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Catalano A, Milani L, Franco M, Buscema F, Giommarini I, Sodano B, Gilcrease W, Mondo L, Marra M, Di Girolamo C, Bena A, Ricceri F. The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on gambling: A systematic review. Addict Behav 2024; 155:108037. [PMID: 38613856 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Since the COVID-19 outbreak, people's habits changed radically. In fact, to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2, governments implemented restrictive measures that influenced the lives of individuals. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on gambling by examining three different outcomes: frequency, expenditure, and transition among possible types of gambling. METHODS All studies assessing the impact of restrictive measures implemented to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2 on gambling were included. For the search, two different databases were used: Pubmed and CINAHL. Moreover, two different populations were analyzed: the general population, and subjects who used to gamble before SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. All qualitative studies, reports not based on peer-review, and papers in which the statistical unit was not the subject but the gambling or wagering operators were excluded. RESULTS From the search, 408 reports were identified. Of these, 28 were included in the systematic review. From the studies, a strong reduction in the frequency and expenditure of land-based gambling emerged, while the results about online gambling were different among the studies. However, a reduction was observed assessing sports betting, and an increase emerged considering online casino and skill games. Finally, a significant migration from land-based gambling to online platforms was identified. The main reasons for these findings were the physical closures of land-based gambling venues and the more time spent at home, the suspension or cancelation of sporting events on which subjects used to bet, and more mental health issues during this challenging period. CONCLUSIONS The COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected subjects' habits, including gambling, by reducing land-based gambling and sports betting, and increasing gambling on online platforms. This shift poses significant challenges, requiring a comprehensive approach to monitor and mitigate the negative consequences of this increase in online gambling caused by the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Catalano
- Centre for Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Public Health, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Milani
- Centre for Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Public Health, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Franco
- Centre for Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Public Health, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Buscema
- Centre for Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Public Health, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Ilenia Giommarini
- Centre for Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Public Health, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Sodano
- Centre for Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Public Health, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy; Department of Statistics, Computer Science, Applications, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Winston Gilcrease
- Centre for Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Public Health, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Mondo
- Unit of Epidemiology, Regional Health Service ASL TO3, Grugliasco, (TO), Italy
| | - Michele Marra
- Unit of Epidemiology, Regional Health Service ASL TO3, Grugliasco, (TO), Italy
| | - Chiara Di Girolamo
- Centre for Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Public Health, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Antonella Bena
- Unit of Epidemiology, Regional Health Service ASL TO3, Grugliasco, (TO), Italy
| | - Fulvio Ricceri
- Centre for Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Public Health, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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Wirkus T, Czernecka R, Bühringer G, Kräplin A. Individual risk factors and prediction of gambling disorder in online sports bettors - the longitudinal RIGAB study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1320592. [PMID: 38476615 PMCID: PMC10929711 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1320592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction While research in online sports betting is dominated by studies using objective player tracking data from providers to identify risky gambling behavior, basicresearch has identified various putative individual risk factors assumed to underlie the development of gambling disorder across all types of gambling. This study aims to examine individual risk factors and their longitudinal clinical relevance in online sports bettors. Methods German online sports bettors (N = 607, Mage = 34, 92% male) from a provider based sample took part in an online survey. The study team randomly preselected customers to be invited. N = 325 (53,45%) of the participants also took part in an online follow-up survey one year later. Crosssectional and longitudinal associations of putative risk factors and DSM-5 gambling disorder in online sports bettors were analyzed. These risk factors include alcohol and tobacco use, impulsivity, difficulties in emotion identification, emotion regulation strategies, comorbid mental disorders and stress. Results We found more pronounced impulsivity, difficulties in emotion identification, emotion suppression, comorbid mental disorders and stress were cross-sectionally associated with gambling disorder, and longitudinally predicted gambling disorder in online sports bettors (with the exception of emotion suppression). In an overall model only lack of premeditation and perceived helplessness remained significant as predictors for gambling disorder. Online sports bettors with gambling disorder predominantly showed more pronounced risk factors, which were also confirmed longitudinally as relevant for the maintenance of gambling disorder. Discussion Risk factors such as impulsivity and stress and appropriate coping mechanisms should consequently be integrated not only into prevention efforts to identify individuals at risk early, but also into intervention efforts to tailor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Wirkus
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Robert Czernecka
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Therapieforschung IFT, Prävention und betriebliche Gesundheitsförderung GmbH, München, Germany
| | - Gerhard Bühringer
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institut für Therapieforschung IFT, Prävention und betriebliche Gesundheitsförderung GmbH, München, Germany
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anja Kräplin
