1
|
Tamo AK, Djouonkep LDW, Selabi NBS. 3D Printing of Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications: A Review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132123. [PMID: 38761909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
In tissue engineering, 3D printing represents a versatile technology employing inks to construct three-dimensional living structures, mimicking natural biological systems. This technology efficiently translates digital blueprints into highly reproducible 3D objects. Recent advances have expanded 3D printing applications, allowing for the fabrication of diverse anatomical components, including engineered functional tissues and organs. The development of printable inks, which incorporate macromolecules, enzymes, cells, and growth factors, is advancing with the aim of restoring damaged tissues and organs. Polysaccharides, recognized for their intrinsic resemblance to components of the extracellular matrix have garnered significant attention in the field of tissue engineering. This review explores diverse 3D printing techniques, outlining distinctive features that should characterize scaffolds used as ideal matrices in tissue engineering. A detailed investigation into the properties and roles of polysaccharides in tissue engineering is highlighted. The review also culminates in a profound exploration of 3D polysaccharide-based hydrogel applications, focusing on recent breakthroughs in regenerating different tissues such as skin, bone, cartilage, heart, nerve, vasculature, and skeletal muscle. It further addresses challenges and prospective directions in 3D printing hydrogels based on polysaccharides, paving the way for innovative research to fabricate functional tissues, enhancing patient care, and improving quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Kamdem Tamo
- Institute of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies FIT, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany; Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères (IMP), Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, CNRS, UMR 5223, 69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France.
| | - Lesly Dasilva Wandji Djouonkep
- College of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan 430100, China; Key Laboratory of Drilling and Production Engineering for Oil and Gas, Wuhan 430100, China
| | - Naomie Beolle Songwe Selabi
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mohanadas HP, Nair V, Doctor AA, Faudzi AAM, Tucker N, Ismail AF, Ramakrishna S, Saidin S, Jaganathan SK. A Systematic Analysis of Additive Manufacturing Techniques in the Bioengineering of In Vitro Cardiovascular Models. Ann Biomed Eng 2023; 51:2365-2383. [PMID: 37466879 PMCID: PMC10598155 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-023-03322-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Additive Manufacturing is noted for ease of product customization and short production run cost-effectiveness. As our global population approaches 8 billion, additive manufacturing has a future in maintaining and improving average human life expectancy for the same reasons that it has advantaged general manufacturing. In recent years, additive manufacturing has been applied to tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and drug delivery. Additive Manufacturing combined with tissue engineering and biocompatibility studies offers future opportunities for various complex cardiovascular implants and surgeries. This paper is a comprehensive overview of current technological advancements in additive manufacturing with potential for cardiovascular application. The current limitations and prospects of the technology for cardiovascular applications are explored and evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek Nair
- Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Lab, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Texas Arlington, Arlington, TX, 76010, USA
| | | | - Ahmad Athif Mohd Faudzi
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nick Tucker
- School of Engineering, College of Science, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK
| | - Ahmad Fauzi Ismail
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology Initiative, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Syafiqah Saidin
- IJNUTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Saravana Kumar Jaganathan
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- School of Engineering, College of Science, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bertsch P, Diba M, Mooney DJ, Leeuwenburgh SCG. Self-Healing Injectable Hydrogels for Tissue Regeneration. Chem Rev 2022; 123:834-873. [PMID: 35930422 PMCID: PMC9881015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterials with the ability to self-heal and recover their structural integrity offer many advantages for applications in biomedicine. The past decade has witnessed the rapid emergence of a new class of self-healing biomaterials commonly termed injectable, or printable in the context of 3D printing. These self-healing injectable biomaterials, mostly hydrogels and other soft condensed matter based on reversible chemistry, are able to temporarily fluidize under shear stress and subsequently recover their original mechanical properties. Self-healing injectable hydrogels offer distinct advantages compared to traditional biomaterials. Most notably, they can be administered in a locally targeted and minimally invasive manner through a narrow syringe without the need for invasive surgery. Their moldability allows for a patient-specific intervention and shows great prospects for personalized medicine. Injected hydrogels can facilitate tissue regeneration in multiple ways owing to their viscoelastic and diffusive nature, ranging from simple mechanical support, spatiotemporally controlled delivery of cells or therapeutics, to local recruitment and modulation of host cells to promote tissue regeneration. Consequently, self-healing injectable hydrogels have been at the forefront of many cutting-edge tissue regeneration strategies. This study provides a critical review of the current state of self-healing injectable hydrogels for tissue regeneration. As key challenges toward further maturation of this exciting research field, we identify (i) the trade-off between the self-healing and injectability of hydrogels vs their physical stability, (ii) the lack of consensus on rheological characterization and quantitative benchmarks for self-healing injectable hydrogels, particularly regarding the capillary flow in syringes, and (iii) practical limitations regarding translation toward therapeutically effective formulations for regeneration of specific tissues. Hence, here we (i) review chemical and physical design strategies for self-healing injectable hydrogels, (ii) provide a practical guide for their rheological analysis, and (iii) showcase their applicability for regeneration of various tissues and 3D printing of complex tissues and organoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Bertsch
