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Sun H, Li X. Enhanced demulsification of alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding O/W emulsion by multibranched polyether-polyquaternium based on the size effect of oil droplets. CHEMOSPHERE 2024:142768. [PMID: 38969221 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
In the alkaline-surfactant-polymer flooding emulsion, oil droplets with various sizes exhibited different interfacial properties, resulting in different stabilization and destabilization behaviors. In view of this, it is expected to achieve outstanding oil-water separation efficiency by screening targeted demulsifier for oil droplets with different size ranges (0∼1, 1∼5 and 5∼10 μm). Based on the size effect of oil droplets, a series of multibranched polyether-polyquaternium demulsifiers that integrated different charge neutralization and interfacial displacement functionalities were designed by regulating the cationicity and EO:PO ratios. As a result, the most effective polyether-polyquaternium variant for each size range of oil droplet was screened out. By employing these three selected polyether-polyquaternium variants in a sequential batch demulsification test, the maximum demulsification efficiency of 95.1% was obtained, which was much higher than that using a single polyether-polyquaternium variant (82.5%, 80.5% and 83.8%). The adsorption behaviors of polyether-polyquaternium variants on the oil/water interface were investigated by the molecular dynamics simulation. Moreover, the interfacial properties and oil droplet size variations during the demulsification process were monitored, so as explore the demulsification mechanism. This demulsification protocol based on the size effect of oil droplets with its excellent oil-water separation performance offered significant technical promise for the emulsified oil wastewater disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Sun
- National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China; State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaobing Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Coal Preparation and Purification, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China; State Key Laboratory of Coking Coal Resources Green Exploitation, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China; School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, Jiangsu, China.
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2
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MacWilliams SV, Clulow AJ, Gillies G, Beattie DA, Krasowska M. Recent advances in studying crystallisation of mono- and di-glycerides at oil-water interfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 326:103138. [PMID: 38522289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on the current understanding regarding lipid crystallisation at oil-water interfaces. The main aspects of crystallisation in bulk lipids will be introduced, allowing for a more comprehensive overview of the crystallisation processes within emulsions. Additionally, the properties of an emulsion and the impact of lipid crystallisation on emulsion stability will be discussed. The effect of different emulsifiers on lipid crystallisation at oil-water interfaces will also be reviewed, however, this will be limited to their impact on the interfacial crystallisation of monoglycerides and diglycerides. The final part of the review highlights the recent methodologies used to study crystallisation at oil-water interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie V MacWilliams
- Future Industries Institute, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Australian Synchrotron, ANSTO, 800 Blackburn Road, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Graeme Gillies
- Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Dairy Farm Road, Fitzherbert, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David A Beattie
- Future Industries Institute, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Marta Krasowska
- Future Industries Institute, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
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3
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Drabik J, Kozdrach R, Szczerek M. Characterization of nano-silica vegetable grease with diffusing wave spectroscopy DWS and Raman spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18989. [PMID: 37923748 PMCID: PMC10624914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45669-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) method made it possible to identify changes in the dynamics of the free movement of particles in the grease under the influence of temperature, which changed the viscoelastic properties of the grease. Changes in the parameters determined by DWS method influenced changes in the chemical structure, which was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, determining the integral intensity of the unsaturated to saturated bond bands found in the grease. The article presents the results of the influence of temperature on changes in the viscoelastic states of vegetable grease evaluated on the basis of properties determined by DWS (diffusing wave spectroscopy). The following parameters were used to evaluate the viscoelastic states: the intensity correlation function (ICF), the correlation function of mean square displacement (MSD), the elastic modulus G' and the viscosity modulus G″. A significant effect of temperature on changes in the microstructure of vegetable grease was observed, which was reflected in the viscoelastic parameters. The dynamics of the free movement of molecules in the grease was changed, which affected the elasticity of the system and the displacement of the G' and G″ modules towards higher frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Drabik
- Bioeconomy and Ecoinnovation Department, Lukasiewicz Research Network - Institute for Sustainable Technologies, 26-600, Radom, Poland
| | - Rafal Kozdrach
- Bioeconomy and Ecoinnovation Department, Lukasiewicz Research Network - Institute for Sustainable Technologies, 26-600, Radom, Poland.