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Bellringer ME, Janicot S, Ikeda T. Changes in some health and lifestyle behaviours are significantly associated with changes in gambling behaviours: Findings from a longitudinal New Zealand population study. Addict Behav 2024; 149:107886. [PMID: 37832399 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Although a large number of studies have investigated associations between risky gambling behaviours and health, lifestyle and social factors, research has not focused on changes in these factors and associations with changes in gambling risk level. This study utilised existing data from the four waves of the longitudinal New Zealand National Gambling Study to examine associations between changes in substance use, mental and physical health, and quality of life and deprivation with changes in gambling risk level over time. A Markov chain transition model was used to perform these analyses using data from participants who had completed all four waves (11,080 data transitions). Although changes in various covariates were associated with changes in all gambling risk levels, the highest number of significant factors was for transitioning into risky gambling from non-problematic gambling, including development, or continuation, of several negative health and lifestyle factors that may possibly be alleviated by transitioning out of risky gambling. These findings highlight the importance of screening for gambling behaviours when assisting people with substance use, health issues, or social situations or conditions in order to provide appropriate and effective social, health and treatment supports for people whose gambling behaviour increases over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Bellringer
- Gambling and Addictions Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Stéphane Janicot
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Takayoshi Ikeda
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Acceptance and commitment therapy for co-occurring gambling disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans: a narrative review. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2023; 14:2178203. [PMID: 37052089 PMCID: PMC9970237 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2023.2178203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: PTSD and gambling disorder (GD) are frequently comorbid. Gambling may provide escape-based coping for the emotions experienced by PTSD sufferers. Military personnel may be at increased risk of PTSD and/or GD. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) has been found to improve both PTSD and GD outcomes, yet research into the potential effectiveness of ACT for PTSD and/GD in veterans is scarce.Objective: This review aimed to systematically assess and describe the evidence relating to the use of ACT and acceptance-based therapy for military populations with PTSD and/or GD.Method: Six databases were searched. Selection criteria included studies that featured the armed forces/military, delivered ACT/acceptance-based therapy, and aimed to improve PTSD and/or GD outcomes. A narrative synthesis approach was adopted.Results: From 1,117 results, 39 studies were fully screened and 14 met inclusion criteria. All studies originated from the USA and 9 were associated with United States Department of Veterans Affairs. Therapy use within each study produced an improvement in PTSD and/or GD, yet only one study examined GD and no studies considered comorbid PTSD/GD. The broad range of study designs made it difficult to compare the findings or make generalisations from the collective results. It is unclear which method of ACT delivery is superior (app-based, telehealth, face-to-face, groups, one-to-one, manualised, or unstructured), or what the true effect size is of ACT for PTSD and/or GD.Conclusions: These preliminary findings are promising, yet more research is needed on the delivery format and content of ACT sessions, and whether findings generalise beyond USA-recruited military samples. The cost-effectiveness of remote-based ACT also warrants investigation.HIGHLIGHTS Among veterans, psychological interventions such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) may be effective for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and/or Gambling Disorder (GD).There is a paucity of evidence on ACT approaches for treating PTSD and GD in veterans.Further work is needed on context-specific delivery (in-person vs. group), method of ACT intervention (manualised vs unstructured, digital therapeutics) with non-US samples.
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Pagano A, Le T, Fong T, Reid R, Delucchi K, Guydish J. Gambling, tobacco use, and health among individuals in substance use disorder treatment. Am J Addict 2023; 32:563-573. [PMID: 37543853 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.13458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Gambling is highly comorbid with disordered use of tobacco and other drugs, and may increase relapse risk among substance use disorder (SUD) patients. We investigated associations between gambling and tobacco use behaviors among SUD patients to inform clinical care. METHODS Patients (N = 651, 170 female) from 25 residential SUD treatment programs in California completed surveys about tobacco use, health, and gambling. Using multivariate regression, we examined associations between gambling, tobacco use behaviors, and mental and physical health. RESULTS Past-year gamblers were more likely than non-gamblers to be current smokers (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 2.01). Smokers who gambled had higher mean Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) scores (mean difference = +0.32, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.60), and more often reported smokeless tobacco use (AOR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.16, 2.58), compared to non-gambling smokers. Past-year problem gamblers were more likely than all others (non-gamblers and non-problem gamblers) to be current smokers (AOR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.08, 1.90) and to report high psychosocial stress (AOR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.34, 2.61). Smokers with problem gambling also had higher HSI scores (mean difference = +0.54, 95% CI = 0.14, 0.95) compared to smokers without problem gambling. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Gambling and problem gambling were associated with tobacco use and heavier smoking. SUD patients with gambling comorbidity may be heavier smokers and may need concurrent treatment for tobacco use and problem gambling. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE This study provides novel data regarding gambling and tobacco use behaviors among SUD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pagano
- Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Thao Le
- Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Timothy Fong
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rory Reid
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kevin Delucchi
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Joseph Guydish
- Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Gavriel-Fried B, Loewenthal A, Vana N. Problem gambling severity in a nationally representative sample of the Israeli population: the moderating role of ethnonational affiliation. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1233301. [PMID: 37799154 PMCID: PMC10548459 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1233301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gambling is a public health concern. Problem gambling is related to a range of psycho-social risk factors including ethnonational affiliation. Israel is an insightful case to probe problem gambling, given the socio-economic marginalization of Israeli Arabs, the continued exposure of Israelis to stress and the conservative Israeli gambling market. This study aimed to estimate problem gambling severity in Israeli society, characterize the sociodemographic, environmental, mental health, and gambling-related risk factors associated with problem gambling severity, and examine the role of ethnonational affiliation (Israeli Jewish/Arab) as a moderating factor in the associations between these risk factors and problem gambling severity. Methods A cross-sectional study based on a representative sample of 3,244 Israelis was conducted in 2022, of whom 1,626 had gambled in the previous year. Measurements included Problem Gambling Severity Index, Gambling Behaviors, Perceived Neighborhood Cohesion, Stress, the Patient Health Questionnaire-4, and sociodemographic variables. Results Low-risk, moderate-risk and problem gambling were reported by 16.7% of the total sample. The main risk factors for problem gambling were being an Israeli Arab, traditional, residing in a low socio-economic cluster, reporting anxiety symptoms, and higher gambling behaviors, specifically in legal/illegal online gambling. Ethnonational affiliation (Israeli Jewish/Arab) moderated the associations between gambling, illegal online gambling, and problem gambling severity. Higher neighborhood cohesion emerged as a risk factor for problem gambling solely for Israeli Arabs. Discussion As an excluded minority, Israeli Arabs may turn to gambling as a method to access the core republican community, thus, exposing themselves to a higher risk of developing problem gambling.
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Lee BK, Ofori Dei SM, Isik E. Congruence couple therapy for alcohol use and gambling disorders with comorbidities (part II): Targeted areas and mechanisms of change. FAMILY PROCESS 2023; 62:534-556. [PMID: 36245316 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Study of change mechanisms is important to advance theory development and to reveal the active components that make a critical difference in treatment. Improved outcomes in a randomized controlled trial that favored Congruence Couple Therapy (CCT) vs individual-based Treatment-as-Usual (TAU) were correlated within each group. Partial correlations were used to test for mediation effects. The aggregate correlation coefficient of improved variables in addiction and mental health, couple adjustment, emotion regulation (ER) and life stress was moderate for CCT and weak for TAU. CCT showed greater number of mediating effects among improved variables than TAU. The prominence of the process mechanism of improved ER with its mediating effects for addiction and psychiatric symptoms evidenced in both groups is noteworthy, but ER improvement was significantly associated with improved couple adjustment only in CCT. Reduction in life stress in CCT was associated with a broader range of improvements in CCT compared to TAU. Correlation patterns were substantiated by CCT participants' endorsement of treatment targets emphasizing relationship, communication, emotion, problem solving, addiction and intergenerational issues of trauma. TAU participants reported significantly lower endorsements for these treatment targets. The correlation of ER and couple adjustment suggested as a key process mechanism should be further elucidated in future studies to differentiate relationship-based vs individual-based models and their respective outcomes for primary clients and partners. These findings are considered preliminary, requiring larger samples and advanced modelling among variables to provide a more profound mechanism analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie K Lee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Samuel M Ofori Dei
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada
| | - Erkan Isik
- Istanbul Aydin University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Johnson B, Sun T, Stjepanović D, Vu G, Chan GCK. "Buy High, Sell Low": A Qualitative Study of Cryptocurrency Traders Who Experience Harm. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5833. [PMID: 37239560 PMCID: PMC10218304 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The constant, substantial price fluctuations of cryptocurrency allow traders to engage in highly speculative trading that closely resembles gambling. With significant financial loss associated with adverse mental health outcomes, it is important to investigate the impact that market participation has on mental health. Therefore, we conducted interviews with 17 participants who self-reported problems due to trading. Thematic analysis was conducted revealing themes: (1) factors in engagement, (2) impacts of trading and (3) harm reduction. Factors in engagement captured factors that motivated and sustained cryptocurrency trading. Impacts of trading outlined how cryptocurrency trading positively and negatively impacted participants. Harm reduction described methods participants employed to reduce mental distress from trading. Our study provides novel insights into the adverse impacts of cryptocurrency trading across multiple domains, especially mental health, relationships and finances. They also indicate the importance of further research on effective coping strategies for distress caused by financial loss from trading. Additionally, our study reveals the significant role social environments play on participants' expectations and intentions regarding cryptocurrency trading. These social networks extend beyond real-life relationship to include celebrity and influencer endorsement. This encourages investigation into the content of cryptocurrency promotions and the influence they have on individuals' decision to trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Johnson
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Tianze Sun
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Daniel Stjepanović
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Giang Vu
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Gary C. K. Chan
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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St Quinton T. How can implementation intentions be used to modify gambling behavior? Front Psychol 2022; 13:957120. [PMID: 36438341 PMCID: PMC9682275 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.957120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Problem gambling can cause significant harm, yet rates of gambling continue to increase. Many individuals have the motivation to stop gambling but are unable to transfer these positive intentions into successful behavior change. Implementation intentions, which are goal-directed plans linking cues to behavioral responses, can help bridge the gap between intention and many health behaviors. However, despite the strategy demonstrating popularity in the field of health psychology, its use in the area of gambling research has been limited. This mini review illustrates how implementation intentions can be used to facilitate change in gambling behavior. Adopting the strategy could help reduce the number of people with gambling problems.
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Marín-Navarrete R, Sánchez-Domínguez R, Pérez-López A, Saracco-Alvarez R. Addictive disorders, psychiatric symptoms, and potentially traumatic events in individuals with disabilities. Front Psychol 2022; 13:936184. [PMID: 36312133 PMCID: PMC9606598 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.936184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives Individuals with disabilities (IWD) have a higher risk of potentially traumatic events (PTEs) either in childhood or adulthood, increasing the risk of suicide attempts, mental disorders, and substance use disorder. The aim of this study was to explore the association between substance use, psychiatric symptoms and suicidal behavior with PTEs. A Multisite cross-sectional study was conducted. Materials and methods The sample includes 1,098 participants with any type of disability (motor, intellectual, visual, and mixed) located in Mexico City. Traumatic events, violence, discrimination, addictive disorders, and psychiatric disorders were examined. Multivariate logistic regression models were conducted. Data was collected between September–October 2014. Results People with motor or visual disability have a higher prevalence in nicotine use disorder (NUD), generalize anxiety disorder (GAD), mayor depression disorder (MDD), want to be dead, and lifetime suicide attempts. Intellectual disability group only presents GAD and MDD. All disability groups have a high prevalence of PTEs. Verbal violence in childhood, sexual abuse, discrimination and serious accidents had a strong impact in the development of NUD, psychiatric symptoms and suicidal behavior. Conclusion These findings show the relevance of develop specific tools for detection, referral and treatment, in order to improve the mental health of people with disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Marín-Navarrete
- Division of Research and Translational Education, Centros de Integración Juvenil, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Sánchez-Domínguez
- Division of Research and Translational Education, Centros de Integración Juvenil, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Pérez-López
- Division of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ricardo Saracco-Alvarez
- Division of Clinical Research, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Ricardo Saracco-Alvarez,
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Wyckmans F, Banerjee N, Saeremans M, Otto R, Kornreich C, Vanderijst L, Gruson D, Carbone V, Bechara A, Buchanan T, Noël X. The modulation of acute stress on model-free and model-based reinforcement learning in gambling disorder. J Behav Addict 2022; 11:831-844. [PMID: 36112488 PMCID: PMC9872530 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Experiencing acute stress is common in behavioral addictions such as gambling disorder. Additionally, like most substance-induced addictions, aberrant decision-making wherein a reactive habit-induced response (conceptualized as a Model-free [MF] in reinforcement learning) suppresses a flexible goal-directed response (conceptualized as a Model-based [MB]) is also common in gambling disorder. In the current study we investigated the influence of acute stress on the balance between habitual response and the goal-directed system. METHODS A sample of N = 116 problem gamblers (PG) and healthy controls (HC) performed an acute stress task - the Socially Evaluated Cold pressure task (SECPT) - or a control task. Self-reported stress and salivary cortisol were collected as measures of acute stress. Following the SECPT, participants performed the Two-Step Markov Task to account for the relative contribution of MB and MF strategies. Additionally, verbal working memory and IQ measures were collected to account for their mediating effects on the orchestration between MB/MF and the impact of stress. RESULTS Both groups had comparable baseline and stress-induced cortisol response to the SECPT. Non-stressed PG displayed lower MB learning than HC. MANOVA and regression analyses showed a deleterious effect of stress-induced cortisol response on the orchestration between MB and MF learning in HC but not in PG. These effects remained when controlling for working memory and IQ. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS We found an abnormal pattern of modulation of stress on the orchestration between MB and MF learning among PG. Several interpretations and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Wyckmans
- Psychological Medicine Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nilosmita Banerjee
- Psychological Medicine Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mélanie Saeremans
- Psychiatric Institute, Universitary Hospital Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ross Otto
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Charles Kornreich
- Psychological Medicine Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium,Psychiatric Institute, Universitary Hospital Brugmann, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laetitia Vanderijst
- Psychological Medicine Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Damien Gruson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincenzo Carbone
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Antoine Bechara
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Tony Buchanan
- Department of Psychology, Saint Louis University, USA
| | - Xavier Noël
