition or microbial metabolite production, particularly early in life, may impact disease susceptibility and amplify inflammatory responses and hence accelerate the course of T1D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Rampanelli
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity (AII), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM) Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS) Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology and Metabolism (AGEM) Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS) Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Feng J, Xie Z, Hu H. Ion channel regulation of gut immunity. J Gen Physiol 2022; 155:213734. [PMID: 36459135 PMCID: PMC9723512 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.202113042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence indicates that gastrointestinal (GI) homeostasis hinges on communications among many cellular networks including the intestinal epithelium, the immune system, and both intrinsic and extrinsic nerves innervating the gut. The GI tract, especially the colon, is the home base for gut microbiome which dynamically regulates immune function. The gut's immune system also provides an effective defense against harmful pathogens entering the GI tract while maintaining immune homeostasis to avoid exaggerated immune reaction to innocuous food and commensal antigens which are important causes of inflammatory disorders such as coeliac disease and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Various ion channels have been detected in multiple cell types throughout the GI tract. By regulating membrane properties and intracellular biochemical signaling, ion channels play a critical role in synchronized signaling among diverse cellular components in the gut that orchestrates the GI immune response. This work focuses on the role of ion channels in immune cells, non-immune resident cells, and neuroimmune interactions in the gut at the steady state and pathological conditions. Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of ion channel signaling in these immune-related pathways and initial testing of pharmacological intervention will facilitate the development of ion channel-based therapeutic approaches for the treatment of intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Feng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO,Center for Neurological and Psychiatric Research and Drug Discovery, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China,Correspondence to Jing Feng:
| | - Zili Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Hongzhen Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Center for the Study of Itch and Sensory Disorders, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO,Hongzhen Hu:
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Pandya G, Kirtonia A, Singh A, Goel A, Mohan CD, Rangappa KS, Pandey AK, Kapoor S, Tandon S, Sethi G, Garg M. A comprehensive review of the multifaceted role of the microbiota in human pancreatic carcinoma. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:682-692. [PMID: 34051351 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic carcinoma is associated with one of the worst clinical outcomes throughout the globe because of its aggressive, metastatic, and drug-resistant nature. During the past decade, several studies have shown that oral, gut, and tumor microbiota play a critical role in the modulation of metabolism and immune responses. Growing pieces of evidence have proved beyond a doubt that the microbiota has a unique ability to influence the tumor microenvironment as well as the metabolism of chemotherapeutic agents or drugs. Given this, microbiota, known as the ecological community of microorganisms, stands to be an avenue of quality research. In this review, we provide detailed and critical information on the role of oral, gut, and pancreatic microbiota disruptions in the development of pancreatic carcinoma. Moreover, we comprehensively discuss the different types of microbiota, their potential role, and mechanism associated with pancreatic carcinoma. The microbiome provides the unique opportunity to enhance the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents and immunotherapies for pancreatic cancer by maintaining the right type of microbiota and holds a promising future to enhance the clinical outcomes of patients with pancreatic carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gouri Pandya
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Anuradha Kirtonia
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Aishwarya Singh
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Arul Goel
- La Canada High School, La Canada Flintridge, CA 91011, USA
| | | | | | - Amit Kumar Pandey
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Haryana, Manesar, Haryana 122413, India
| | - Sonia Kapoor
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Simran Tandon
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore.
| | - Manoj Garg
- Amity Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research (AIMMSCR), Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, Noida, 201313, India.