| | - Marian Szczerek
- Tribology Department, Lukasiewicz Research Network - Institute for Sustainable Technologies, 26-600, Radom, Poland
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4
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Wang R, Ma C, Yan H, Wang P, Yu S, Zhang T, Yin Z. Preparation and Characterization of GX-50 and Vitamin C Co-encapsulated Microcapsules by a Water-in-Oil-in-Water (W 1/O/W 2) Double Emulsion-Complex Coacervation Method. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:13863-13875. [PMID: 37733306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Co-encapsulated xanthoxylin (GX-50) and vitamin C (Vc) microcapsules (GX-50-Vc-M) were prepared by the combination of a water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) double emulsion with complex coacervation. The W1/O/W2 double emulsion was prepared by two-step emulsification, and it has a uniform particle size of 8.388 μm and high encapsulation efficiencies of GX-50 (85.95%) and Vc (67.35%) under optimized process conditions. Complex coacervation occurs at pHs 4.0-4.7, which has the highest encapsulation efficiency of GX-50 and Vc at pH 4.5. The complex coacervate with tannic acid solidifying (namely, wet microcapsules) has better mechanical properties and also enhances the ability of co-encapsulation of active ingredients. The resulting microcapsules by freeze-drying of wet microcapsules were characterized by UV-vis absorbance spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier infrared spectroscopy (FI-IR), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) radical scavenging, and in vitro permeation measurements. Under optimal conditions, the encapsulation efficiency and drug loading of GX-50-Vc-M for GX-50 and Vc are, respectively, 78.38 ± 0.51 and 59.34 ± 0.56%, and 35.6 ± 0.68 and 29.8 ± 0.92%. A slight shift in the FTIR peak between single GX-50 or Vc and GX-50-Vc-M confirmed the successful co-encapsulation of GX-50 and Vc in microcapsules. GX-50-Vc-M has bridged irregular spherical aggregates, while GX-50 and Vc are, respectively, encapsulated in hydrophobic and hydrophilic cavities of microcapsules in an amorphous dissolved state. GX-50-Vc-M has the highest DPPH· radical scavenging rate of 62.51%, and the scavenging process of GX-50-Vc-M on DPPH· radicals is more in line with the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation model. Moreover, the in vitro permeation of GX-50 and Vc in GX-50-Vc-M can reach maximum values of 40 and 60%, respectively. This concludes that GX-50-Vc-M is a promising delivery system for the penetration of the antioxidant into the deeper layers of the skin for the antioxidant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Wang
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunliu Ma
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Yan
- Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Wang
- Shanghai Youren Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyan Yu
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongyan Zhang
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Yin
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China
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5
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Badruddoza AZM, Yeoh T, Shah JC, Walsh T. Assessing and Predicting Physical Stability of Emulsion-Based Topical Semisolid Products: A Review. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1772-1793. [PMID: 36966902 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The emulsion-based topical semisolid dosage forms present a high degree of complexity due to their microstructures which is apparent from their compositions comprising at least two immiscible liquid phases, often times of high viscosity. These complex microstructures are thermodynamically unstable, and the physical stability of such preparations is governed by formulation parameters such as phase volume ratio, type of emulsifiers and their concentration, HLB value of the emulsifier, as well as by process parameters such as homogenizer speed, time, temperature etc. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the microstructure in the DP and critical factors that influence the stability of emulsions is essential to ensure the quality and shelf-life of emulsion-based topical semisolid products. This review aims to provide an overview of the main strategies used to stabilize pharmaceutical emulsions contained in semisolid products and various characterization techniques and tools that have been utilized so far to evaluate their long-term stability. Accelerated physical stability assessment using dispersion analyzer tools such as an analytical centrifuge to predict the product shelf-life has been discussed. In addition, mathematical modeling for phase separation rate for non-Newtonian systems like semisolid emulsion products has also been discussed to guide formulation scientists to predict a priori stability of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Thean Yeoh
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jaymin C Shah
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Taylor Walsh
- Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories Professional Scientific Services, 2425 New Holland Pike, Lancaster, PA 17601, USA
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6
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Wang X, Anton H, Vandamme T, Anton N. Updated insight into the characterization of nano-emulsions. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2023; 20:93-114. [PMID: 36453201 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2023.2154075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In most of the studies, nano-emulsion characterization is limited to their size distribution and zeta potential. In this review, we present an updated insight of the characterization methods of nano-emulsions, including new or unconventional experimental approaches to explore in depth the nano-emulsion properties. AREA COVERED We propose an overview of all the main techniques used to characterize nano-emulsions, including the most classical ones, up to in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo evaluation. Innovative approaches are then presented in the second part of the review that presents innovative, experimental techniques less known in the field of nano-emulsion such as the nanoparticle tracking analysis, small-angle X-ray scattering, Raman spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Finally, in the last part we discuss the use of lipophilic fluorescent probes and imaging techniques as an emerging tool to understand the nano-emulsion droplet stability, surface decoration, release mechanisms, and in vivo fate. EXPERT OPINION This review is mostly intended for a broad readership and provides key tools regarding the choice of the approach to characterize nano-emulsions. Innovative and uncommon methods will be precious to disclose the information potentially reachable behind a formulation of nano-emulsions, not always known in first intention and with conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Wang