- Department
of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular
Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical
Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mani Diba
- Department
of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular
Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical
Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands,John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States,Wyss
Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - David J. Mooney
- John
A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States,Wyss
Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sander C. G. Leeuwenburgh
- Department
of Dentistry-Regenerative Biomaterials, Radboud Institute for Molecular
Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical
Center, 6525 EX Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fernandes S, Vyas C, Lim P, Pereira RF, Virós A, Bártolo P. 3D Bioprinting: An Enabling Technology to Understand Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14143535. [PMID: 35884596 PMCID: PMC9318274 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14143535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a potentially fatal cancer with rising incidence over the last 50 years, associated with enhanced sun exposure and ultraviolet radiation. Its incidence is highest in people of European descent and the ageing population. There are multiple clinical and epidemiological variables affecting melanoma incidence and mortality, such as sex, ethnicity, UV exposure, anatomic site, and age. Although survival has improved in recent years due to advances in targeted and immunotherapies, new understanding of melanoma biology and disease progression is vital to improving clinical outcomes. Efforts to develop three-dimensional human skin equivalent models using biofabrication techniques, such as bioprinting, promise to deliver a better understanding of the complexity of melanoma and associated risk factors. These 3D skin models can be used as a platform for patient specific models and testing therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Fernandes
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (S.F.); (C.V.); (P.L.)
| | - Cian Vyas
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (S.F.); (C.V.); (P.L.)
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Peggy Lim
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (S.F.); (C.V.); (P.L.)
| | - Rúben F. Pereira
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- INEB—Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Amaya Virós
- Skin Cancer and Ageing Laboratory, Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Paulo Bártolo
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (S.F.); (C.V.); (P.L.)
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Correspondence: or
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aslan E, Vyas C, Yupanqui Mieles J, Humphreys G, Diver C, Bartolo P. Preliminary Characterization of a Polycaprolactone-SurgihoneyRO Electrospun Mesh for Skin Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:89. [PMID: 35009233 PMCID: PMC8746156 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Skin is a hierarchical and multi-cellular organ exposed to the external environment with a key protective and regulatory role. Wounds caused by disease and trauma can lead to a loss of function, which can be debilitating and even cause death. Accelerating the natural skin healing process and minimizing the risk of infection is a clinical challenge. Electrospinning is a key technology in the development of wound dressings and skin substitutes as it enables extracellular matrix-mimicking fibrous structures and delivery of bioactive materials. Honey is a promising biomaterial for use in skin tissue engineering applications and has antimicrobial properties and potential tissue regenerative properties. This preliminary study investigates a solution electrospun composite nanofibrous mesh based on polycaprolactone and a medical grade honey, SurgihoneyRO. The processing conditions were optimized and assessed by scanning electron microscopy to fabricate meshes with uniform fiber diameters and minimal presence of beads. The chemistry of the composite meshes was examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photon spectroscopy showing incorporation of honey into the polymer matrix. Meshes incorporating honey had lower mechanical properties due to lower polymer content but were more hydrophilic, resulting in an increase in swelling and an accelerated degradation profile. The biocompatibility of the meshes was assessed using human dermal fibroblasts and adipose-derived stem cells, which showed comparable or higher cell metabolic activity and viability for SurgihoneyRO-containing meshes compared to polycaprolactone only meshes. The meshes showed no antibacterial properties in a disk diffusion test due to a lack of hydrogen peroxide production and release. The developed polycaprolactone-honey nanofibrous meshes have potential for use in skin applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enes Aslan
- Department of Machine and Metal Technologies, Gumusova Vocational School, Duzce University, Duzce 81850, Turkey;
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (C.V.); (J.Y.M.)
| | - Cian Vyas
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (C.V.); (J.Y.M.)
| | - Joel Yupanqui Mieles
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (C.V.); (J.Y.M.)
| | - Gavin Humphreys
- School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Carl Diver
- Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M15 6BH, UK;
| | - Paulo Bartolo
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (C.V.); (J.Y.M.)