- Psychological Medicine Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium,Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Timing characteristics of reactive and proactive emotion regulation. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 181:104-111. [PMID: 36049633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The dual mechanisms of control (DMC) framework is important for portraying two temporally distinct modes of cognitive control. In parallel with this model, understanding emotion regulation (ER) from a dual-mechanism perspective becomes plausible since cognitive control is a crucial element of ER. The present study characterized reactive and proactive ER based on a dual mechanisms framework to identify their distinct temporal dynamics using electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. The reappraisal cue, compared with the watch-cue and no-cue conditions, evoked a larger fronto-central P3a magnitude, suggesting that participants could adaptively distribute their attention resources to prepare for strategy use. To track the cognitive effort that supports the ER process, we measured the frontal late positive potential (LPP). The results indicated that the reactive group, compared with the proactive group, used more effort to complete the reappraisal task when participants were subjected to decreased negative-emotional experiences to the same degree. Furthermore, decoding analysis showed that proactive ER starts earlier than reactive ER. These findings highlight the advantages of proactive ER. Further understanding of the modes of ER will help elucidate the control mechanisms underlying ER, which can then be applied to a variety of conditions, such as alcoholism, gambling, and drug addiction, to avert self-regulation failures caused by negative emotions.
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Alshahrani KM, Johnson J, Hill L, Alghunaim TA, Sattar R, O’Connor DB. A qualitative, cross-cultural investigation into the impact of potentially traumatic work events on Saudi and UK ambulance personnel and how they cope. BMC Emerg Med 2022; 22:116. [PMID: 35761202 PMCID: PMC9235175 DOI: 10.1186/s12873-022-00666-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is common among ambulance personnel, but its prevalence varies between developed and developing countries. This study aimed to investigate the lived experience of potentially traumatic work events between Saudi and UK ambulance personnel. Methods Semi-structured interviews with 16 ambulance workers from Saudi Arabia and the United Kingdom (8 participants from each country) were conducted to explore their lived experiences of potentially traumatic events at work. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Four key themes were identified from interviews: (1) some events are inherently more stressful than others; (2) pressure of organizational and interpersonal stressors; (3) convergence and divergence in cross-cultural coping strategies; and (4) preferring formal and confidential support. Conclusions There were differences in the nature of traumatic events and the ways of coping between the two cultures, but paramedics in both cultures had an agreement about their preference for individual and formal support. The results of this study may help inform the development of interventions and PTSD prevention programs for ambulance personnel. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12873-022-00666-w.
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14
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Dighton G, Wood K, Armour C, Fossey M, Hogan L, Kitchiner N, Larcombe J, Rogers RD, Dymond S. Gambling problems among United Kingdom armed forces veterans: Associations with gambling motivation and posttraumatic stress disorder. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2022.2063923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Glen Dighton
- School of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Katie Wood
- School of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Cherie Armour
- Stress Trauma and Related Conditions (STARC) Research Lab, School of Psychology, Queen’s University Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Matt Fossey
- Veterans and Families Institute for Military Social Research, Anglia Ruskin University, Chelmsford, UK
| | - Lee Hogan
- School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Neil Kitchiner
- Veterans NHS Wales, Cardiff, UK
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Robert D. Rogers
- School of Human and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Simon Dymond
- School of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavík University, Reykjavík, Iceland
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15
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The Impact of Nomophobia, Stress, and Loneliness on Smartphone Addiction among Young Adults during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Israeli Case Analysis. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14063229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Technological development in recent times has dramatically changed the way people live, interact with, and consume information. Since the emergence of the first iPhone in January 2007 until today, mobile phones are used daily for a range of purposes. Using mobile phones for various purposes intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic due to isolation or government lockdown regulations. However, along with the advantages of smartphone usage there are many disadvantages such as smartphone addiction and continuous exposure to digital screens, behaviors known as PSU—problematic smartphone use. This study explores the impact of several variables on PSU: loneliness, the need for social interaction, sleep hours, fear of losing phone access (nomophobia), and stress among young adults in Israel. The variables are examined with respect to two time periods: 1. During the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns (defined as “T1”) and 2. Following the end of the first wave of COVID-19 lockdowns (defined as “T2”). The results indicated that nomophobia, social affiliation, and sleep hours affect PSU. In addition, the indirect effect of the number of sleep hours on stress and PSU was found to be significant in T2 and in T1. The findings and their implications are discussed.