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7
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Adhesion of enteropathogenic, enterotoxigenic and commensal Escherichia coli to the Major Zymogen Granule Membrane Glycoprotein 2. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0227921. [PMID: 35020452 PMCID: PMC8904060 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02279-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria, such as enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), cause diarrhea in mammals. In particular, E. coli colonizes and infects the gastrointestinal tract via type 1 fimbriae (T1F). Here, the major zymogen granule membrane glycoprotein 2 (GP2) acts as a host cell receptor. GP2 is also secreted by the pancreas and various mucous glands, interacting with luminal type 1 fimbriae-positive E. coli. It is unknown whether GP2 isoforms demonstrate specific E. coli pathotype binding. In this study, we investigated interactions of human, porcine, and bovine EPEC and ETEC, as well as commensal E. coli isolates with human, porcine, and bovine GP2. We first defined pathotype- and host-associated FimH variants. Second, we could prove that GP2 isoforms bound to FimH variants to various degrees. However, the GP2-FimH interactions did not seem to be influenced by the host specificity of E. coli. In contrast, soluble GP2 affected ETEC infection and phagocytosis rates of macrophages. Preincubation of the ETEC pathotype with GP2 reduced the infection of cell lines. Furthermore, preincubation of E. coli with GP2 improved the phagocytosis rate of macrophages. Our findings suggest that GP2 plays a role in the defense against E. coli infection and in the corresponding host immune response. IMPORTANCE Infection by pathogenic bacteria, such as certain Escherichia coli pathotypes, results in diarrhea in mammals. Pathogens, including zoonotic agents, can infect different hosts or show host specificity. There are Escherichia coli strains which are frequently transmitted between humans and animals, whereas other Escherichia coli strains tend to colonize only one host. This host specificity is still not fully understood. We show that glycoprotein 2 is a selective receptor for particular Escherichia coli strains or variants of the adhesin FimH but not a selector for a species-specific Escherichia coli group. We demonstrate that GP2 is involved in the regulation of colonization and infection and thus represents a molecule of interest for the prevention or treatment of disease.
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8
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Huang X, Li M, Hou S, Tian B. Role of the microbiome in systemic therapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 59:101. [PMID: 34738624 PMCID: PMC8577795 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of evidence has revealed that the microbiome serves a role in all aspects of cancer, particularly cancer treatment. To date, studies investigating the relationship between the microbiome and systemic therapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) are lacking. PDAC is a high‑mortality malignancy (5‑year survival rate; <9% for all stages). Systemic therapy is one of the most important treatment choices for all patients; however, resistance or toxicity can affect its efficacy. Studies have supported the hypothesis that the microbiome is closely associated with the response to systemic therapy in PDAC, including the induction of drug resistance, or toxicity and therapy‑related changes in microbiota composition. The present review comprehensively summarized the role of the microbiome in systemic therapy for PDAC and the associated molecular mechanisms in an attempt to provide a novel direction for the improvement of treatment response and proposed potential directions for in‑depth research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shengzhong Hou
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Bole Tian
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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9
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Patel BK, Patel KH, Bhatia M, Iyer SG, Madhavan K, Moochhala SM. Gut microbiome in acute pancreatitis: A review based on current literature. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:5019-5036. [PMID: 34497432 PMCID: PMC8384740 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i30.5019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiome is a complex microbial community, recognized for its potential role in physiology, health, and disease. The available evidence supports the role of gut dysbiosis in pancreatic disorders, including acute pancreatitis (AP). In AP, the presence of gut barrier damage resulting in increased mucosal permeability may lead to translocation of intestinal bacteria, necrosis of pancreatic and peripancreatic tissue, and infection, often accompanied by multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Preserving gut microbial homeostasis may reduce the systemic effects of AP. A growing body of evidence suggests the possible involvement of the gut microbiome in various pancreatic diseases, including AP. This review discusses the possible role of the gut microbiome in AP. It highlights AP treatment and supplementation with prebiotics, synbiotics, and probiotics to maintain gastrointestinal microbial balance and effectively reduce hospitalization, morbidity and mortality in an early phase. It also addresses novel therapeutic areas in the gut microbiome, personalized treatment, and provides a roadmap of human microbial contributions to AP that have potential clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharati Kadamb Patel
- Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Kadamb H Patel
- School of Applied Sciences, Temasek Polytechnic, Singapore 529757, Singapore
| | - Madhav Bhatia
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Shridhar Ganpati Iyer
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Krishnakumar Madhavan
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Shabbir M Moochhala
