1
|
Functional in-vitro evaluation of the non-specific effects of BCG vaccination in a randomised controlled clinical study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7808. [PMID: 35552463 PMCID: PMC9096342 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11748-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only currently licenced tuberculosis vaccine, may exert beneficial non-specific effects (NSE) in reducing infant mortality. We conducted a randomised controlled clinical study in healthy UK adults to evaluate potential NSE using functional in-vitro growth inhibition assays (GIAs) as a surrogate of protection from four bacteria implicated in infant mortality. Volunteers were randomised to receive BCG intradermally (n = 27) or to be unvaccinated (n = 8) and were followed up for 84 days; laboratory staff were blinded until completion of the final visit. Using GIAs based on peripheral blood mononuclear cells, we observed a significant reduction in the growth of the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia following BCG vaccination, but no effect for the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae. There was a modest association between S. aureus nasal carriage and growth of S. aureus in the GIA. Our findings support a causal link between BCG vaccination and improved ability to control growth of heterologous bacteria. Unbiased assays such as GIAs are potentially useful tools for the assessment of non-specific as well as specific effects of TB vaccines. This study was funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02380508, 05/03/2015; completed).
Collapse
|
2
|
MRSA Colonization in Workers from Different Occupational Environments—A One Health Approach Perspective. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13050658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infections are currently associated with extremely high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. The global escalation in the development of antibiotic-resistant human pathogens and S. aureus ability in developing new clones with the capacity to invade community settings, leads to an urgent need to develop accurate and efficient assessments of S. aureus colonization in occupational settings, particularly those with increased risk of human and animal colonization and food contamination. Here we present cross-sectional studies with the aim to assemble crucial information regarding MRSA prevalence in workers from five different Portuguese occupational environments (bakeries, swineries (humans and animals), ambulance crews, veterinary clinics and healthcare facilities). Our data demonstrated high prevalence of S. aureus asymptomatic carriers among bakery workers (40%; 75% MSSA and 25% MRSA), swinery workers (54%; 8% MSSA and 46% MRSA), firefighters (48.5%; 24% MSSA and 21% MRSA) and healthcare workers (Study 1: 42.2%; 18.4% MSSA and 23.7% MRSA, Study 2: 43.3% MRSA). S. aureus prevalence in veterinary staff was 7.1% (MSSA), lower than the results obtained in control groups (33.3% S. aureus; MRSA 4% to 10%). The present study sustains the urge to develop accurate and efficient assessment of S. aureus human and animal colonization, particularly in high risk occupational settings, with proper guidelines and validated procedures in order to avoid potential hazardous health outcomes associated with bioaerosol exposure and associated infectious diseases.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zeferino AS, Mira AR, Delgadinho M, Brito M, Ponte T, Ribeiro E. Drug Resistance and Epigenetic Modulatory Potential of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Against Staphylococcus aureus. Curr Microbiol 2022; 79:149. [PMID: 35397072 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-022-02841-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance of human pathogens, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, is described by the World Health Organization as a health global challenge and efforts must be made for the discovery of new effective and safe compounds. This work aims to evaluate epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) epigenetic and modulatory drug potential against S. aureus in vitro and in vivo. S. aureus strains were isolated from commensal flora of healthy volunteers. Antibiotic susceptibility and synergistic assay were assessed through disk diffusion accordingly to EUCAST guidelines with and without co-exposure to EGCG at final concentrations of 250 µg/ml, 100 µg/ml, 50 µg/ml, and 25 µg/ml. Transcriptional expression of orfx, spdC, and WalKR was performed through qRT-PCR. A 90-day interventional study was performed with daily consumption of 225 mg of EGCG. Obtained data revealed a high prevalence of S. aureus colonization in healthcare workers and clearly demonstrated the antimicrobial and synergistic potential of EGCG as well as divergent resistant phenotypes associated with altered transcriptional expression of epigenetic and drug response modulators genes. Here, we demonstrate the potential of EGCG for antimicrobial treatment and/or therapeutic adjuvant against antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and report divergent patterns of epigenetic modulators expression associated with phenotypic resistance profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Zeferino