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16
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Cataldo I, Casonato E, Levari E, Negri A, Simonato P, Tomasi G, Branz G, Coppola A, Gianfranceschi P, Leoni E, Mistretta P, Stefani M, Vanzetta M, Franceschini A, Esposito G, Corazza O. Gambling at the time of COVID-19: Results from interviews in an Italian sample of gamblers. EMERGING TRENDS IN DRUGS, ADDICTIONS, AND HEALTH 2022; 2:100032. [PMID: 35128510 PMCID: PMC8806400 DOI: 10.1016/j.etdah.2022.100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus pandemic affected the life of those suffering from addictive behaviors often confined to prolonged periods of self-isolation. To explore the variation of symptoms related to gambling, 46 outpatients of the mental health services in the Trento Province were invited to take part in a phone interview at the start of the national lockdown. Although only 2.17% increased gambling activity during this period, half of the sample (50.00%) experienced irritability, mood fluctuation (43.48%) and anxiety (39.13%). Follow-up studies should assess modifications in their behaviors that occurred after the reopening of gambling venues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Cataldo
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Eleonora Casonato
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Ermelinda Levari
- Local Public Health Authority, Addiction Treatment Unit (SERD), Trento, Italy
| | - Attilio Negri
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Pierluigi Simonato
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- Clinic "Parco dei Tigli", Padova, Teolo, Italy
| | - Giulia Tomasi
- Self-help mutual aid association "AMA", Trento, Italy
| | - Giovanna Branz
- Local Public Health Authority, Addiction Treatment Unit (SERD), Trento, Italy
| | - Aurora Coppola
- Local Public Health Authority, Addiction Treatment Unit (SERD), Trento, Italy
| | | | - Eva Leoni
- Local Public Health Authority, Addiction Treatment Unit (SERD), Trento, Italy
| | - Pietro Mistretta
- Local Public Health Authority, Addiction Treatment Unit (SERD), Trento, Italy
| | - Martina Stefani
- Local Public Health Authority, Addiction Treatment Unit (SERD), Trento, Italy
| | | | - Anna Franceschini
- Local Public Health Authority, Addiction Treatment Unit (SERD), Trento, Italy
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- Psychology Program, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ornella Corazza
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
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17
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Lee BK, Merali NK. Employment Stress and Couple Adjustment among Clients With Disorders of Gambling and Alcohol Use: Themes of Transfers in Congruence Couple Therapy. Subst Abuse 2022; 16:11782218221080773. [PMID: 35340915 PMCID: PMC8943458 DOI: 10.1177/11782218221080773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Individuals with problematic gambling, alcohol and substance use commonly
report lower employment rates and more employment-related problems such as
job loss, work conflicts and poor performance. Method: A thematic qualitative analysis was conducted to extract employment-related
themes from 21 sets of addiction counselors’ case notes of couple therapy
sessions (average 10 sessions per case) from a randomized controlled trial
of Congruence Couple Therapy (CCT). Case notes were examined for the types
of employment issues to answer the research question: What are the
interconnections of employment, couple adjustment and addictive behaviors as
revealed in the CCT counselors’ case notes? Results: Five key areas of employment-related stress were identified: (1)
unemployment, (2) financial concerns, (3) history of crime, (4) overworking
and workaholism, and (5) workplace conflict. These themes interacted
negatively with couple adjustment and addictive behaviors. Using CCT as an
intervention, clients gained skills in 4 areas transferred to employment:
(1) awareness of self, other and family of origin, (2) congruent
communication, (3) work-family balance, and (4) enlisting spousal support.
These themes intersected with enhanced work functioning and reduced stress,
alcohol use and gambling. Conclusion: Employment problems negatively impacted addictive behaviors, couple
adjustment and well-being of partners and clients. Skills and awareness
gained in CCT promoted changes in addicted clients’ employment functioning
and coping with employment stress. The domains of work and couple adjustment
are mutually influential in increasing or reducing stress with implications
for addiction recovery. CCT as a viable intervention for enhancing
employment function should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie K Lee
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Noor-Khanu Merali
- Graduate Certificate in Advanced Clinical Studies of Addiction, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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18
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Huneke NTM, Chamberlain SR, Baldwin DS, Grant JE. Diverse predictors of treatment response to active medication and placebo in gambling disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 144:96-101. [PMID: 34607088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Gambling disorder creates a significant public health burden. Despite decades of clinical trials, there are no licensed pharmacological treatments for gambling disorder. Contributing factors to this are the high placebo response rates seen in clinical trials, the heterogeneity of the disorder and high rates of psychiatric comorbidities. Indeed, a number of demographic and clinical variables have previously been associated with altered responses to pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy and placebo. Which variables are likely to predict response to one modality over another remains uncertain. We carried out multiple linear regression analyses in a pooled dataset from six treatment studies in gambling disorder with the aim of identifying predictors of treatment response. Potential predictors were identified a priori through hypothesis and entered into models including all patients, and subsequently for those randomized to active medication or placebo separately. We found that baseline severity of gambling symptoms and number of weeks completed in a trial were predictors of active medication response, while decreased baseline symptoms of anxiety, increased baseline symptoms of depression, and non-Caucasian ethnicity were associated with placebo response. Sensitivity analyses showed that these associations were robust to choices made during the analysis. Further research is required to understand whether controlling for these variables, or using enriched samples, improves assay sensitivity in placebo-controlled clinical trials for gambling disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan T M Huneke
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK; University Department of Psychiatry, University of Southampton, UK; Southern Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
| | - Samuel R Chamberlain
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK; University Department of Psychiatry, University of Southampton, UK; Southern Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - David S Baldwin
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, UK; University Department of Psychiatry, University of Southampton, UK; Southern Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK; University Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jon E Grant
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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19
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Russell AMT, Browne M, Hing N, Visintin T, Begg S, Rawat V, Rockloff M. Stressful Life Events Precede Gambling Problems, and Continued Gambling Problems Exacerbate Stressful Life Events; A Life Course Calendar Study. J Gambl Stud 2021; 38:1405-1430. [PMID: 34802086 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Do stressful life events cause gambling problems, or do gambling problems cause stressful life events? This study used a retrospective design to examine the temporal order of these associations. Specifically, the study employed a life course calendar in a self-directed online survey to minimise memory biases common in retrospective designs. A total of 1564 US respondents who had gambled at any point in their life (51.0% female, median age 46) were asked whether, for each year of their adult life, they had experienced each of eight stressful life events, and whether they had engaged in casual or heavy gambling, drinking or drug use, with heavy gambling defined in line with a problem gambling definition. We found that five stressful life events were associated with the onset of heavy gambling: work issues, financial issues, legal issues, relationship issues and the death of a loved one. The same five stressful life events predict the cessation of an episode of heavy gambling, indicating a possible tendency for gambling problems to self-resolve in the presence of stress. Insights are also gained into comorbidities with alcohol and drug use, and the course of stressful life events and gambling and substance use throughout the life course, albeit with a non-representative sample. The methodology allows tentative conclusions in terms of possible causation pathways, indicating that stressful life events may play a role both in the onset and the maintenance (or cessation) of gambling problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M T Russell
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Level 6, 400 Kent St, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia.
| | - Matthew Browne
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Nerilee Hing
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | - Tess Visintin
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen Begg
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Vijay Rawat
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Rockloff
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
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20
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Saunders P, Doyle K. Gambling Interventions in Indigenous Communities, from Theory to Practice: A Rapid Qualitative Review of the Literature. J Gambl Stud 2021; 37:947-982. [PMID: 33751361 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Indigenous populations globally experience problem gambling at higher rates than mainstream communities, often leading to adverse outcomes in social, cultural, and health domains (The term 'indigenous' within this paper refers to all first nations people from the specified countries. When capitalised, this refers to Australian Indigenous people specifically.). Problem gambling in indigenous communities has been linked to relative poverty and social disadvantage. The sweeping impacts of problem gambling for indigenous communities are holistic in nature and are felt throughout many aspects of the community, including the local economy, education, employment, and cultural kinship obligations. The social links inherent in many gambling activities in addition to the motivations of players and complex socio-cultural milieu can make it very difficult to renounce the practice. This paper aims to evaluate the indigenous gambling literature to discern appropriate and effective principles to guide intervention development in the context of problem gambling pertaining to the Australian Indigenous population. A rapid review will be undertaken to gather, analyse, and interpret appropriate theoretical and empirical literature relating to gambling interventions for indigenous populations. Papers from Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and U.S.A (CANZUS) will be considered in the review and thematic analysis will be undertaken to ascertain a broad understanding of effective and appropriate problem gambling intervention principles applicable to these population groups. Despite the relative dearth of empirical evidence within this field, approaches to problem gambling intervention within indigenous populations must be culturally-centred and underpinned by a public health framework that considers the broad socio-politico-cultural context of the whole community. The importance of community-control, collaboration, community capacity building, workforce competence, a holistic approach, and gambling regulation cannot be overstated. The available literature focusses on an alternative approach to addressing problem gambling in indigenous communities, with much of the findings highlighting key indigenist principles within a context-based method of engagement and intervention, including addressing the social, political, and cultural determinants of problem gambling at a community-level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Saunders
- Indigenous Health, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Narellan Rd, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.