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Microorganisms can help maintain homeostasis in humans by providing nutrition, maintaining hormone balance, and regulating inflammatory responses. In the case of imbalances, these microbes can cause various diseases, even malignancy. Pancreatic cancer (PC) is characterized by high tumor invasiveness, distant metastasis, and insensitivity to traditional chemotherapeutic drugs, and it is confirmed that PC is closely related to microorganisms. Recently, most studies based on clinical samples or case reports discussed the positive or negative relationships between microorganisms and PC. However, the specific mechanisms are blurry, especially the involved immunological pathways, and the roles of beneficial flora have usually been ignored. We reviewed studies published through September 2020 as identified using PubMed, MEDLINE, and Web of Science. We mainly introduced the traits of oral, gastrointestinal, and intratumoral microbes in PC and summarized the roles of these microbes in tumorigenesis and tumoral development through immunological pathways, in addition to illustrating the relationships between metabolic diseases with PC by microorganism. In addition, we identified microorganisms as biomarkers for early diagnosis and immunotherapy. This review will be significant for greater understanding the effect of microorganisms in PC and provide more meaningful guidance for future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- From the Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Chunlei Mei
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xixi Li
- From the Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun
| | - Yingjun Xie
- From the Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun
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11
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Cristelo C, Machado A, Sarmento B, Gama FM. The roles of vitamin D and cathelicidin in type 1 diabetes susceptibility. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:R1-R12. [PMID: 33263562 PMCID: PMC7923048 DOI: 10.1530/ec-20-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes has an increasingly greater incidence and prevalence with no cure available. Vitamin D supplementation is well documented to reduce the risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Being involved in the modulation of cathelicidin expression, the question whether cathelicidin may be one of the underlying cause arises. Cathelicidin has been implicated in both the development and the protection against type 1 diabetes by mediating the interplay between the gut microbiome, the immune system and β cell function. While its potential on type 1 diabetes treatment seems high, the understanding of its effects is still limited. This review aims to contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the potential of vitamin D and cathelicidin as adjuvants in type 1 diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília Cristelo
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CEB – Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Machado
- CEB – Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- i3S – Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal
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12
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Li XY, He C, Zhu Y, Lu NH. Role of gut microbiota on intestinal barrier function in acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:2187-2193. [PMID: 32476785 PMCID: PMC7235204 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i18.2187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common gastrointestinal disorder. Approximately 15%-20% of patients develop severe AP. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome may be caused by the massive release of inflammatory cytokines in the early stage of severe AP, followed by intestinal dysfunction and pancreatic necrosis in the later stage. A study showed that 59% of AP patients had associated intestinal barrier injury, with increased intestinal mucosal permeability, leading to intestinal bacterial translocation, pancreatic tissue necrosis and infection, and the occurrence of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. However, the real effect of the gut microbiota and its metabolites on intestinal barrier function in AP remains unclear. This review summarizes the alterations in the intestinal flora and its metabolites during AP development and progression to unveil the mechanism of gut failure in AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Cong He
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Nong-Hua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi Province, China
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13
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Zhao Z, Liu W. Pancreatic Cancer: A Review of Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033820962117. [PMID: 33357065 PMCID: PMC7768873 DOI: 10.1177/1533033820962117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review aims to summarize the latest knowledge on factors, diagnosis, and treatment of pancreatic cancer, and aims to promote further research on this under-studied malignant tumor. At present, we urgently need to identify high-risk patients with precancerous diseases through screening approaches, so that medical professionals and the general public may better understand prevention strategies or early detection measures. Pancreatic cancer is a highly invasive malignant tumor with a fatal risk, mainly seen in men and older adults (60-85 years old). Pancreatic cancer is now increasingly observed in young patients. Because the disease has no early symptoms and can quickly invade surrounding tissues and organs, it is one of the deadliest cancers. With a view to identify the important factors for the development of pancreatic cancer, previous studies have found that smoking, alcohol, and chronic pancreatitis are considered high-risk factors. Recent studies have shown that abnormal metabolism of human microorganisms, blood type, and glucose and lipid levels are also important factors in the development of pancreatic cancer. Identifying early diagnosis options is an important way to improve detection and survival rates of pancreatic cancer. None of the many tumor markers associated with pancreatic cancer are highly specific, which also indicates further research is required to improve the early detection rate. Future directions in terms of treatment evaluating the relationship between the microbiology-free system and immunotherapy will bring a major breakthrough and is expected to bring exciting clinical applications in improving the life-cycle of pancreatic cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiYu Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- Wei Liu, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Adolph TE, Mayr L, Grabherr F, Schwärzler J, Tilg H. Pancreas–Microbiota Cross Talk in Health and Disease. Annu Rev Nutr 2019; 39:249-266. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pancreas controls metabolism through endocrine and exocrine functions. Pancreatic diseases comprise a spectrum of mild to life-threatening conditions, including acute and chronic pancreatitis, diabetes, and pancreatic cancer, which affect endocrine and exocrine pancreatic function and impose a substantial disease burden on individuals. Increasing experimental evidence demonstrates that the intestinal microbiota has an important impact on pancreatic function and diseases. This influence may be conferred by bacterial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids, or the modulation of immune responses. In turn, pancreatic factors, such as the excretion of antimicrobials, might have a substantial impact on the composition and functional properties of the gut microbiota. Here, we summarize experimental and clinical approaches used to untie the intricate pancreas–microbiota cross talk. Future advances will allow clinicians to manipulate the intestinal microbiota and guide patient management in pancreatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timon E. Adolph
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Lisa Mayr
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Felix Grabherr
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Julian Schwärzler
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology and Metabolism), Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
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15
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The microbiota and microbiome in pancreatic cancer: more influential than expected. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:97. [PMID: 31109338 PMCID: PMC6526613 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1008-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota is just beginning to be recognized as an important player in carcinogenesis and the interplay among microbes is greater than expected. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal disease for which mortality closely parallels incidence. Early detection would provide the best opportunity to increase survival rates. Specific well-studied oral, gastrointestinal, and intrapancreatic microbes and some kinds of hepatotropic viruses and bactibilia may have potential etiological roles in pancreatic carcinogenesis, or modulating individual responses to oncotherapy. Concrete mechanisms mainly involve perpetuating inflammation, regulating the immune system-microbe-tumor axis, affecting metabolism, and altering the tumor microenvironment. The revolutionary technology of omics has generated insight into cancer microbiomes. A better understanding of the microbiota in PDAC might lead to the establishment of screening or early-stage diagnosis methods, implementation of cancer bacteriotherapy, adjustment of therapeutic efficacy even alleviating the adverse effects, creating new opportunities and fostering hope for desperate PDAC patients.
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Miani M, Le Naour J, Waeckel-Enée E, Verma SC, Straube M, Emond P, Ryffel B, van Endert P, Sokol H, Diana J. Gut Microbiota-Stimulated Innate Lymphoid Cells Support β-Defensin 14 Expression in Pancreatic Endocrine Cells, Preventing Autoimmune Diabetes. Cell Metab 2018; 28:557-572.e6. [PMID: 30017352 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is essential for the normal function of the gut immune system, and microbiota alterations are associated with autoimmune disorders. However, how the gut microbiota prevents autoimmunity in distant organs remains poorly defined. Here we reveal that gut microbiota conditioned innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) induce the expression of mouse β-defensin 14 (mBD14) by pancreatic endocrine cells, preventing autoimmune diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. MBD14 stimulates, via Toll-like receptor 2, interleukin-4 (IL-4)-secreting B cells that induce regulatory macrophages, which in turn induce protective regulatory T cells. The gut microbiota-derived molecules, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands and butyrate, promote IL-22 secretion by pancreatic ILCs, which induce expression of mBD14 by endocrine cells. Dysbiotic microbiota and low-affinity AHR allele explain the defective pancreatic expression of mBD14 observed in NOD mice. Our study reveals a yet unidentified crosstalk between ILCs and endocrine cells in the pancreas that is essential for the prevention of autoimmune diabetes development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Miani
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Julie Le Naour
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Waeckel-Enée
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Subash Chand Verma
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Marjolène Straube
- Sorbonne Universités, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris (APHP) Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), Paris, France
| | - Patrick Emond
- UMR 1253, iBrain, Université de Tours, INSERM, Tours, France; CHRU de Tours, Service de Médecine Nucléaire In Vitro, Tours, France
| | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355 CNRS-University of Orleans, 3B, Orleans, France; IDM, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Peter van Endert
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Sorbonne Universités, École Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris (APHP) Laboratoire des Biomolécules (LBM), Paris, France; Micalis Institute, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France; Department of Gastroenterology, Saint Antoine Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Julien Diana
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.
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Abstract
The intracellular Ca2+ channel Orai1 in pancreatic acinar cells helps to suppress inflammation-associated bacterial strains in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wong
- Science Signaling, AAAS, Washington, DC 20005, USA
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