- Singapore Centre for 3D Printing, School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Qavi I, Tan GZ. Near-field electrospinning polycaprolactone microfibers to mimic arteriole-capillary-venule structure. Prog Biomater 2021; 10:223-233. [PMID: 34553343 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-021-00165-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to create three-dimensional (3D) cell-incorporated constructs for tissue engineering has progressed tremendously. One of the major challenges that limit the clinical applications of tissue engineering is the inability to form sufficient vascularization of capillary vessels in the 3D constructs. The lack of a functional capillary network for supplying nutrients and oxygen leads to poor cell viability. This paper presents the near-field electrospinning (ES) technique to fabricate a branched microfiber structure that mimics the morphology of capillaries. Polycaprolactone solution was electrospun onto a sloped collector that resulted in morphological and geometric variation of the fibers. With proper control over the solution viscosity and the electrospinning voltage, a single fiber was scattered into a branched fiber network and then converged back to a single fiber on the collector. The obtained fibers have a diameter of less than 100 microns at the two ends with coiled and branched fibers of less than 10 microns that mimics the arteriole-capillary-venule structure. The formation of such a structure in the near-field ES strongly depends on the solution viscosity. Low viscosity solutions form beads and discontinuous lines thus cannot be used to achieve the desired structure. The branching of PCL fiber occurs due to an electrohydrodynamic instability. The transition from the straight large fiber to smaller coiled/branched fibers is not instantaneous and stretches over a horizontal region of 1.5 cm. The current work shows the feasibility of electrospinning the stem-branch-stem fibrous structure by adopting a valley-shaped collector with potentials for tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Qavi
- Department of Industrial, Manufacturing and Systems Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA
| | - George Z Tan
- Department of Industrial, Manufacturing and Systems Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Parisi C, Qin K, Fernandes FM. Colonization versus encapsulation in cell-laden materials design: porosity and process biocompatibility determine cellularization pathways. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2021; 379:20200344. [PMID: 34334019 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seeding materials with living cells has been-and still is-one of the most promising approaches to reproduce the complexity and the functionality of living matter. The strategies to associate living cells with materials are limited to cell encapsulation and colonization, however, the requirements for these two approaches have been seldom discussed systematically. Here we propose a simple two-dimensional map based on materials' pore size and the cytocompatibility of their fabrication process to draw, for the first time, a guide to building cellularized materials. We believe this approach may serve as a straightforward guideline to design new, more relevant materials, able to seize the complexity and the function of biological materials. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 1)'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Parisi
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Université, UMR7574, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Kankan Qin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Université, UMR7574, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Francisco M Fernandes
- Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, Sorbonne Université, UMR7574, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Additive Manufacturing of Biopolymers for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine: An Overview, Potential Applications, Advancements, and Trends. INT J POLYM SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/4907027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As a technique of producing fabric engineering scaffolds, three-dimensional (3D) printing has tremendous possibilities. 3D printing applications are restricted to a wide range of biomaterials in the field of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. Due to their biocompatibility, bioactiveness, and biodegradability, biopolymers such as collagen, alginate, silk fibroin, chitosan, alginate, cellulose, and starch are used in a variety of fields, including the food, biomedical, regeneration, agriculture, packaging, and pharmaceutical industries. The benefits of producing 3D-printed scaffolds are many, including the capacity to produce complicated geometries, porosity, and multicell coculture and to take growth factors into account. In particular, the additional production of biopolymers offers new options to produce 3D structures and materials with specialised patterns and properties. In the realm of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM), important progress has been accomplished; now, several state-of-the-art techniques are used to produce porous scaffolds for organ or tissue regeneration to be suited for tissue technology. Natural biopolymeric materials are often better suited for designing and manufacturing healing equipment than temporary implants and tissue regeneration materials owing to its appropriate properties and biocompatibility. The review focuses on the additive manufacturing of biopolymers with significant changes, advancements, trends, and developments in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering with potential applications.