| | - Kerrie Doyle
- Indigenous Health, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Narellan Rd, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
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21
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Sharman S, Roberts A, Bowden-Jones H, Strang J. Gambling in COVID-19 Lockdown in the UK: Depression, Stress, and Anxiety. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:621497. [PMID: 33569018 PMCID: PMC7868396 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.621497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To combat the spread of COVID-19, the UK Government implemented a range of "lockdown" measures. Lockdown has necessarily changed the gambling habits of gamblers in the UK, and the impact of these measures on the mental health of gamblers is unknown. To understand the impact of lockdown on gamblers, in April 2020, after ~6 weeks of lockdown, participants (N = 1,028, 72% female) completed an online questionnaire. Gambling engagement data was collected for pre-lockdown via the Brief Problem Gambling Screen (BPGS) allowing participants to be classified as Non-Gamblers (NG), Non-Problem Gamblers (NPG) or Potential Problem Gamblers (PPG). The Depression, Stress, and Anxiety Scale (DASS21) was used to measure depression, stress, and anxiety scores both pre- and during-lockdown. Results indicate that depression, stress and anxiety has increased across the whole sample. Participants classified in the PPG group reported higher scores on each sub scale at both baseline and during lockdown. Increases were observed on each DASS21 subscale, for each gambler group, however despite variable significance and effect sizes, the magnitude of increases did not differ between groups. Lockdown has had a significant impact on mental health of participants; whilst depression stress and anxiety remain highest in potential problem gamblers, pre-lockdown gambler status did not affect changes in DASS21 scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Sharman
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom.,School of Psychology, University of East London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Roberts
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
| | - Henrietta Bowden-Jones
- National Problem Gambling Clinic, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Strang
- National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
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22
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McMullin SD, Shields GS, Slavich GM, Buchanan TW. Cumulative lifetime stress exposure predicts greater impulsivity and addictive behaviors. J Health Psychol 2020; 26:2921-2936. [PMID: 32643970 DOI: 10.1177/1359105320937055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated whether lifetime stress exposure is associated with greater impulsivity and addictive behavior. We also examined whether stress and impulsivity interactively predicted food addiction and alcohol-related behavior. Greater lifetime stress exposure was related to more impulsivity and food addictive behaviors, but not alcohol-related consequences. There were no interactions between lifetime stress exposure and impulsivity in predicting addictive behaviors. Exploratory analyses revealed that early and adulthood stress exposure predicted food addiction, whereas only adulthood stress predicted alcohol-related consequences. Therefore, lifetime stress exposure is related to impulsivity and addiction, but these effects differ by addiction outcome and specific timing of stress exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Grant S Shields
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - George M Slavich
- Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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23
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Li Y, Ramoz N, Derrington E, Dreher JC. Hormonal responses in gambling versus alcohol abuse: A review of human studies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 100:109880. [PMID: 32004637 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The endocrine system plays an essential role in communication between various organs of the body to maintain homeostasis. Both substance use disorders (SUDs) and non-substance abuse disrupt this system and lead to hormonal dysregulations. Here, we focus on the comparison between the function of the endocrine system in gambling disorders and alcohol addiction to understand the commonalities and differences in their neurobiological and psychological underpinnings. We review human research to compare findings on gambling addiction and alcohol dependence pertaining to the dynamic interplay between testosterone and cortisol. Understanding and classifying similarities in hormonal responses between behavioural addiction and SUDs may facilitate development of treatments and therapeutic interventions across different types of addictive disorders, while describing differences may shed light on therapeutic interventions for specific disorders. Although research on gambling addiction is in its infancy, such evaluation may still have a positive effect for addiction research, thereby stimulating discovery of "crossover" pharmacotherapies with benefits for both SUDs and nonsubstance addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Li
- Competition, Addiction and Social Neuroscience Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China; Institute for Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Nicolas Ramoz
- Vulnerability of Psychiatric and Addictive Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM UMRS1266, Paris, France.
| | - Edmund Derrington
- Neuroeconomics Laboratory, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS UMR 5229, Bron, France
| | - Jean-Claude Dreher
- Neuroeconomics Laboratory, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS UMR 5229, Bron, France.
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