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central; Hospital Curry Cabral, Rua Beneficência, 8, 1050-099, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Mira
- H&TRC- Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096, Lisbon, Portugal.,Hospital do Espírito Santo de Évora, E.P.E., Évora, Portugal
| | - Mariana Delgadinho
- H&TRC- Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Brito
- H&TRC- Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tomás Ponte
- H&TRC- Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096, Lisbon, Portugal.,Escola Superior de Saúde - Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Edna Ribeiro
- H&TRC- Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096, Lisbon, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Meng L, Pourali S, Hitchcock MM, Ha DR, Mui E, Alegria W, Fox E, Diep C, Swayngim R, Chang A, Banaei N, Deresinski S, Holubar M. Discontinuation Patterns and Cost Avoidance of a Pharmacist-Driven Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing Protocol for De-escalation of Empiric Vancomycin for Suspected Pneumonia. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab099. [PMID: 34386545 PMCID: PMC8355456 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A pharmacist-driven methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based testing protocol with a 70% acceptance rate for vancomycin discontinuation within 24 hours of negative results significantly reduced unnecessary vancomycin use with an estimated cost avoidance of $40 per vancomycin course. We found high concordance (141 of 147, 96%) of culture-based versus PCR-based MRSA nasal screening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Meng
- Department of Quality, Patient Safety and Effectiveness, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Antimicrobial Safety and Sustainability Program, Stanford, California, USA
| | - S Pourali
- Department of Pharmacy, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA
| | - M M Hitchcock
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - D R Ha
- Department of Quality, Patient Safety and Effectiveness, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Antimicrobial Safety and Sustainability Program, Stanford, California, USA
| | - E Mui
- Department of Quality, Patient Safety and Effectiveness, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Antimicrobial Safety and Sustainability Program, Stanford, California, USA
| | - W Alegria
- Department of Quality, Patient Safety and Effectiveness, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Antimicrobial Safety and Sustainability Program, Stanford, California, USA
| | - E Fox
- Department of Pharmacy, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA
| | - C Diep
- Department of Pharmacy, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA
| | - R Swayngim
- Department of Pharmacy, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA
| | - A Chang
- Department of Quality, Patient Safety and Effectiveness, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Antimicrobial Safety and Sustainability Program, Stanford, California, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - N Banaei
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - S Deresinski
- Department of Quality, Patient Safety and Effectiveness, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Antimicrobial Safety and Sustainability Program, Stanford, California, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - M Holubar
- Department of Quality, Patient Safety and Effectiveness, Stanford Health Care, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Antimicrobial Safety and Sustainability Program, Stanford, California, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Islam MZ, Johannesen TB, Lilje B, Urth TR, Larsen AR, Angen Ø, Larsen J. Investigation of the human nasal microbiome in persons with long- and short-term exposure to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and other bacteria from the pig farm environment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232456. [PMID: 32353071 PMCID: PMC7192431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in the early 2000s, livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 398 (LA-MRSA CC398) has led to an increasing number of human infections in Denmark and other European countries with industrial pig production. LA-MRSA CC398 is primarily associated with skin infections among pig farm workers but is also increasingly recognized as a cause of life-threatening disease among elderly and immunocompromised people. Pig farm workers may serve as vehicles for the spread of LA-MRSA CC398 and other farm-origin bacteria between farms and into the general population. Yet, little is known about the bacterial community dynamics in pig farm workers and other persons with long- and short-term exposure to the pig farm environment. To gain insight into this, we investigated the nasal microbiomes in pig farm workers during a workweek on four LA-MRSA CC398-positive pig farms, as well as in short-term visitors two hours before, immediately after, and 48 hours after a 1-hour visit to another LA-MRSA CC398-positive pig farm. S. aureus and LA-MRSA CC398 carriage was quantified by means of culture, and the composition of the bacterial communities was investigated through sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. Pig farm workers often carried LA-MRSA CC398 and other bacteria from the pig farm environment, both at work and at home, although at lower levels at home. In contrast, short-term visitors were subject to a less dramatic and rapidly reversible change in the nasal bacterial community composition. These results suggest that pig farm workers may be an important source of LA-MRSA CC398 and perhaps other pathogens of human and veterinary relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Md Zohorul Islam