Collapse
|
9
|
Blake C, Massey O, Boyd-Moss M, Firipis K, Rifai A, Franks S, Quigley A, Kapsa R, Nisbet DR, Williams RJ. Replace and repair: Biomimetic bioprinting for effective muscle engineering. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:031502. [PMID: 34258499 PMCID: PMC8270648 DOI: 10.1063/5.0040764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The debilitating effects of muscle damage, either through ischemic injury or volumetric muscle loss (VML), can have significant impacts on patients, and yet there are few effective treatments. This challenge arises when function is degraded due to significant amounts of skeletal muscle loss, beyond the regenerative ability of endogenous repair mechanisms. Currently available surgical interventions for VML are quite invasive and cannot typically restore function adequately. In response to this, many new bioengineering studies implicate 3D bioprinting as a viable option. Bioprinting for VML repair includes three distinct phases: printing and seeding, growth and maturation, and implantation and application. Although this 3D bioprinting technology has existed for several decades, the advent of more advanced and novel printing techniques has brought us closer to clinical applications. Recent studies have overcome previous limitations in diffusion distance with novel microchannel construct architectures and improved myotubule alignment with highly biomimetic nanostructures. These structures may also enhance angiogenic and nervous ingrowth post-implantation, though further research to improve these parameters has been limited. Inclusion of neural cells has also shown to improve myoblast maturation and development of neuromuscular junctions, bringing us one step closer to functional, implantable skeletal muscle constructs. Given the current state of skeletal muscle 3D bioprinting, the most pressing future avenues of research include furthering our understanding of the physical and biochemical mechanisms of myotube development and expanding our control over macroscopic and microscopic construct structures. Further to this, current investigation needs to be expanded from immunocompromised rodent and murine myoblast models to more clinically applicable human cell lines as we move closer to viable therapeutic implementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cooper Blake
- Institute of Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Oliver Massey
- Institute of Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Stephanie Franks
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Experimental and Numerical Simulations of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14133546. [PMID: 34201996 PMCID: PMC8269492 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ideal bone scaffolds for tissue engineering should be highly porous allowing cell attachment, spreading, and differentiation and presenting appropriate biomechanical properties. These antagonistic characteristics usually require extensive experimental work to achieve optimised balanced properties. This paper presents a simulation approach to determine the mechanical behaviour of bone scaffolds allowing the compressive modulus and the deformation mechanisms to be predicted. Polycaprolactone scaffolds with regular square pores and different porosities were considered. Scaffolds were also printed using an extrusion-based additive manufacturing and assessed under compressive loads. Similar designs were used for both simulation and fabrication steps. A good correlation between numerical and experimental results was obtained, highlighting the suitability of the simulation tool for the mechanical design of 3D-printed bone scaffolds.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sun F, Lu Y, Wang Z, Shi H. Vascularization strategies for tissue engineering for tracheal reconstruction. Regen Med 2021; 16:549-566. [PMID: 34114475 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2020-0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering technology provides effective alternative treatments for tracheal reconstruction. The formation of a functional microvascular network is essential to support cell metabolism and ensure the long-term survival of grafts. Although several tracheal replacement therapy strategies have been developed in the past, the critical significance of the formation of microvascular networks in 3D scaffolds has not attracted sufficient attention. Here, we review key technologies and related factors of microvascular network construction in tissue-engineered trachea and explore optimized preparation processes of vascularized functional tissues for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine for Prevention & Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Yi Lu
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine for Prevention & Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Zhihao Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine for Prevention & Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| | - Hongcan Shi
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese & Western Medicine for Prevention & Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nguyen TD, Tran VT, Du H. Manipulation of self-assembled three-dimensional architecture in reusable acoustofluidic device. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:2375-2382. [PMID: 33765330 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Reconstructing of cell architecture plays a vital role in tissue engineering. Recent developments of self-assembling of cells into three-dimensional (3D) matrix pattern using surface acoustic waves have paved a way for a better tissue engineering platform thanks to its unique properties such as nature of noninvasive and noncontact, high biocompatibility, low-power consumption, automation capability, and fast actuation. This article discloses a method to manipulate the orientation and curvature of 3D matrix pattern by redesigning the top wall of microfluidic chamber and the technique to create a 3D longitudinal pattern along preinserted polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) rods. Experimental results showed a good agreement with model predictions. This research can actively contribute to the development of better organs-on-chips platforms with capability of controlling cell architecture and density. Meanwhile, the 3D longitudinal pattern is suitable for self-assembling of microvasculatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tan Dai Nguyen
