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Biswas D, Mahalingam G, Subaschandrabose RK, Priya S, Ramachandran R, Suresh S, Mathivanan TV, Balu NV, Selvaraj K, Nellickal AJ, Christudoss P, Samuel P, Kt RD, Marepally S, Moorthy M. Role of prior immunity in binding to spike of "future" Omicron subvariants. Indian J Med Microbiol 2024; 50:100615. [PMID: 38782260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2024.100615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, virus evolution and large-scale vaccination programs have caused multiple exposures to SARS CoV-2 spike protein, resulting in complex antibody profiles. The binding of these to spike protein of "future" variants in the context of such heterogeneous exposure has not been studied. METHODS We tested archival sera (Delta and Omicron period) stratified by anti-spike antibody (including IgG) levels for reactivity to Omicron-subvariants(BA.1, BA.2,BA.2.12.1, BA.2.75, BA.4/5 and BF.7) spike protein. Assessed antigenic distance between groups using Antigenic Cartography and performed hierarchical clustering of antibody data in a Euclidean distance framework. RESULTS Antibody (including IgG) antibody reactivity to Wild-type (CLIA) and subvariants (ELISA) spike protein were similar between periods (p > 0.05). Both 'High S' and 'Low S' of Delta and Omicron periods were closely related to "future" subvariants by Antigenic Cartography. Sera from different S groups clustered together with 'Low S' interspersed between 'High S' on hierarchical clustering, suggesting common binding sites. Further, anti-spike antibodies (including IgG) to Wild-type (S1/S2 and Trimeric S) clustered with Omicron-subvariant binding antibodies. CONCLUSIONS Hybrid immunity caused by cumulative virus exposure in Delta or Omicron periods resulted in equivalent binding to "future" variants, which might be due to binding to conserved regions of spike protein of future variants. A prominent finding is that the 'Low S' antibody demonstrates similar binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepayan Biswas
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, Pin: 632004, India.
| | - Gokulnath Mahalingam
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR) (a unit of InStem, Bengaluru), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Pin: 632002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | | | - Sangeetha Priya
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, Pin: 632004, India.
| | - Rohini Ramachandran
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, Pin: 632004, India.
| | - Sevanthy Suresh
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR) (a unit of InStem, Bengaluru), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Pin: 632002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Tamil Venthan Mathivanan
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, Pin: 632004, India.
| | - Nelson Vijaykumar Balu
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, Pin: 632004, India.
| | - Kavitha Selvaraj
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, Pin: 632004, India.
| | - Arun Jose Nellickal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, Pin: 632004, India.
| | - Pamela Christudoss
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, Pin: 632004, India.
| | - Prasanna Samuel
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, Pin: 632002, India.
| | - Ramya Devi Kt
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu, Pin: 603203, India.
| | - Srujan Marepally
- Centre for Stem Cell Research (CSCR) (a unit of InStem, Bengaluru), Christian Medical College, Vellore, Pin: 632002, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Mahesh Moorthy
- Department of Clinical Virology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, Pin: 632004, India.
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Varasi I, Lai A, Fiaschi L, Bergna A, Gatti A, Caimi B, Biba C, Della Ventura C, Balotta C, Riva A, Zehender G, Zazzi M, Vicenti I. Neutralizing antibodies response to novel SARS-CoV-2 omicron sublineages in long-term care facility residents after the fourth dose of monovalent BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccination. J Infect 2023; 87:270-272. [PMID: 37394012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Varasi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Alessia Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; EpiSoMi CRC-Centro di Ricerca Coordinato, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Lia Fiaschi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Bergna
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; EpiSoMi CRC-Centro di Ricerca Coordinato, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Antonella Gatti
- Azienda di Servizi alla Persona, Istituto Milanese Martinit e Stelline e Pio Albergo Trivulzio, Milan, Italy.
| | - Barbara Caimi
- Azienda di Servizi alla Persona, Istituto Milanese Martinit e Stelline e Pio Albergo Trivulzio, Milan, Italy.
| | - Camilla Biba
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Carla Della Ventura
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; EpiSoMi CRC-Centro di Ricerca Coordinato, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Claudia Balotta
- Azienda di Servizi alla Persona, Istituto Milanese Martinit e Stelline e Pio Albergo Trivulzio, Milan, Italy.
| | - Agostino Riva
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Gianguglielmo Zehender
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; EpiSoMi CRC-Centro di Ricerca Coordinato, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Vicenti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
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Tada T, Minnee J, Landau NR. Vectored immunoprophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a preclinical model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303509120. [PMID: 37252952 PMCID: PMC10266030 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303509120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vectored immunoprophylaxis was first developed as a means of establishing engineered immunity to HIV using an adenoassociated viral vector expressing a broadly neutralizing antibody. We applied this concept to establish long-term prophylaxis against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a mouse model using adenoassociated virus and lentiviral vectors expressing a high-affinity angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) decoy. Administration of decoy-expressing (adenoassociated virus) AAV2.retro and AAV6.2 vectors by intranasal instillation or intramuscular injection protected mice against high-titered SARS-CoV-2 infection. AAV and lentiviral vectored immunoprophylaxis was durable and was active against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants. The AAV vectors were also effective therapeutically when administered postinfection. Vectored immunoprophylaxis could be of value for immunocompromised individuals for whom vaccination is not practical and as a means to rapidly establish protection from infection. Unlike monoclonal antibody therapy, the approach is expected to remain active despite continued evolution viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Tada
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Julia Minnee
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
| | - Nathaniel R. Landau
- Department of Microbiology, New York University (NYU) Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY10016
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Tada T, Dcosta BM, Minnee J, Landau NR. Vectored Immunoprophylaxis and Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.11.523649. [PMID: 36711584 PMCID: PMC9882093 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.11.523649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Vectored immunoprophylaxis was first developed as a means to establish engineered immunity to HIV through the use of an adeno-associated viral vector expressing a broadly neutralizing antibody. We have applied this concept to establish long-term prophylaxis against SARS-CoV-2 by adeno-associated and lentiviral vectors expressing a high affinity ACE2 decoy receptor. Administration of decoy-expressing AAV vectors based on AAV2.retro and AAV6.2 by intranasal instillation or intramuscular injection protected mice against high-titered SARS-CoV-2 infection. AAV and lentiviral vectored immunoprophylaxis was durable and active against recent SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants. The AAV vectors were also effective when administered up to 24 hours post-infection. Vectored immunoprophylaxis could be of value for immunocompromised individuals for whom vaccination is not practical and as a means to rapidly establish protection from infection. Unlike monoclonal antibody therapy, the approach is expected to remain active despite continued evolution viral variants.
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Fiaschi L, Dragoni F, Schiaroli E, Bergna A, Rossetti B, Giammarino F, Biba C, Gidari A, Lai A, Nencioni C, Francisci D, Zazzi M, Vicenti I. Efficacy of Licensed Monoclonal Antibodies and Antiviral Agents against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Sublineages BA.1 and BA.2. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071374. [PMID: 35891355 PMCID: PMC9321742 DOI: 10.3390/v14071374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants may escape monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antiviral drugs. By using live virus assays, we assessed the ex vivo inhibition of the B.1 wild-type (WT), delta and omicron BA.1 and BA.2 lineages by post-infusion sera from 40 individuals treated with bamlanivimab/etesevimab (BAM/ETE), casirivimab/imdevimab (CAS/IMD), and sotrovimab (SOT) as well as the activity of remdesivir, nirmatrelvir and molnupiravir. mAbs and drug activity were defined as the serum dilution (ID50) and drug concentration (IC50), respectively, showing 50% protection of virus-induced cytopathic effect. All pre-infusion sera were negative for SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing activity. BAM/ETE, CAS/IMD, and SOT showed activity against the WT (ID50 6295 (4355–8075) for BAM/ETE; 18,214 (16,248–21,365) for CAS/IMD; and 456 (265–592) for SOT) and the delta (14,780 (ID50 10,905–21,020) for BAM/ETE; 63,937 (47,211–79,971) for CAS/IMD; and 1103 (843–1334) for SOT). Notably, only SOT was active against BA.1 (ID50 200 (37–233)), whereas BA.2 was neutralized by CAS/IMD (ID50 174 (134–209) ID50) and SOT (ID50 20 (9–31) ID50), but not by BAM/ETE. No significant inter-variant IC50 differences were observed for molnupiravir (1.5 ± 0.1/1.5 ± 0.7/1.0 ± 0.5/0.8 ± 0.01 μM for WT/delta/BA.1/BA.2, respectively), nirmatrelvir (0.05 ± 0.02/0.06 ± 0.01/0.04 ± 0.02/0.04 ± 0.01 μM) or remdesivir (0.08 ± 0.04/0.11 ± 0.08/0.05 ± 0.04/0.08 ± 0.01 μM). Continued evolution of SARS-CoV-2 requires updating the mAbs arsenal, although antivirals have so far remained unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Fiaschi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.F.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (C.B.); (M.Z.)
| | - Filippo Dragoni
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.F.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (C.B.); (M.Z.)
| | - Elisabetta Schiaroli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (E.S.); (A.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Annalisa Bergna
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Barbara Rossetti
- Infectious Disease Department, USL SUDEST, Toscana, Misericordia Hospital, 58100 Grosseto, Italy; (B.R.); (C.N.)
| | - Federica Giammarino
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.F.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (C.B.); (M.Z.)
| | - Camilla Biba
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.F.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (C.B.); (M.Z.)
| | - Anna Gidari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (E.S.); (A.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Alessia Lai
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences L. Sacco, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy; (A.B.); (A.L.)
| | - Cesira Nencioni
- Infectious Disease Department, USL SUDEST, Toscana, Misericordia Hospital, 58100 Grosseto, Italy; (B.R.); (C.N.)
| | - Daniela Francisci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy; (E.S.); (A.G.); (D.F.)
| | - Maurizio Zazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.F.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (C.B.); (M.Z.)
| | - Ilaria Vicenti
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy; (L.F.); (F.D.); (F.G.); (C.B.); (M.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-057-7233-855
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