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Thor Bech Johannesen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Berit Lilje
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tinna Ravnholt Urth
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Rhod Larsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Øystein Angen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Larsen
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites, and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Muzy Dias AP, Guimarães LC, V Petrucci LBD, Z Pinheiro JA, Pinheiro MG, Silva FRE, Póvoa HCC, Aguiar-Alves F. Prevalence of oxacillin-susceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and their clonal diversity among patients attending public health-care facilities. Indian J Med Microbiol 2020; 38:192-199. [PMID: 32883933 DOI: 10.4103/ijmm.ijmm_20_157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Context Nosocomial infections arise from many microorganisms, including Staphylococcus aureus. Aims The aim of this study is to determine the molecular epidemiology of circulating methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) clones among patients attending community and health-care facilities in Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil. Methods A total of 1002 nasal swab samples were collected from May 2010 to September 2015. S. aureus isolates were identified through phenotypic tests, submitted to antimicrobial susceptibility tests and genotypic analysis to detect mecA, panton-valentine leucocidin (PVL) genes, SCCmec, SPA and multilocus sequencing typing (MLST) typing. Results We identified 294 (29.3%) isolates as S. aureus and 91 (9.1%) as MRSA. A total of 17 isolates did not present a correlation between phenotypic and genotypic resistance profiles. Among MRSA isolates, 17 (18.7%) carried PVL genes. A total of 20 different SPA types were determined, being grouped by MLST into eight different sequence types. ST5/t002 was the most prevalent genotype found among these isolates. Conclusions There is a gradual colonisation shift happening in the infection pattern by S. aureus in Brazil. The Brazilian Epidemic Clone (ST239-SCCmec IIIa-PVL-) seems to be substituted by isolates from different clonal complexes, such as ST5, ST8 and ST30. The non-correlation between phenotypic/genotypic resistance profile observed in some isolates suggests the presence of other methicillin resistance mechanisms different from mecA presence or a difference in the nucleotide sequence, which prevents the primers to identify the specific region during polymerase chain reaction reactions. MRSA identification should be based on phenotypic and genotypic testing to ensure the various types of resistance mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Pecanha Muzy Dias
- Department of Basic Science, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo; Department of Pharmacy, University Laboratory Rodolpho Albino, Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory; Program of Pathology and Program of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ-, Brazil
| | - Lorrayne Cardoso Guimarães
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Nosocomial Laboratory, Paulo de Goés Microbiology Institute, Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Livia B D V Petrucci
- Department of Basic Science, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, RJ-, Brazil
| | - Jéssica A Z Pinheiro
- Department of Basic Science, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, RJ-, Brazil
| | - Marcos Gabriel Pinheiro
- Department of Pharmacy, University Laboratory Rodolpho Albino, Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Fluminense Federal University; Program of Pathology and Program of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ-, Brazil
| | | | - Helvécio C C Póvoa
- Department of Basic Science, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo, RJ-, Brazil
| | - Fábio Aguiar-Alves
- Department of Basic Science, Fluminense Federal University, Nova Friburgo; Department of Pharmacy, University Laboratory Rodolpho Albino, Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory; Program of Pathology and Program of Microbiology and Parasitology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ-, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Melnikov VG, Villena J, Kombarova SY. [The problem of decolonization of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers from the microbiologist's point of view (review of literature).]