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang, Singapore
| | - Van-Thai Tran
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang, Singapore
| | - Hejun Du
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hu Q, Tang H, Yao Y, Liu S, Zhang H, Ramalingam M. Rapid fabrication of gelatin-based scaffolds with prevascularized channels for organ regeneration. Biomed Mater 2021; 16. [PMID: 33730706 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abef7b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
One of the biggest hinders in tissue engineering over the last decades was the complexity of the prevascularized channels of the engineered scaffold, which was still lower than that of human tissues. Another relative trouble was lacking precision molding capability, which restricted the clinical applications of the huge engineered scaffold. In this study, a promising approach was proposed to prepare hydrogel scaffold with prevascularized channels by liquid bath printing, which chitosan/β-sodium glycerophosphate (CS/β-GP) severed as the ink hydrogel, and gelation/nanoscale bacterial cellulose (Gel/BC) acted as the supporting hydrogel. Here, the ink hydrogel was printed by a versatile nozzle and embedded in the supporting hydrogel. Ink hydrogel transformed into liquid effluent at low temperature after cross-linking of gelatin by microbial transglutaminase (mTG). No residual template was seen on the channel surface after template removal. This preparation had a high degree of freedom in the geometry of the channel, which was demonstrated by making various prevascularized channels including circular, branched, and tree-shaped networks. The molding accuracy of the channel was detected by studying the roundness of the cross-section of the molded hollow channel, and the effect of the mechanical properties by adding BC to supporting hydrogel was analyzed. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were injected into the aforementioned channels and formed confluent and homogeneous distribution on the surface of channels. Altogether, these results showed that this approach can construct hydrogel scaffold with complex and accurate molding prevascularized channels, and had great potential to resolve urgent vascularization issue of bulk tissue-engineering scaffold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingxi Hu
- Shanghai University, 99, , Shanghai, 200444, CHINA
| | - Haihu Tang
- Shanghai University, 99, , Shanghai, 200444, CHINA
| | - Yuan Yao
- Shanghai University, 99, , Shanghai, 200444, CHINA
| | - Suihong Liu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, Shanghai University, No.99 Shangda Road, BaoShan District, Shanghai, China, Shanghai, 200444, CHINA
| | | | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Vellore Institute of Technology, Vandalur - Kelambakkam Road, Chennai , Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, INDIA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kennedy CC, Brown EE, Abutaleb NO, Truskey GA. Development and Application of Endothelial Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells in Microphysiological Systems Models. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:625016. [PMID: 33659279 PMCID: PMC7917070 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.625016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular endothelium is present in all organs and blood vessels, facilitates the exchange of nutrients and waste throughout different organ systems in the body, and sets the tone for healthy vessel function. Mechanosensitive in nature, the endothelium responds to the magnitude and temporal waveform of shear stress in the vessels. Endothelial dysfunction can lead to atherosclerosis and other diseases. Modeling endothelial function and dysfunction in organ systems in vitro, such as the blood–brain barrier and tissue-engineered blood vessels, requires sourcing endothelial cells (ECs) for these biomedical engineering applications. It can be difficult to source primary, easily renewable ECs that possess the function or dysfunction in question. In contrast, human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) can be sourced from donors of interest and renewed almost indefinitely. In this review, we highlight how knowledge of vascular EC development in vivo is used to differentiate induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) into ECs. We then describe how iPSC-derived ECs are being used currently in in vitro models of organ function and disease and in vivo applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Crystal C Kennedy
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Erin E Brown
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nadia O Abutaleb
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - George A Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zheng M, Guo J, Li Q, Yang J, Han Y, Yang H, Yu M, Zhong L, Lu D, Li L, Sun L. Syntheses and characterization of anti-thrombotic and anti-oxidative Gastrodin-modified polyurethane for vascular tissue engineering. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:404-419. [PMID: 32995669 PMCID: PMC7486448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular grafts must avoid negative inflammatory responses and thrombogenesis to prohibit fibrotic deposition immediately upon implantation and promote the regeneration of small diameter blood vessels (<6 mm inner diameter). Here, polyurethane (PU) elastomers incorporating anti-coagulative and anti-inflammatory Gastrodin were fabricated. The films had inter-connected pores with porosities equal to or greater than 86% and pore sizes ranging from 250 to 400 μm. Incorporation of Gastrodin into PU films resulted in desirable mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, swelling ratios and degradation rates without collapse. The released Gastrodin maintained bioactivity over 21 days as assessed by its anti-oxidative capability. The Gastrodin/PU had better anti-coagulation response (less observable BSA, fibrinogen and platelet adhesion/activation and suppressed clotting in whole blood). Red blood cell compatibility, measured by hemolysis, was greatly improved with 2Gastrodin/PU compared to other Gastrodin/PU groups. Notably, Gastrodin/PU upregulated anti-oxidant factors Nrf2 and HO-1 expression in H2O2 treated HUVECs, correlated with decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β in RAW 264.7 cells. Upon implantation in a subcutaneous pocket, PU was encapsulated by an obvious fibrous capsule, concurrent with a large amount of inflammatory cell infiltration, while Gastrodin/PU induced a thinner fibrous capsule, especially 2Gastrodin/PU. Further, enhanced adhesion and proliferation of HUVECs seeded onto films in vitro demonstrated that 2Gastrodin/PU could help cell recruitment, as evidenced by rapid host cell infiltration and substantial blood vessel formation in vivo. These results indicate that 2Gastrodin/PU has the potential to facilitate blood vessel regeneration, thus providing new insight into the development of clinically effective vascular grafts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zheng
