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Salani D, Valdes B, De Oliveira GC, King B. Psychiatric Emergencies: Emergency Department Management of Altered Mental Status. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv 2021; 59:16-25. [PMID: 34142912 DOI: 10.3928/02793695-20210427-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the United States, encounters related to mental and substance use disorders are common in emergency departments (EDs). Altered mental status (AMS) is a frequent presentation seen in EDs across the country. Individuals may present to the ED with altered thought processes, which may be attributed to intoxication from substances and/or psychoses, conditions that require immediate care and management. Health care providers must always ascertain the etiology of AMS, which may be challenging owing to the various causes of this impairment. The current article provides an overview of the most common disorders associated with AMS, which include underlying medical conditions, substance use, and mental disorders. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 59(9), 16-25.].
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Ribeiro ACR, Zhu J, Kronfol MM, Jahr FM, Younis RM, Hawkins E, McClay JL, Deshpande LS. Molecular mechanisms for the antidepressant-like effects of a low-dose ketamine treatment in a DFP-based rat model for Gulf War Illness. Neurotoxicology 2020; 80:52-59. [PMID: 32592718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to organophosphates (OP) during the First Gulf War is among one of the factors for Gulf War Illness (GWI) development in veterans and it has been challenging to treat GWI symptoms with existing therapies. Ketamine produces a rapid-onset and sustained antidepressant response, but there is no evidence whether ketamine treatment is effective for GWI depression. Repeated, low-dose exposure to diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) mimic Gulf War related OP exposures and produces a chronic depressive state in rats. In this study, DFP-exposed rats treated with ketamine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) exhibited antidepressant-like effect on the Forced Swim Test at 1-h. This effect persisted at 24-h post ketamine, a time-point by which it is eliminated from the brain suggesting involvement of mechanisms that affect long-term synaptic plasticity. Western blot analysis showed significantly lower Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) levels in DFP rat brains. Ketamine produced a nonsignificant increase in BDNF expression at 1-h but produced a larger, significant (2.2-fold) increase at 24-h in DFP rats. We previously reported chronic hippocampal calcium elevations ([Ca2+]i) in DFP rats. Ketamine-treated DFP rats exhibited significantly lower [Ca2+]i at 1-h but not at 24-h. Interestingly, treatment with ANA-12, a TrkB-BDNF receptor antagonist, in DFP rats blunted ketamine's antidepressant-like effect at 24-h but not at 1-h. These experiments suggest that in a rat model of DFP-induced depression, inhibition of the NMDAR-Ca2+ contributes to the rapid-onset antidepressant effects of ketamine while the antidepressant actions that persisted at 24-h post ketamine administration involve upregulation of BDNF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C R Ribeiro
- Departments of Neurology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jackie Zhu
- Department of Biology, College of Humanities & Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Mohamad M Kronfol
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcome Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Fay M Jahr
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcome Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Rabha M Younis
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcome Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Elisa Hawkins
- Departments of Neurology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Joseph L McClay
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcome Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Laxmikant S Deshpande
- Departments of Neurology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Zhu J, Hawkins E, Phillips K, Deshpande LS. Assessment of Ketamine and Its Enantiomers in an Organophosphate-Based Rat Model for Features of Gulf War Illness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17134710. [PMID: 32629972 PMCID: PMC7369928 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 33% of U.S. soldiers from the first Gulf War suffer from a multi-system disorder known as the Gulf War Illness (GWI). GW veterans suffer from a cluster of symptoms that prominently include fatigue and can include mood-related symptoms. Compared to traditional antidepressants, ketamine (KET) produces a fast-onset and long-lasting antidepressant response, but assessments of KET for GWI-related depression are lacking. The etiology of GWI is multi-factorial and exposure to organophosphates (OP) during deployment is one of the factors underlying GWI development. Here, male Sprague-Dawley rats were repeatedly exposed to an OP DFP and three months later these rats, when assessed on a battery of rodent behavioral assays, displayed signs consistent with aspects of GWI characteristics. When treated with a sub-anesthetic dose of KET (3, 5, or 10 mg/kg, i.p.), DFP-treated rats exhibited a significant improvement in immobility time, open-arm exploration, and sucrose consumption as early as 1 h and much of these effects persisted at 24-h post-KET injection. KET's stereoisomers, R-KET and S-KET, also exhibited such effects in DFP rats, with R-KET being the more potent isomer. Our studies provide a starting point for further assessment of KET for GWI depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie Zhu
- Department of Biology, College of Humanities & Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Elisa Hawkins
- Departments of Neurology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Kristin Phillips
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 23298, USA;
| | - Laxmikant S. Deshpande
- Departments of Neurology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA;
- Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +804-828-3392; Fax: +804-828-6432
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Fornaro M, Anastasia A, Valchera A, Carano A, Orsolini L, Vellante F, Rapini G, Olivieri L, Di Natale S, Perna G, Martinotti G, Di Giannantonio M, De Berardis D. The FDA "Black Box" Warning on Antidepressant Suicide Risk in Young Adults: More Harm Than Benefits? Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:294. [PMID: 31130881 PMCID: PMC6510161 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The decision made in the year 2004 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to require a boxed warning on antidepressants regarding the risk of suicidality in young adults still represents a matter of controversy. The FDA warning was grounded on industry-sponsored trials carried one decade ago or earlier. However, within the past decade, an increasing number of reports have questioned the actual validity of the FDA warning, especially considering a decline in the prescription of the antidepressant drugs associated with an increase in the rate of suicidal events among people with severe depression. The present report provides an overview of the FDA black box warning, also documenting two Major Depressive Disorder patients whose refusal to undergo a pharmacological antidepressant treatment possibly led to an increased risk for suicidal behaviors. The concerns raised by the FDA black box warning need to be considered in real-world clinical practice, stating the associated clinical and public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Fornaro
- Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostolmatology, Section of Psychiatry, University School of Medicine Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Polyedra Research Group, Teramo, Italy
| | - Annalisa Anastasia
- Polyedra Research Group, Teramo, Italy.,Alma Mater S.P.A. Villa Camaldoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Valchera
- Alma Mater S.P.A. Villa Camaldoli, Naples, Italy.,Villa S. Giuseppe Hospital, Hermanas Hospitalarias, Ascoli Piceno, Italy
| | - Alessandro Carano
- Polyedra Research Group, Teramo, Italy.,NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital G. Mazzini, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Laura Orsolini
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Vellante
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital G. Mazzini, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Rapini
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital G. Mazzini, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Luigi Olivieri
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital G. Mazzini, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Serena Di Natale
- NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital G. Mazzini, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Perna
- Hermanas Hospitalarias, FoRiPsi, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Villa San Benedetto Menni, Como, Italy
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Giannantonio
- Department of Neurosciences and Imaging, Chair of Psychiatry, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
| | - Domenico De Berardis
- Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Odontostolmatology, Section of Psychiatry, University School of Medicine Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Polyedra Research Group, Teramo, Italy.,NHS, Department of Mental Health, Psychiatric Service of Diagnosis and Treatment, Hospital G. Mazzini, ASL Teramo, Teramo, Italy
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