. Klin Lab Diagn 2019; 64:693-699. [PMID: 31747501 DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2019-64-11-693-699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus asymptomatically persists on the nasal mucosa, and also causes serious diseases in carriers (endogenous infection) and in patients in a hospital (nosocomial infection). Decolonization of nasal carriers of S. aureus is an important measure aimed at reducing the incidence of staphylococcal infections. Carriage is a form of nasal dysbiosis, therefore, the effectiveness of antibiotics for the decolonization of carriers, by definition, is low. The review discusses the prospects of using probiotics to restore the nasal microbiota. The commercial production of nasal probiotics has not yet been established, but developments in this direction are being carried out in different countries. The experimental substantiation of the possibility of using corynebacteria and other representatives of the nasal microbiota for the decolonization of staphylococcal carriers is presented, as well as the authors' ideas on how to improve the methods of microbial therapy. In particular, it was proposed to use biofilm probiotics, autoprobiotics, and autovaccines for this purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V G Melnikov
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology of Rospotrebnadzor, 125212, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - J Villena
- Immunobiotics Research Group, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), 980-0845, Tucuman, Argentina
| | - S Y Kombarova
- G.N. Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology of Rospotrebnadzor, 125212, Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Akhtar Danesh L, Saiedi Nejad Z, Sarmadian H, Fooladvand S, van Belkum A, Ghaznavi-Rad E. Elimination of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage in intensive care patients lowers infection rates. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 39:333-338. [PMID: 31720943 PMCID: PMC7224068 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This study surveys the clinical relevance of the nasal Staphylococcus aureus colonization status on intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired S. aureus infections and compares molecular characteristics of isolates from the nose and infectious sites. The 390 patients included comprised 278 non-carriers and 112 carriers. Among the carriers, 56 were decolonized with mupirocin. Decolonization was verified through a second (negative) culture. Spa typing and virulence gene profiling were performed for all isolates. Twenty six S. aureus infections were detected in the carriage group and 20 in the non-carriage group. Eighteen of these 26 (69.2%) infections were among carriers, and 8 of these 26 (30.8%) infections occurred among decolonized carriers (p = 0.02). Overall, 31/112 (27.7%) of the colonized patients and 25/46 (60.1%) of infection were due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). The highest frequency virulence genes were sea and hlg (both 100%) in nasal isolates and sea, hlg, fnb, and clf (100%) for infectious isolates. t030 was the most abundant spa type overall. S. aureus carriers were more likely to develop S. aureus infection compared with decolonized and non-carrying patients. The sources of ICU S. aureus infection appear to be exogenous mostly, and a predominant clone (spa type 030) plays an important role. We confirm that nasal mupirocin treatment prevents ICU infections even when there is an increased prevalence of nosocomial MRSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Akhtar Danesh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Zeinab Saiedi Nejad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Hossein Sarmadian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Saeed Fooladvand
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | | | - Ehsanollah Ghaznavi-Rad
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. .,Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. .,Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Marshall HS, Baber J, Richmond P, Nissen M, Shakib S, Kreiswirth BN, Zito ET, Severs J, Eiden J, Gruber W, Jansen KU, Jones CH, Anderson AS. S. aureus colonization in healthy Australian adults receiving an investigational S. aureus 3-antigen vaccine. J Infect 2019; 79:582-592. [PMID: 31585191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assess Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) colonization in healthy Australian adults receiving an investigational S. aureus 3-antigen vaccine (SA3Ag). METHODS In this phase 1, double-blind, sponsor-unblinded study, participants were randomized to receive a single dose (1 of 3 dose levels) of SA3Ag or placebo and a booster dose or placebo at 6 months. S. aureus isolates from nasal, perineal, and oropharyngeal swabs before and through 12 months post-vaccination were identified. RESULTS Baseline S. aureus colonization prevalence was 30.6% (any site), with nasal carriage (27.0%) more common than oropharyngeal/perineal (3.2% each). Following initial vaccination (low-dose: 102; mid-dose: 101; high-dose: 101; placebo: 102) and booster (low-dose: 45; mid-dose: 44; high-dose: 27; placebo: 181), placebo and SA3Ag groups showed similar S. aureus carriage through 12 months. Most colonized participants (74.0%) were colonized by single spa types. Placebo and SA3Ag groups had similar persistence of colonization, with 19.6-30.7% due to single spa types. Acquisition was observed in mid- and high-dose recipients (∼20%) and low-dose and placebo recipients (∼12%). Vaccination resulted in substantial increases in antibodies to all 3 antigens, irrespective of carriage status. CONCLUSIONS Based on descriptive analyses of this small study, SA3Ag vaccination did not impact S. aureus acquisition or carriage. Carriage status did not impact antibody responses to SA3Ag.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen S Marshall
- Vaccinology and Immunology Research Trials Unit, Women's and Children's Hospital and Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - James Baber
- Pfizer Australia Pty Ltd, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter Richmond
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia Division of Paediatrics & Vaccine Trials Group, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Nissen
- Queensland Paediatric Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Children's Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Sepehr Shakib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Edward T Zito
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Severs
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - Joseph Eiden
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | - William Gruber
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | | | - C Hal Jones
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sakr A, Brégeon F, Mège JL, Rolain JM, Blin O. Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Colonization: An Update on Mechanisms, Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Subsequent Infections. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2419. [PMID: 30349525 PMCID: PMC6186810 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Up to 30% of the human population are asymptomatically and permanently colonized with nasal Staphylococcus aureus. To successfully colonize human nares, S. aureus needs to establish solid interactions with human nasal epithelial cells and overcome host defense mechanisms. However, some factors like bacterial interactions in the human nose can influence S. aureus colonization and sometimes prevent colonization. On the other hand, certain host characteristics and environmental factors can predispose to colonization. Nasal colonization can cause opportunistic and sometimes life-threatening infections such as surgical site infections or other infections in non-surgical patients that increase morbidity, mortality as well as healthcare costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adèle Sakr
- Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, AP-HM, Pharmacologie Intégrée et Interface Clinique et Industriel, Institut des Neurosciences Timone - UMR AMU-INSERM 1106, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Fabienne Brégeon
- Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Marc Rolain
- Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Blin
- Service de Pharmacologie Clinique et Pharmacovigilance, AP-HM, Pharmacologie Intégrée et Interface Clinique et Industriel, Institut des Neurosciences Timone - UMR AMU-INSERM 1106, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Transmission of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus to Human Volunteers Visiting a Swine Farm. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01489-17. [PMID: 28970219 PMCID: PMC5691421 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01489-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from animals to humans is of great concern due to the implications for human health and the health care system. The objective was to investigate the frequency and duration of MRSA carriage in human volunteers after a short-term exposure in a swine farm. The experimental study included 34 human volunteers staying 1 h in a MRSA-positive swine farm in four trials. In two of the trials, the influence of farm work involving pig contact was studied using a crossover design. The quantities of MRSA in nasal swabs, throat swabs, and air samples were measured at different time points and analyzed in relation to relevant covariates. This investigation showed that, overall, 94% of the volunteers acquired MRSA during the farm visit. Two hours after the volunteers left the stable, the nasal MRSA count had declined to unquantifiable levels in 95% of the samples. After 48 h, 94% of the volunteers were MRSA-negative. Nasal MRSA carriage was positively correlated to personal exposure to airborne MRSA and farm work involving pig contact and negatively correlated to smoking. No association was observed between MRSA carriage and face touching behavior, nasal methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) carriage, age, or gender. The increase in human MRSA carriage among the volunteers with pig contact seems to be dependent on the increased concentration of airborne MRSA of the surrounding air and not directly on physical contact with pigs. MRSA was not detected in any of the throat samples. IMPORTANCE The experimental approach made it possible to elucidate the contributions of airborne MRSA levels and farm work to nasal MRSA carriage in a swine farm. Short-term exposure to airborne MRSA poses a substantial risk for farm visitors to become nasal carriers, but the carriage is typically cleared within hours to a few days. The risk for short-term visitors to cause secondary transmissions of MRSA is most likely negligible due to the observed decline to unquantifiable levels in 95% of the nasal samples after only 2 h. The MRSA load in the nose was highly correlated to the amount of MRSA in the air and interventions to reduce the level of airborne MRSA or the use of face masks might consequently reduce nasal contamination.
Collapse
|
12
|
Sun J, Yang M, Sreevatsan S, Bender JB, Singer RS, Knutson TP, Marthaler DG, Davies PR. Longitudinal study of Staphylococcus aureus colonization and infection in a cohort of swine veterinarians in the United States. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:690. [PMID: 29052523 PMCID: PMC5649086 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-017-2802-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background People working with pigs are at elevated risk of harboring methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in their nose, which is attributable to occupational exposure to animals harboring livestock adapted S. aureus. To obtain insight into the biological nature of occupationally related nasal culture positivity, we conducted a longitudinal study of 66 swine veterinarians in the USA. Methods The study cohort resided in 15 US states and worked predominantly with swine. Monthly for 18 months, participants self-collected nasal swabs and completed a survey to report recent exposure to pigs and other animals; the occurrence of work related injuries; and any relevant health events such as skin and soft tissue infections or confirmed staphylococcal infections. Nasal swabs were cultured using selective methods to determine the presence of MRSA and methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), and isolates were characterized by spa typing and MLST. Results Prevalences of S. aureus (64%, monthly range from 58 to 82%) and MRSA (9.5%; monthly range from 6 to15%) were higher than reported for the US population (30% and 1.5% respectively). Predominant spa types were t034 (ST398, 37%), t002 (ST5, 17%) and t337 (ST9/ST398 13%), a distribution similar to that found in a concurrent study in pigs in the USA. Veterinarians were classified into three groups: Persistent carriers (PC, 52%), Intermittent carriers (IC, 47%) and Non-carriers (NC, 1%). Persistent carriage of a single spa type was observed in 14 (21%) of participants, and paired (first and last) isolates from PC subjects had minor genetic differences. Swabs from PC veterinarians carried higher numbers of S. aureus. Among IC veterinarians, culture positivity was significantly associated with recent contact with pigs. Conclusions Exposure to pigs did not lead to prolonged colonization in most subjects, and the higher numbers of S. aureus in PC subjects suggests that unknown host factors may determine the likelihood of prolonged colonization by S. aureus of livestock origin. Exposure to S. aureus and persistent colonization of swine veterinarians was common but rarely associated with S. aureus disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-017-2802-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Sun
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 385 ASVM, 1988 Fitch Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - My Yang
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 385 ASVM, 1988 Fitch Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 385 ASVM, 1988 Fitch Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Bender
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 385 ASVM, 1988 Fitch Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Randall S Singer
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Todd P Knutson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 385 ASVM, 1988 Fitch Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Douglas G Marthaler
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 385 ASVM, 1988 Fitch Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Peter R Davies
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, 385 ASVM, 1988 Fitch Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ghasemzadeh-Moghaddam H, van Wamel W, van Belkum A, Hamat RA, Neela VK. Differences in humoral immune response between patients with or without nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 36:451-458. [PMID: 27815779 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The humoral immune response against 43 staphylococcal antigens was compared among hospitalized patients where none of them had any staphylococcal infection on the day of admission with or without nasal Staphylococcus aureus carriage. Fifty-nine carriers and 59 matched non-carriers were studied. The carriers harbored S. aureus of 35 different spa types, including three t037/ST239 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (5.1%). Among the 118 patients, 31 acquired S. aureus during hospitalization. In colonized and non-colonized patients, unique patterns of S. aureus-specific immune responses were observed. The mean fluorescence indices (MFIs) of antibodies against 36/43 (83.7%) antigens were seen to be elevated among carriers. The MFI among carriers with acquisition was significantly higher for staphylococcal superantigen-like protein 5 (SSL5, p = 0.028) when compared to carriers without acquisition. High antibody levels against staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) among carriers illustrate its role as a superantigen in both infection and colonization. We also report a dynamic immune response in S. aureus-carrying patients against the recently reported formyl peptide receptor-like inhibitory (FLIPr)-like protein. In the current study, the dynamics of antibodies against staphylococcal antigens among carrier patients seem quite similar to non-carrier patients. To better understand the dynamic immunogenicity during S. aureus infection and colonization, artificial colonization studies and investigation of the changes in the levels of antibodies against other staphylococcal antigens are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ghasemzadeh-Moghaddam
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Education Development Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - W van Wamel
- Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A van Belkum
- Erasmus Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Scientific Office, bioMérieux, La Balme-les-Grottes, France
| | - R A Hamat
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - V K Neela
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mesbah Elkammoshi A, Ghasemzadeh-Moghaddam H, Amin Nordin S, Mohd Taib N, Kumar Subbiah S, Neela V, Awang Hamat R. A Low Prevalence of Inducible Macrolide, Lincosamide, and Streptogramin B Resistance Phenotype among Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Malaysian Patients and Healthy Individuals. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2016; 9:e37148. [PMID: 27942364 PMCID: PMC5136447 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.37148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotic resistance among Staphylococcus aureus is of great concern worldwide. This resistance is further complicated by the ability of S. aureus to confer cross-resistance to other antibiotics due to the presence of resistance genes, such as erythromycin resistance methylase (erm) genes, which render the bacterium resistant to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) antibiotics. Resistance to these antibiotics can lead to therapeutic failure, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality in patients with S. aureus infections. Objectives This study was performed to examine the distribution of MLSB-resistant strains of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), which were obtained from hospitalized patients and normal healthy individuals (carriers) using phenotypic methods, such as the double-disk diffusion (D-test) and the genotypic method by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods A total of 183 nonduplicative MSSA isolates obtained from hospitalized patients (133) and carriers (50) in our previous studies were randomly selected for the D-test. The guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) were used for the interpretation of the results of this test. The detection of ermA, ermB, ermC and msrA genes by PCR was performed for isolates that had positive D-test results and that were resistant to erythromycin. Results Of the 183 MSSA isolates, 97.2% and 98.4% were highly susceptible to erythromycin and clindamycin, respectively. MSLB resistance was detected in four isolates (2.2%). Of the 133 MSSA isolated from hospitalized patients, only 3.0% (4/133) and 2.3% (3/133) exhibited resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin, respectively. With regard to the MLSB resistance phenotypes, only 1.6% and 0.6% exhibited inducible MLSB (iMLSB) and MS phenotypes, respectively. The ermC gene was detected in all three iMLSB phenotypes, and the msrA gene was detected in the MS phenotype. Surprisingly, all MSSA isolates (100%) from carriers exhibited extremely high susceptibility to both antibiotics. Conclusions The prevalence rates of iMLSB MSSA isolates vary according to geographical locations and the local antibiotic policy. The low prevalence rate of iMLSB MSSA isolates could probably be related to the judicious use of antibiotics for treating S. aureus infections in our studied population. Nonetheless, continuous antibiotic surveillance is still necessary to control any emergence of resistance isolates so that targeted therapy and effective control can be implemented accordingly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Mesbah Elkammoshi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universit Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hamed Ghasemzadeh-Moghaddam
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universit Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, IR Iran
| | - Syafinaz Amin Nordin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universit Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Niazlin Mohd Taib
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universit Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Kumar Subbiah
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universit Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vasanthakumari Neela
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universit Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rukman Awang Hamat
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universit Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Corresponding author: Rukman Awang Hamat, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, P.O. Box: 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Tel: +603-89472365, Fax: +603-86413802, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Omics Approaches for the Study of Adaptive Immunity to Staphylococcus aureus and the Selection of Vaccine Candidates. Proteomes 2016; 4:proteomes4010011. [PMID: 28248221 PMCID: PMC5217363 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a dangerous pathogen both in hospitals and in the community. Due to the crisis of antibiotic resistance, there is an urgent need for new strategies to combat S. aureus infections, such as vaccination. Increasing our knowledge about the mechanisms of protection will be key for the successful prevention or treatment of S. aureus invasion. Omics technologies generate a comprehensive picture of the physiological and pathophysiological processes within cells, tissues, organs, organisms and even populations. This review provides an overview of the contribution of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics and immunoproteomics to the current understanding of S. aureus‑host interaction, with a focus on the adaptive immune response to the microorganism. While antibody responses during colonization and infection have been analyzed in detail using immunoproteomics, the full potential of omics technologies has not been tapped yet in terms of T-cells. Omics technologies promise to speed up vaccine development by enabling reverse vaccinology approaches. In consequence, omics technologies are powerful tools for deepening our understanding of the “superbug” S. aureus and for improving its control.
Collapse
|