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jiazhi Guo
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Qing Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Materials Research Institute, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Yi Han
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hongcai Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Mali Yu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lianmei Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Di Lu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Limei Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650032, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
3D printing of silk microparticle reinforced polycaprolactone scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 118:111433. [PMID: 33255027 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds have been widely investigated for tissue engineering applications, however, they exhibit poor cell adhesion and mechanical properties. Subsequently, PCL composites have been produced to improve the material properties. This study utilises a natural material, Bombyx mori silk microparticles (SMP) prepared by milling silk fibre, to produce a composite to enhance the scaffolds properties. Silk is biocompatible and biodegradable with excellent mechanical properties. However, there are no studies using SMPs as a reinforcing agent in a 3D printed thermoplastic polymer scaffold. PCL/SMP (10, 20, 30 wt%) composites were prepared by melt blending. Rheological analysis showed that SMP loading increased the shear thinning and storage modulus of the material. Scaffolds were fabricated using a screw-assisted extrusion-based additive manufacturing system. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microtomography was used to determine scaffold morphology. The scaffolds had high interconnectivity with regular printed fibres and pore morphologies within the designed parameters. Compressive mechanical testing showed that the addition of SMP significantly improved the compressive Young's modulus of the scaffolds. The scaffolds were more hydrophobic with the inclusion of SMP which was linked to a decrease in total protein adsorption. Cell behaviour was assessed using human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells. A cytotoxic effect was observed at higher particle loading (30 wt%) after 7 days of culture. By day 21, 10 wt% loading showed significantly higher cell metabolic activity and proliferation, high cell viability, and cell migration throughout the scaffold. Calcium mineral deposition was observed on the scaffolds during cell culture. Large calcium mineral deposits were observed at 30 wt% and smaller calcium deposits were observed at 10 wt%. This study demonstrates that SMPs incorporated into a PCL scaffold provided effective mechanical reinforcement, improved the rate of degradation, and increased cell proliferation, demonstrating potential suitability for bone tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
|
17
|
Guo Z, Grijpma D, Poot A. Leachable Poly(Trimethylene Carbonate)/CaCO 3 Composites for Additive Manufacturing of Microporous Vascular Structures. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13153435. [PMID: 32759759 PMCID: PMC7435882 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to fabricate microporous poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) vascular structures by stereolithography (SLA) for applications in tissue engineering and organ models. Leachable CaCO3 particles with an average size of 0.56 μm were used as porogens. Composites of photocrosslinkable PTMC and CaCO3 particles were cast on glass plates, crosslinked by ultraviolet light treatment and leached in watery HCl solutions. In order to obtain interconnected pore structures, the PTMC/CaCO3 composites had to contain at least 30 vol % CaCO3. Leached PTMC films had porosities ranging from 33% to 71% and a pore size of around 0.5 μm. The mechanical properties of the microporous PTMC films matched with those of natural blood vessels. Resins based on PTMC/CaCO3 composites with 45 vol % CaCO3 particles were formulated and successfully used to build vascular structures of various shapes and sizes by SLA. The intrinsic permeabilities of the microporous PTMC films and vascular structures were at least one order of magnitude higher than reported for the extracellular matrix, indicating no mass transfer limitations in the case of cell seeding.
Collapse
|
18
|
3D Printing of Polycaprolactone-Polyaniline Electroactive Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13030512. [PMID: 31978961 PMCID: PMC7040705 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrostimulation and electroactive scaffolds can positively influence and guide cellular behaviour and thus has been garnering interest as a key tissue engineering strategy. The development of conducting polymers such as polyaniline enables the fabrication of conductive polymeric composite scaffolds. In this study, we report on the initial development of a polycaprolactone scaffold incorporating different weight loadings of a polyaniline microparticle filler. The scaffolds are fabricated using screw-assisted extrusion-based 3D printing and are characterised for their morphological, mechanical, conductivity, and preliminary biological properties. The conductivity of the polycaprolactone scaffolds increases with the inclusion of polyaniline. The in vitro cytocompatibility of the scaffolds was assessed using human adipose-derived stem cells to determine cell viability and proliferation up to 21 days. A cytotoxicity threshold was reached at 1% wt. polyaniline loading. Scaffolds with 0.1% wt. polyaniline showed suitable compressive strength (6.45 ± 0.16 MPa) and conductivity (2.46 ± 0.65 × 10−4 S/cm) for bone tissue engineering applications and demonstrated the highest cell viability at day 1 (88%) with cytocompatibility for up to 21 days in cell culture.
Collapse
|
19
|
Sharma D, Ross D, Wang G, Jia W, Kirkpatrick SJ, Zhao F. Upgrading prevascularization in tissue engineering: A review of strategies for promoting highly organized microvascular network formation. Acta Biomater 2019; 95:112-130. [PMID: 30878450 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional and perfusable vascular network formation is critical to ensure the long-term survival and functionality of engineered tissues after their transplantation. Although several vascularization strategies have been reviewed in past, the significance of microvessel organization in three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds has been largely ignored. Advances in high-resolution microscopy and image processing have revealed that the majority of tissues including cardiac, skeletal muscle, bone, and skin contain highly organized microvessels that orient themselves to align with tissue architecture for optimum molecular exchange and functional performance. Here, we review strategies to develop highly organized and mature vascular networks in engineered tissues, with a focus on electromechanical stimulation, surface topography, micro scaffolding, surface-patterning, microfluidics and 3D printing. This review will provide researchers with state of the art approaches to engineer vascularized functional tissues for diverse applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Vascularization is one of the critical challenges facing tissue engineering. Recent technological advances have enabled researchers to develop microvascular networks in engineered tissues. Although far from translational applications, current vascularization strategies have shown promising outcomes. This review emphasizes the most recent technological advances and future challenges for developing organized microvascular networks in vitro. The next critical step is to achieve highly perfusable, dense, mature and organized microvascular networks representative of native tissues.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abdollahi S, Boktor J, Hibino N. Bioprinting of freestanding vascular grafts and the regulatory considerations for additively manufactured vascular prostheses. Transl Res 2019; 211:123-138. [PMID: 31201778 PMCID: PMC6702084 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vasculature is the network of blood vessels of an organ or body part that allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste to and from every cell, thus establishing a circulatory equilibrium. Vascular health is at risk from a variety of conditions that includes disease and trauma. In some cases, medical therapy can alleviate the impacts of the condition. Intervention is needed in other instances to restore the health of abnormal vasculature. The main approaches to treat vascular conditions are endovascular procedures and open vascular reconstruction that often requires a graft to accomplish. However, current vascular prostheses have limitations that include size mismatch with the native vessel, risk of immunogenicity from allografts and xenografts, and unavailability of autografts. In this review, we discuss efforts in bioprinting, an emerging method for vascular reconstruction. This includes an overview of 3D printing processes and materials, graft characterization strategies and the regulatory aspects to consider for the commercialization of 3D bioprinted vascular prostheses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Abdollahi
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph Boktor
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Narutoshi Hibino
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Li S, Wang K, Hu Q, Zhang C, Wang B. Direct-write and sacrifice-based techniques for vasculatures. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 104:109936. [PMID: 31500055 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.109936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Fabricating biomimetic vasculatures is considered one of the greatest challenges in tissue regeneration due to their complex structures across various length scales. Many strategies have been investigated on how to fabricate tissue-engineering vasculatures (TEVs), including vascular-like and vascularized structures that can replace their native counterparts. The advancement of additive manufacturing (AM) technologies has enabled a wide range of fabrication techniques that can directly-write TEVs with complex and delicate structures. Meanwhile, sacrifice-based techniques, which rely on the removal of encapsulated sacrificial templates to form desired cavity-like structures, have also been widely studied. This review will specifically focus on the two most promising methods in these recently developed technologies, which are the direct-write method and the sacrifice-based method. The performance, advantages, and shortcomings of each technique are analyzed and compared. In the discussion, we list current challenges in this field and present our vision of next-generation TEVs technologies. Perspectives on future research in this field are given at the end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Kan Wang
- Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Qingxi Hu
- Rapid Manufacturing Engineering Center, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing and Robotics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Engineering Training Education, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Chuck Zhang
- Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ben Wang
- Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Assessment of PCL/carbon material scaffolds for bone regeneration. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 93:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
23
|
Contessi Negrini N, Bonnetier M, Giatsidis G, Orgill DP, Farè S, Marelli B. Tissue-mimicking gelatin scaffolds by alginate sacrificial templates for adipose tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2019; 87:61-75. [PMID: 30654214 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
When adipose tissue (AT) is impaired by trauma or disease, AT engineering could provide a shelf-ready structural and functional restoration as alternative to current clinical treatments, which mainly aim at aesthetic replacement. Yet, the lack of an efficient vascular network within the scaffolds represents a major limitation to their translation application in patients. Here, we propose the use of microstructured crosslinked gelatin hydrogels with an embedded prevascular channel as scaffolding materials for AT engineering. The scaffolds are fabricated using - simultaneously - alginate-based microbeads and 3D printed filaments as sacrificial material encapsulated in gelatin at the point of material fabrication and removed post-crosslinking. This method yields the formation of microstructures that resemble the micro-architecture of physiological human fat tissue and of microvessels that can facilitate vascularization through anastomosis with patients' own blood vessels. The cytocompatible method used to prepare the gelatin scaffolds showed structural stability over time while allowing for cell infiltration and protease-based remodeling/degradation. Scaffolds' mechanical properties were also designed to mimic the one of natural breast adipose tissue, a key parameter for AT regeneration. Scaffold's embedded channel (∅ = 300-400 µm) allowed for cell infiltration and enabled blood flow in vitro when an anastomosis with a rat blood artery was performed using surgical glue. In vitro tests with human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) showed colonization of the porous structure of the gelatin hydrogels, differentiation into adipocytes and accumulation of lipid droplets, as shown by Oil Red O staining. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The potential clinical use of scaffolds for adipose tissue (AT) regeneration is currently limited by an unmet simultaneous achievement of adequate structural/morphological properties together with a promoted scaffold vascularization. Sacrificial materials, currently used either to obtain a tissue-mimicking structure or hollow channels to promote scaffold' vascularization, are powerful versatile tools for the fabrication of scaffolds with desired features. However, an integrated approach by means of sacrificial templates aiming at simultaneously achieving an adequate AT-mimicking structure and hollow channels for vascularization is missing. Here, we prove the suitability of crosslinked gelatin scaffolds obtained by using sacrificial alginate microbeads and 3D printed strands to achieve proper features and hollow channels useful for scaffolds vascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Contessi Negrini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, United States; Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy; INSTM, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mathilde Bonnetier
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Giorgio Giatsidis
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dennis P Orgill
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Silvia Farè
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy; INSTM, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Local Unit Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Benedetto Marelli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee SJ, Kim ME, Nah H, Seok JM, Jeong MH, Park K, Kwon IK, Lee JS, Park SA. Vascular endothelial growth factor immobilized on mussel-inspired three-dimensional bilayered scaffold for artificial vascular graft application: In vitro and in vivo evaluations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 537:333-344. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
25
|
Huang B, Vyas C, Roberts I, Poutrel QA, Chiang WH, Blaker JJ, Huang Z, Bártolo P. Fabrication and characterisation of 3D printed MWCNT composite porous scaffolds for bone regeneration. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 98:266-278. [PMID: 30813027 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.12.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with exceptional physical and chemical properties are attracting significant interest in the field of tissue engineering. Several reports investigated CNTs biocompatibility and their impact in terms of cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation mainly using polymer/CNTs membranes. However, these 2D membranes are not able to emulate the complex in vivo environment. In this paper, additive manufacturing (3D printing) is used to create composite 3D porous scaffolds containing different loadings of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) (0.25, 0.75 and 3 wt%) for bone tissue regeneration. Pre-processed and processed materials were extensively characterised in terms of printability, morphological and topographic characteristics and thermal, mechanical and biological properties. Scaffolds with pore sizes ranging between 366 μm and 397 μm were successfully produced and able to sustain early-stage human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells attachment and proliferation. Results show that MWCNTs enhances protein adsorption, mechanical and biological properties. Composite scaffolds, particularly the 3 wt% loading of MWCNTs, seem to be good candidates for bone tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Huang
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Cian Vyas
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Iwan Roberts
- School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Twain University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Jonny J Blaker
- School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Zhucheng Huang
- Department of Mineral Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, PR China
| | - Paulo Bártolo
- School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pereira RF, Sousa A, Barrias CC, Bayat A, Granja PL, Bártolo PJ. Advances in bioprinted cell-laden hydrogels for skin tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40898-017-0003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
27
|
Bouten CV, Ramakrishna S, Narayan R. Additive manufacturing for regenerative medicine: Where do we go from here? CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|