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, CAMB UMR 7199, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Halina Anton
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Laboratoire de Bioimagerie et Pathologies UMR 7021, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Thierry Vandamme
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, Regenerative nanomedicine UMR 1260, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicolas Anton
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, Regenerative nanomedicine UMR 1260, Centre de Recherche en Biomédecine de Strasbourg (CRBS), F-67000 Strasbourg, France
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7
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Niu F, Du Y, Zhang Q, Zhang B, Hu D, Ma S, Gu F, Pan W. Ovalbumin/carboxymethylcellulose colloids: Particle compactness and interfacial stability. Food Chem 2022; 372:131223. [PMID: 34614464 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A protein/polysaccharide colloidal particle was prepared via combined complex coacervation and heat-induction. When the ratio of ovalbumin (OVA) to carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was at 1:2, loose flexible particles (low Df) with low surface hydrophobicity were obtained. Conversely, dense and compact particles (high Df) were easily formed at a higher OVA/CMC ratio. Only in the appropriate OVA/CMC ratio, pH will have a greater impact on the colloidal particles. At the pH value of 4.4, the OVA/CMC ratio had a greater impact on the colloidal particles compared to pH. The emulsion stabilized by loose particles had a mean particle size of 3888 nm and was easily flocculated and creamed. On the other hand, compact particles formed a stable emulsion, which had a higher exponent of Δr2 (0.867) and could resist flocculation during the 7 days storage. As such, the results showed that stable emulsion could be realized by utilizing compact particles as emulsifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuge Niu
- Food Safety Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, The School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; Anhui Rongda Poultry Development Co., Ltd., Xuancheng 242200, China.
| | - Yixuan Du
- Food Safety Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, The School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Food Safety Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, The School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Food Safety Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, The School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Demei Hu
- Food Safety Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, The School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shuang Ma
- Food Safety Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, The School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Feina Gu
- Food Safety Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, The School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Weichun Pan
- Food Safety Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, The School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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8
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Sebben DA, MacWilliams SV, Yu L, Spicer PT, Bulone V, Krasowska M, Beattie DA. Influence of Aqueous Phase Composition on Double Emulsion Stability and Colour Retention of Encapsulated Anthocyanins. Foods 2021; 11:foods11010034. [PMID: 35010160 PMCID: PMC8750255 DOI: 10.3390/foods11010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) emulsions (double emulsions) have often been used for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins. Instability of both anthocyanins and double emulsions creates a need for a tailored composition of the aqueous phase. In this work, double emulsions with a gelled internal water phase were produced and monitored over a 20-day storage period. The effect of the electrolyte phase composition (varying electrolyte components, including adipic acid, citric acid, and varying concentration of potassium chloride (KCl)) on anthocyanin and double emulsion stability was analysed using colour analysis, droplet sizing, and emulsion rheology. The effect of electrolytes on colour retention was shown to differ between the primary W1/O emulsion and the secondary W1/O/W2 emulsion. Furthermore, droplet size analysis and emulsion rheology highlighted significant differences in the stability and structural behaviour of the emulsions as a function of electrolyte composition. In terms of colour retention and emulsion stability, a citrate-buffered system performed best. The results of this study highlight the importance of strict control of aqueous phase constituents to prevent anthocyanin degradation and maximise double emulsion stability. Additional experiments analysed the effect of pectin chemistry on the anthocyanin colour retention and leakage, finding no conclusive difference between the unmodified and amidated pectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A. Sebben
- Future Industries Institute, UniSA STEM, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (D.A.S.); (S.V.M.)
| | - Stephanie V. MacWilliams
- Future Industries Institute, UniSA STEM, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (D.A.S.); (S.V.M.)
| | - Long Yu
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia; (L.Y.); (V.B.)
| | - Patrick T. Spicer
- Complex Fluids Group, School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Vincent Bulone
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5064, Australia; (L.Y.); (V.B.)
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Glycoscience, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marta Krasowska
- Future Industries Institute, UniSA STEM, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (D.A.S.); (S.V.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (D.A.B.)
| | - David A. Beattie
- Future Industries Institute, UniSA STEM, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia; (D.A.S.); (S.V.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (D.A.B.)
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9
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Niu F, Zhang Q, Yu J, Huo Y, Zhuo L, Niu D, Pan W. Interfacial adsorption behavior of ovalbumin/ sodium carboxymethyl cellulose colloidal particles: The effects of preparation methods. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.106969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Exploring the Utility of Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy (DWS) as a Novel Tool for Early Detection of Stability Issues in Cosmetic Emulsions. COSMETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics8040099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current cosmetic and personal care industry, it is of great importance to have a technique that detects instabilities quickly and effectively, as consumers are demanding more innovative and sustainable ingredients. Diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS) is a potential solution as it is a modern optical technique that can measure the spatial movement of particles or droplets in an emulsion—i.e., the mean square displacement (MSD), as a function of time. In the current investigation, systematic visual and diffusion behavior emulsion stability studies over a 3-h period on jojoba and avocado oil emulsions containing varying equal percentages of cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) and sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES) were conducted. The turbid emulsions studied had differing stabilities with unknown instability mechanisms to further explore if diffusing wave spectroscopy can offer a fast and early identification of problem cosmetic formulations. It was observed that, for emulsions displaying instability from 4 to 123 h, the greater the change in the MSD values over a 3-h period, the greater the instability of the emulsion. For all systems, the MSD values lowered and shifted to the right from hour 0 to hour 3. We conjecture that the emulsion droplets began to aggregate, potentially growing and giving rise to larger particles. The increasing particle size was the cause for the slowing down of the dynamics and thus diffusion, giving rise to the lowering of the MSD values. Our findings indicate that by testing an emulsion over a 3-h period, it is possible to determine whether it will be a problem formulation using DWS. Studies into this technology should be continued on a wider range of emulsions with known instability mechanisms to further our understanding of using DWS as a vital emulsion instability detector.
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11
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Ravera F, Dziza K, Santini E, Cristofolini L, Liggieri L. Emulsification and emulsion stability: The role of the interfacial properties. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 288:102344. [PMID: 33359938 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we highlight and discuss the effects of interfacial properties on the major mechanisms governing the aging of emulsions: flocculation, coalescence and Ostwald ripening. The process of emulsification is also addressed, as it is well recognized that the adsorption properties of emulsifiers play an important role on it. The consolidated background on these phenomena is briefly summarised based on selected literature, reporting relevant findings and results, and discussing some criticalities. The typical experimental approaches adopted to investigate the above effects are also summarised, underlining in particular the role of adsorption at the droplet interface. Attention is paid to different types of surface-active species involved with emulsion production, including solid particles. The latter being of increasing interest in a wide variety of emulsions-related products and technologies in various fields. The possibility to stop the long term aging caused by Ostwald ripening in emulsions is also discussed, quantifying under which conditions it may occur in practice.
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12
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Lorusso V, Orsi D, Salerni F, Liggieri L, Ravera F, McMillin R, Ferri J, Cristofolini L. Recent developments in emulsion characterization: Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy beyond average values. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 288:102341. [PMID: 33359963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report here an overview of current trends and a selection of recent results regarding the characterization of emulsions by Diffusing Wave Spectroscopy (DWS). We provide a synopsis of the state of the art of the DWS technique, and a critical discussion of experiments performed on samples in which Brownian and ballistic dynamics coexist. A novel analysis scheme is introduced for DWS experiments on creaming or sedimenting emulsions, allowing to extract not only average values for drop size and drop dynamics - as usual in DWS - but also properties related to the width of the distributions governing these quantities. This analysis scheme starts from a realistic Monte Carlo simulation of light diffusing in the volume of the sample and reaching the detector. This simulation is more accurate than the analytical expressions available for the idealized geometries normally used in DWS interpretation. By disentangling Brownian and ballistic motions we directly access the variance of velocity distribution, σv. In relatively unstable emulsions σv governs the frequency of drop-drop collisions and subsequent coalescence events. Furthermore, when gravity dominates dynamics, as in emulsions subject to sedimentation or creaming, σv is strongly related to the 2nd and 4th moments of drop size distribution. This novel analysis scheme is exemplified investigating freshly formed model emulsions. Results are validated by comparison with microscopy imaging. This analysis is then extended to emulsions with a much broader drop size distribution, resembling those that are planned to be investigated in microgravity by the Soft Matter Dynamics facility onboard the International Space Station (ISS). This review is concluded by sketching some promising directions, and suggesting useful complementarities between DWS and other techniques, for the characterization of transient regimes in emulsions, and of destabilization processes of great practical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lorusso
- Department of Mathematical Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Orsi
- Department of Mathematical Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Salerni
- Department of Mathematical Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Libero Liggieri
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy - CNR, Department of Genova, Italy
| | - Francesca Ravera
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy - CNR, Department of Genova, Italy
| | | | - James Ferri
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond (VA), USA
| | - Luigi Cristofolini
- Department of Mathematical Physical and Computer Sciences, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy - CNR, Department of Genova, Italy.
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13
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Zhang M, