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Nandi S, Padrela L, Tajber L, Collas A. Development of long-acting injectable suspensions by continuous antisolvent crystallization: An integrated bottom-up process. Int J Pharm 2023; 648:123550. [PMID: 37890647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Our present work elucidated the operational feasibility of direct generation and stabilization of long-acting injectable (LAI) suspensions of a practically insoluble drug, itraconazole (ITZ), by combining continuous liquid antisolvent crystallization with downstream processing (i.e., centrifugal filtration and reconstitution). A novel microchannel reactor-based bottom-up crystallization setup was assembled and optimized for the continuous production of micro-suspension. Based upon the solvent screening and solubility study, N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) was selected as the optimal solvent and an impinging jet Y-shaped microchannel reactor (MCR) was selected as the fluidic device to provide a reproducible homogenous mixing environment. Operating parameters such as solvent to antisolvent ratio (S/AS), total jet liquid flow rates (TFRs), ITZ feed solution concentration and the maturation time in spiral tubing were tailored to 1:9 v/v, 50 mL/min, 10 g/100 g solution, and 96 h, respectively. Vitamin E TPGS (0.5% w/w) was found to be the most suitable excipient to stabilize ITZ particles amongst 14 commonly used stabilizers screened. The effect of scaling up from 25 mL to 15 L was evaluated effectively with in situ monitoring of particle size distribution (PSD) and solid-state form. Thereafter, the suspension was subjected to centrifugal filtration to remove excess solvent and increase ITZ solid fraction. As an alternative, an even more concentrated wet pellet was reconstituted with an aqueous solution of 0.5% w/w Vitamin E TPGS as resuspending agent. The ITZ LAI suspension (of 300 mg/mL solid concentration) has the optimal PSD with a D10 of 1.1 ± 0.3 µm, a D50 of 3.53 ± 0.4 µm and a D90 of 6.5 ± 0.8 µm, corroborated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as remained stable after 548 days of storage at 25 °C. Finally, in vitro release methods using Dialyzer, dialysis membrane sac were investigated for evaluation of dissolution of ITZ LAI suspensions. The framework presented in this manuscript provides a useful guidance for development of LAI suspensions by an integrated bottom-up approach using ITZ as model API.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehashis Nandi
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium; Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland; SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Luis Padrela
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland; SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland
| | - Lidia Tajber
- SSPC, The SFI Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Alain Collas
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium.
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2
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Ghosh P, Rasmuson A, Hudson SP. Impact of Additives on Drug Particles during Liquid Antisolvent Crystallization and Subsequent Freeze-Drying. Org Process Res Dev 2023; 27:2020-2034. [PMID: 38025987 PMCID: PMC10661054 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The impact of single or combinations of additives on the generation of nanosuspensions of two poorly water-soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), fenofibrate (FF) and dalcetrapib (DCP), and their isolation to the dry state via antisolvent (AS) crystallization followed by freeze-drying was explored in this work. Combinations of polymeric and surfactant additives such as poly(vinyl alcohol) or hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose and sodium docusate were required to stabilize nanoparticles (∼200-300 nm) of both APIs in suspension before isolation to dryness. For both FF and DCP, multiple additives generated the narrowest, most-stable particle size distribution, with the smallest particles in suspension, compared with using a single additive. An industrially recognized freeze-drying process was used for the isolation of these nanoparticles to dryness. When processed by the liquid AS crystallization followed by freeze-drying in the presence of multiple additives, a purer monomorphic powder for FF resulted than when processed in the absence of any additive or in the presence of a single additive. It was noted that all nanoparticles freeze-dried in the presence of additives had a flat, flaky habit resulting in large surface areas. Agglomeration occurred during freeze-drying, resulting in micron-size particles. However, after freeze-drying, powders produced with single or multiple additives showed similar dissolution profiles, irrespective of aging time before drying, thus attenuating the advantage of multiple additives in terms of size observed before the freeze-drying process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peuli Ghosh
- SSPC,
the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals,
Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Ake Rasmuson
- SSPC,
the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals,
Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Sarah P. Hudson
- SSPC,
the Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals,
Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
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3
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Witika BA, Choonara YE, Demana PH. A SWOT analysis of nano co-crystals in drug delivery: present outlook and future perspectives. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7339-7351. [PMID: 36895773 PMCID: PMC9989744 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00161j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The formulation of poorly soluble drugs is an intractable challenge in the field of drug design, development and delivery. This is particularly problematic for molecules that exhibit poor solubility in both organic and aqueous media. Usually, this is difficult to resolve using conventional formulation strategies and has resulted in many potential drug candidates not progressing beyond early stage development. Furthermore, some drug candidates are abandoned due to toxicity or have an undesirable biopharmaceutical profile. In many instances drug candidates do not exhibit desirable processing characteristics to be manufactured at scale. Nanocrystals and co-crystals, are progressive approaches in crystal engineering that can solve some of these limitations. While these techniques are relatively facile, they also require optimisation. Combining crystallography with nanoscience can yield nano co-crystals that feature the benefits of both fields, resulting in additive or synergistic effects to drug discovery and development. Nano co-crystals as drug delivery systems can potentially improve drug bioavailability and reduce the side-effects and pill burden of many drug candidates that require chronic dosing as part of treatment regimens. In addition, nano co-crystals are carrier-free colloidal drug delivery systems with particle sizes ranging between 100 and 1000 nm comprising a drug molecule, a co-former and a viable drug delivery strategy for poorly soluble drugs. They are simple to prepare and have broad applicability. In this article, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to the use of nano co-crystals are reviewed and a concise incursion into the salient aspects of nano co-crystals is undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bwalya A Witika
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University Pretoria 0208 South Africa
| | - Yahya E Choonara
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Science, Faculty of Health Sciences University of the Witwatersrand 7 York Road, Parktown Johannesburg 2193 South Africa
| | - Patrick H Demana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University Pretoria 0208 South Africa
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Zong R, Ruan H, Zhu W, Zhang P, Feng Z, Liu C, Fan S, Liang H, Li J. Curcumin nanocrystals with tunable surface zeta potential: Preparation, characterization and antibacterial study. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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5
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Kalhapure RS, Palekar S, Patel K, Monpara J. Nanocrystals for controlled delivery: State of the art and approved drug products. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1303-1316. [PMID: 35930427 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2110579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Controlled/extended-release formulations offer numerous benefits over conventional especially reduced side effects, improved therapeutic outcomes and high patient compliance. Controlled release nanocrystal is extremely versatile technology with several advantages such as very high drug loading, ease of manufacturing, avoidance of dose dumping, reproducible drug release. Usually, nanonization of drug is performed to improve dissolution rate, intrinsic solubility and thereby bioavailability. Most of the times, this is done for immediate release dosage forms where objective is quick onset of action. However, nanocrystals can also provide a sustained, reproducible plasma concentration profile for weeks to months based on tissue microenvironment, surface coating administration route. AREAS COVERED This review briefly describes the methods for producing nanocrystals, summarizes preclinical research and commercial products demonstrating tremendous potential of controlled release nanocrystals. EXPERT OPINION Lipophilic drugs are attractive candidates for the development of nanocrystal based controlled release formulations. However, constraint should be practiced while generalizing the technology for the controlled release purpose. Not all drugs fit in the requirement from the perspectives of physicochemical properties or pharmacokinetic requirements. Additionally, technologies should be explored which can convert the nanocrystal into its final dosage form for administration yet preserves the benefits of small particle size and controlled release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S Kalhapure
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.,Odin Pharmaceuticals LLC, 300 Franklin Square Dr., Somerset, NJ 08873, USA
| | - Siddhant Palekar
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, USA
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6
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Novel topical drug delivery systems in acne management: Molecular mechanisms and role of targeted delivery systems for better therapeutic outcomes. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Topical nanocrystals of bioflavonoids: a new technology platform for skin ailments. Int J Pharm 2022; 619:121707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Kafle P, Sanghavi R, Khasbaatar A, Punjani S, Davies DW, Diao Y. Drastic Modulation of Molecular Packing and Intrinsic Dissolution Rates by Meniscus-Guided Coating of Extremely Confined Pharmaceutical Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:56519-56529. [PMID: 34783517 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanosizing has emerged as one of the most effective formulation strategies for enhancement of dissolution properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In addition to enhancing the specific area of the dissolving solids, nanosizing can also capture and stabilize the metastable form of the API, which can further enhance the solubility by drastic modulation of surface energies. Herein, we employ meniscus-guided coating to fabricate nanothin films of three APIs that show anticancer properties and are poorly soluble:10-HCPT, SN-38, and amonafide. By modulating the coating speed, we systematically deposited the APIs in films ranging from ∼200 nm thickness to extreme confinement of ∼10 nm (<10 molecular layers). In all three APIs, we observe a general order-to-disorder transition with semicrystalline (10-HCPT and amonafide) or amorphous (SN-38) form of API solids trapped in thin films when the thickness decreases below a critical value of ∼25-30 nm. The existence of a critical thickness highlights the importance of nanoconfinement in tuning molecular packing. In the case of 10-HCPT, we demonstrate that the disordered form of the API occurs largely due to lack of incorporation of water molecules in thinner films below the critical thickness, thereby disrupting the three-dimensional hydrogen-bonded network held by water molecules. We further developed a dissolution model that predicts variation of the intrinsic dissolution rate (IDR) with API film thickness, which also closely matched with experimental results. We achieved drastic improvement in the IDR of ∼240% in 10-HCPT by decreasing film thickness alone. Further leveraging the order-to-disorder transition led to 2570% modulation of the IDR for amonafide. Our work demonstrates, for the first time, opportunities to largely modulate API dissolution by precisely controlling the dimensionality of thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapti Kafle
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rishabh Sanghavi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Azzaya Khasbaatar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Samdisha Punjani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Daniel W Davies
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ying Diao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute, Molecular Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 104 South Goodwin Avenue MC-230, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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9
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10
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Zhai Z, Xu P, Yao J, Li R, Gong L, Yin Y, Lin Z. Erythrocyte-mimicking paclitaxel nanoparticles for improving biodistributions of hydrophobic drugs to enhance antitumor efficacy. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:387-399. [PMID: 32098525 PMCID: PMC7054973 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1731862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent decades have witnessed several nanocrystal-based hydrophobic drug formulations because of their excellent performance in improving drug loading and controlling drug release as mediate drug forms in tablets or capsules. However, the intravenous administration of drug nanocrystals was usually hampered by their hydrophobic surface properties, causing short half-life time in circulation and low drug distribution in tumor. Here, we proposed to enclose nanocrystals (NC) of hydrophobic drug, such as paclitaxel (PTX) into erythrocyte membrane (EM). By a series of formulation optimizations, spherical PTX nanoparticles (PN) with the particle size of around 280 nm were successfully cloaked in erythrocyte membrane, resulting in a PTX-NP-EM (PNM) system. The PNM could achieve high drug loading of PTX (>60%) and stabilize the particle size significantly compared to PN alone. Besides, the fluorescence-labeling PNM presented better tumor cell uptake, stronger cytotoxicity, and higher drug accumulation in tumor compared to PN. Finally, the PNM was found to be the most effective against tumor growth among all PTX formulations in tumor-bearing mice models, with much lower system toxicity than control formulation. In general, the PNM system with high drug-loading as well as superior bio-distributions in vivo could be served as a promising formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhai
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Jun Yao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics, Cancer Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital, and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ridong Li
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lidong Gong
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Lin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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11
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Gujar K, Wairkar S. Nanocrystal technology for improving therapeutic efficacy of flavonoids. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 71:153240. [PMID: 32450461 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bioflavonoids, secondary metabolites of plants, are beneficial in regulating human physiological mechanisms. Bioflavonoids majorly exist in the dietary intake of fruits, vegetables, legumes, pulses, etc. In addition to their cardio-protective and neuroprotective activities, they also possess prominent pharmacological effects including anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and anti-thrombogenic actions. However, therapeutic efficacy of the bioflavonoids is hampered by their lipophilic nature, low solubility and variable bioavailability which catch the eyes of formulation scientists. PURPOSE Nanocrystal formulations were studied for many bioflavonoids, although enough attention has not been given to their commercial exploitation, unlike drug nanocrystals. Nanocrystals of bioflavonoid can be prepared by top-down technique, bottom-up technique or combination of both. This review primarily focuses on nanocrystal technology for bioflavonoids, methods of production, critical process parameters, in vitro and in vivo studies conducted to evaluate the efficiency. METHOD The detailed literature survey was systematically carried out using different electronic databases. It includes Scopus, Web of Science, Medline via PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar. Also up-to-date patent search was conducted to understand the prior art and available intellectual properties. RESULT AND CONCLUSION It was observed that several formulation and process parameters have an impact on flavonoids nanocrystals and their therapeutic efficacy. Also, clinical studies of flavonoid nanocrystals are barely done so far and thus, substantial safety and efficacy data is necessary for its commercial applications. Nevertheless, nanocrystals can be explored as a promising technology platform for improving overall therapeutic performance of flavonoids in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketaki Gujar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-400056, India
| | - Sarika Wairkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKMs NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai-400056, India.
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12
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Cheng M, Yuan F, Liu J, Liu W, Feng J, Jin Y, Tu L. Fabrication of Fine Puerarin Nanocrystals by Box-Behnken Design to Enhance Intestinal Absorption. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:90. [PMID: 32060654 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Puerarin is widely used as a therapeutic agent to cardiovascular diseases in clinics in China through intravenous administration, which could elicit adverse drug reactions caused by cosolvents, hindering its application in clinics. Therefore, the development of oral dosage is urgently needed. In our previous studies, we proved that the bioavailability of puerarin increased as particle sizes of nanocrystals decreased; however, we have not optimized the best process parameters for nanocrystals. In this study, we aim to fabricate fine nanocrystals (with smallest particle size) by Box-Behnken design and study the intestinal permeability of puerarin and its nanocrystals via employing everted gut sac model and in situ perfusion model. The results showed that the Box-Behnken design could be used to optimize the producing parameters of puerarin nanocrystals, and the particle sizes of fine nanocrystals were about 20 nm. Results of everted gut sacs showed that the polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and verapamil had no influence on the absorption of puerarin and nanocrystals, and the nanocrystals could increase the Papp of puerarin for 2.2-, 2.9-, and 2.9-folds, respectively, in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. Enhanced Ka and Peff were observed on the nanocrystal group, compared with puerarin, and PVP and verapamil had no influence on the absorption of nanocrystals, while the absorption of puerarin was influenced by P-gp efflux. Combining the results mentioned above, we can conclude that the Box-Behnken design benefits the optimization for preparation of nanocrystals, and the nanocrystals could enhance the intestinal absorption of puerarin by enhanced permeability and inhibited P-gp efflux.
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13
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Thakore SD, Sood A, Bansal AK. Emerging role of primary heterogeneous nucleation in pharmaceutical crystallization. Drug Dev Res 2019; 81:3-22. [PMID: 31800139 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Crystallization is an important and difficult to control unit operation in the pharmaceutical industry. Crystallization can control molecular (i.e., polymorphism) and particulate (i.e., particle size and crystal habit) properties of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Moreover, these molecular and particulate properties govern the manufacturability, stability, and biopharmaceutical performance of the API and drug product. Nucleation is a key step and primary heterogeneous nucleation is a common mode of nucleation during crystallization. Hence, it is important to understand the parameters affecting primary heterogeneous nucleation, to achieve desirable properties in crystalline APIs. Primary heterogeneous crystallization has usually been linked to the surface characteristics like topography and functionality of the heteronucleant. The review outlines recent findings in the primary heterogeneous crystallization with specific emphasis on its pharmaceutical applications including regulatory considerations. Molecular-level mechanisms governing heteronucleation and subsequent outcome in terms of molecular as well as particulate-level properties of API have also been discussed. Moreover, general guidance for the selection of heteronucleant has also been included. Heterogeneous crystallization is a promising tool for efficient crystallization of API having properties for optimal pharmaceutical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarth D Thakore
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Aaruti Sood
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Arvind K Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, India
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14
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Gemmi M, Serravalle E, Roberti di Sarsina P. A New Method Based on Electron Diffraction for Detecting Nanoparticles in Injectable Medicines. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:891-899. [PMID: 31348938 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A new method for detecting and characterizing nanoparticles in an injectable pharmaceutical solution is presented. The method is based on the simultaneous use, on those nanoparticles that are crystalline, of three-dimensional electron diffraction tomography and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. With three-dimensional electron diffraction tomography, the unit cell and the crystal symmetry of the nanoparticles are determined, while with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry, the chemical composition is derived. With these data, through an inspection of a crystallographic database, it is possible to determine the crystal phase of the nanoparticles. The knowledge of the crystal phase is a valuable element for understanding the provenance and the formation of the nanoparticles, helping the researcher in solving any quality control issue related to the presence of nanoparticles in an injectable solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Gemmi
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation@NEST, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Piazza San Silvestro 12, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Eugenio Serravalle
- AsSIS, Associazione di Studi e Informazione sulla Salute, Via Firenze 8, Pisa, Italy
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15
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Carrier particle mediated stabilization and isolation of valsartan nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 175:554-563. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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16
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Ahire E, Thakkar S, Darshanwad M, Misra M. Parenteral nanosuspensions: a brief review from solubility enhancement to more novel and specific applications. Acta Pharm Sin B 2018; 8:733-755. [PMID: 30245962 PMCID: PMC6146387 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Advancements in in silico techniques of lead molecule selection have resulted in the failure of around 70% of new chemical entities (NCEs). Some of these molecules are getting rejected at final developmental stage resulting in wastage of money and resources. Unfavourable physicochemical properties affect ADME profile of any efficacious and potent molecule, which may ultimately lead to killing of NCE at final stage. Numerous techniques are being explored including nanocrystals for solubility enhancement purposes. Nanocrystals are the most successful and the ones which had a shorter gap between invention and subsequent commercialization of the first marketed product. Several nanocrystal-based products are commercially available and there is a paradigm shift in using approach from simply being solubility enhancement technique to more novel and specific applications. Some other aspects in relation to parenteral nanosuspensions are concentrations of surfactant to be used, scalability and in vivo fate. At present, there exists a wide gap due to poor understanding of these critical factors, which we have tried to address in this review. This review will focus on parenteral nanosuspensions, covering varied aspects especially stabilizers used, GRAS (Generally Recognized as Safe) status of stabilizers, scalability challenges, issues of physical and chemical stability, solidification techniques to combat stability problems and in vivo fate.
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Key Words
- ADME, absorption distribution metabolism elimination
- ASEs, aerosols solvent extractions
- AUC, area under curve
- BBB, blood–brain barrier
- BCS, Biopharmaceutical Classification System
- BDP, beclomethasone dipropionate
- CFC, critical flocculation concentration
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy
- CMC, critical micelle concentration
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- EDI, estimated daily intake
- EHDA, electrohydrodynamic atomization
- EPAS, evaporative precipitation in aqueous solution
- EPR, enhanced permeability and retention
- FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate
- GRAS, Generally Recognized as Safe
- HEC, hydroxyethylcellulose
- HFBII, class II hydrophobin
- HP-PTX/NC, hyaluronic acid-paclitaxel/nanocrystal
- HPC, hydroxypropyl cellulose
- HPH, high-pressure homogenization
- HPMC, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
- IM, intramuscular
- IP, intraperitoneal
- IV, intravenous
- IVIVC, in vivo–in vitro correlation
- In vivo fate
- LD50, median lethal dose (50%)
- MDR, multidrug resistance effect
- NCE, new chemical entities
- Nanosuspension
- P-gp, permeation glycoprotein
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PTX, paclitaxel
- PVA, polyvinyl alcohol
- Parenteral
- QbD, quality by design
- SC, subcutaneous
- SEDS, solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical fluids
- SEM, scanning electron microscopy
- SFL, spray freezing into liquids
- Scalability
- Solidification
- Stabilizer
- TBA, tert-butanol
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- US FDA, United States Food and Drug Administration
- Vitamin E TPGS, d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manju Misra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380054, India
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17
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Tan D, Loots L, Friščić T. Towards medicinal mechanochemistry: evolution of milling from pharmaceutical solid form screening to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:7760-81. [PMID: 27185190 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc02015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This overview highlights the emergent area of mechanochemical reactions for making active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), and covers the latest advances in the recently established area of mechanochemical screening and synthesis of pharmaceutical solid forms, specifically polymorphs, cocrystals, salts and salt cocrystals. We also provide an overview of the most recent developments in pharmaceutical uses of mechanochemistry, including real-time reaction monitoring, techniques for polymorph control and approaches for continuous manufacture using twin screw extrusion, and more. Most importantly, we show how the overlap of previously unrelated areas of mechanochemical screening for API solid forms, organic synthesis by milling, and mechanochemical screening for molecular recognition, enables the emergence of a new research discipline in which different aspects of pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry are addressed through mechanochemistry rather than through conventional solution-based routes. The emergence of such medicinal mechanochemistry is likely to have a strong impact on future pharmaceutical and medicinal chemistry, as it offers not only access to materials and reactivity that are sometimes difficult or even impossible to access from solution, but can also provide a general answer to the demands of the pharmaceutical industry for cleaner, safer and efficient synthetic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada.
| | - Leigh Loots
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada.
| | - Tomislav Friščić
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke St. W, H3A 0B8 Montreal, Canada.
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18
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Suzuki H, Hamao S, Seto Y, Sato H, Wong J, Prud’homme RK, Chan HK, Onoue S. New nano-matrix oral formulation of nanoprecipitated cyclosporine A prepared with multi-inlet vortex mixer. Int J Pharm 2017; 516:116-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Odetade DF, Vladisavljevic GT. Microfluidic Fabrication of Hydrocortisone Nanocrystals Coated with Polymeric Stabilisers. MICROMACHINES 2016; 7:mi7120236. [PMID: 30404408 PMCID: PMC6190127 DOI: 10.3390/mi7120236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydrocortisone (HC) nanocrystals intended for parenteral administration of HC were produced by anti-solvent crystallisation within coaxial assemblies of pulled borosilicate glass capillaries using either co-current flow of aqueous and organic phases or counter-current flow focusing. The organic phase was composed of 7 mg/mL of HC in a 60:40 (v/v) mixture of ethanol and water and the anti-solvent was milli-Q water. The microfluidic mixers were fabricated with an orifice diameter of the inner capillary ranging from 50 µm to 400 µm and operated at the aqueous to organic phase flow rate ratio ranging from 5 to 25. The size of the nanocrystals decreased with increasing aqueous to organic flow rate ratio. The counter-current flow microfluidic mixers provided smaller nanocrystals than the co-current flow devices under the same conditions and for the same geometry, due to smaller diameter of the organic phase stream in the mixing zone. The Z-average particle size of the drug nanocrystals increased from 210–280 nm to 320–400 nm after coating the nanocrystals with 0.2 wt % aqueous solution of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) in a stirred vial. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analyses carried out on the dried nanocrystals stabilized with HPMC, polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) were investigated and reported. The degree of crystallinity for the processed sample was lowest for the sample stabilised with HPMC and the highest for the raw HC powder.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Odetade
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Goran T Vladisavljevic
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK.
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20
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Jones W. An Appreciation of Organic Solid-State Chemistry and Challenges in the Field of “Molecules, Materials, Medicines”. Isr J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Jones
- Department of Chemistry; Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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21
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Suri GS, Kaur A, Sen T. A recent trend of drug-nanoparticles in suspension for the application in drug delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 11:2861-2876. [PMID: 27759500 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2016-0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent development in nanomedicine has enabled successful nanosizing of most drug samples which, in turn, imparts remarkable properties to the drugs such as enhanced solubility and bioavailability for the applications in drug delivery. In this context, several review articles are available in scientific domain covering inorganic nanoparticles such as Au, Ag, SPIONs, Qdots, carbon nanotubes and graphene; however, this review covers the development of drug nanoparticles together with their possibilities and limitation from fabrication (bottom up vs top down) to application in drug delivery during the last 5 years. In addition, some distinguished studies and novel drug particles are presented in order to contribute significantly toward the understanding of drug nanocrystals and its use in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet S Suri
- Nano-biomaterials Research Group, School of Physical Sciences & Computing, Centre of Materials Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Amritvir Kaur
- Nano-biomaterials Research Group, School of Physical Sciences & Computing, Centre of Materials Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Tapas Sen
- Nano-biomaterials Research Group, School of Physical Sciences & Computing, Centre of Materials Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
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22
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Chonkar AD, Rao JV, Managuli RS, Mutalik S, Dengale S, Jain P, Udupa N. Development of fast dissolving oral films containing lercanidipine HCl nanoparticles in semicrystalline polymeric matrix for enhanced dissolution and ex vivo permeation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2016; 103:179-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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23
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George JK, Singh SK, Verma PRP. Morphological and in vitro investigation of core–shell nanostructures of carvedilol using quality by design. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-015-0204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Yi Y, Tu L, Hu K, Wu W, Feng J. The construction of puerarin nanocrystals and its pharmacokinetic and in vivo-in vitro correlation (IVIVC) studies on beagle dog. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 133:164-70. [PMID: 26099971 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Puerarin is widely used in clinics in China as a therapeutic agent for cardiovascular diseases by intravenous administration. Adverse drug reactions caused by cosolvents often increase the patients' treatment burden (high drug costs and low compliance). The development of oral formulation is urgently needed and nanocrystal technique has become a preferred way to develop oral dosage form, nowadays. In this study, high pressure homogenization (HPH) was employed to prepare puerarin nanocrystals by employing SDS as the stabilizer, and redispersibility of the nanocrystals powder was also studied. The nanocrystals prepared was characterized using DLS, DSC, XRD and SEM. A preferred in vivo-in vitro correlation was also established in this study. Pharmacokinetic studies on beagle dog showed that comparing to raw puerarin powder, both of the Cmax and AUC of puerarin nanocrystals were enhanced. From the above results, we can conclude that nanocrystal technique is an efficient technology to improve the oral bioavailability of puerarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueneng Yi
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangxing Tu
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaili Hu
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianfang Feng
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Bučar D, Elliott JA, Eddleston MD, Cockcroft JK, Jones W. Sonocrystallization Yields Monoclinic Paracetamol with Significantly Improved Compaction Behavior. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201408894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dejan‐Krešimir Bučar
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ (UK)
| | - James A. Elliott
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS (UK)
| | - Mark D. Eddleston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW (UK)
| | - Jeremy K. Cockcroft
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ (UK)
| | - William Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW (UK)
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26
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Bučar DK, Elliott JA, Eddleston MD, Cockcroft JK, Jones W. Sonocrystallization yields monoclinic paracetamol with significantly improved compaction behavior. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:249-53. [PMID: 25370777 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201408894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound-assisted crystallization (sonocrystallization) was used to prepare a mixture of nano- and micrometer-sized crystals of the monoclinic form of paracetamol-a widely used analgesic known for its particularly problematic mechanical behavior under compression (i.e. poor tabletability). The nano- and micrometer-sized crystals yielded a powder which exhibits elastic moduli and bulk cohesions that are significantly higher than those observed in samples consisting of macrometer-sized crystals, thus leading to enhanced tabletability without the use of excipients, particle coating, salt, or cocrystal formation. Experimental compaction and finite element analysis were utilized to rationalize the significantly improved compaction behavior of the monoclinic form of paracetamol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan-Krešimir Bučar
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ (UK).
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27
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Nakach M, Authelin JR, Tadros T, Galet L, Chamayou A. Engineering of nano-crystalline drug suspensions: employing a physico-chemistry based stabilizer selection methodology or approach. Int J Pharm 2014; 476:277-88. [PMID: 25278040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a systematic approach to select optimum stabilizer for the preparation of nano-crystalline suspensions of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The stabilizer can be either a dispersant or a combination of dispersant and wetting agent. The proposed screening method is a quick and efficient way to investigate a large number of stabilizers based on the principles of physical-chemistry and employs a stepwise approach. The methodology has been divided in two main parts; the first part being focused on the qualitative screening with the objective of selecting the best candidate(s) for further investigation, the second part has been focused on quantitative screening with the objective to optimize the ratio and amount of wetting and dispersing agents, based on wettability, surface charges measurement, adsorption evaluation, process-ability evaluation and storage stability. The results showed clearly that SDS/PVP 40/60% (w/w) (sodium dodecyl sulfate/poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)) at a total concentration of 1.2% was the optimum stabilizer composition, at which the resulting nanosuspensions were stable for more than 50 days at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Nakach
- Sanofi R&D, 13, quai Jules Guesde, Vitry sur Seine 94403, France.
| | | | | | - Laurence Galet
- Ecole des Mines d'Albi, Campus Jarlard, Route de Teillet 83013, France.
| | - Alain Chamayou
- Ecole des Mines d'Albi, Campus Jarlard, Route de Teillet 83013, France.
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28
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Tu L, Yi Y, Wu W, Hu F, Hu K, Feng J. Effects of particle size on the pharmacokinetics of puerarin nanocrystals and microcrystals after oral administration to rat. Int J Pharm 2013; 458:135-40. [PMID: 24120729 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Puerarin, which is extracted from traditional Chinese medicine, is widely used in clinic in China and mainly used as a therapeutic agent to cardiovascular diseases. Owing to its poor water solubility and adverse drug reactions caused by cosolvents after intravenous administration, the development of oral formulation is urgently needed. Nowadays, nanocrystals technique has become a preferred way to develop oral dosage form. In this study, we used high pressure homogenization (HPH) to prepare puerarin nanocrystals and microcrystals with different sizes ranged from 525.8 nm to 1875.6 nm and investigated the influence of particle size on pharmacokinetics. The nanocrystals and microcrystals prepared were characterized using DLS, DSC, XRD and SEM, and we found that the crystalline state of puerarin was changed during the preparation process and the drug was dispersed into HPMC. In the pharmacokinetic study, we observed an increasing of Cmax and AUC and a decreasing of CL/F with the decreasing of particle size. The AUC of the puerarin nanocrystals (525.8 nm) was 7.6-fold of that of raw puerarin suspension, with an absolute bioavailability of 21.44%. From the above results, we can conclude that nanocrystal technique is an efficient technology to improve the oral bioavailability of puerarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangxing Tu
- Murad Research Center for Modernized Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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29
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Tokárová V, Kašpar O, Knejzlík Z, Ulbrich P, Štěpánek F. Development of spray-dried chitosan microcarriers for nanoparticle delivery. POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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30
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Cerdeira AM, Mazzotti M, Gander B. Formulation and drying of miconazole and itraconazole nanosuspensions. Int J Pharm 2013; 443:209-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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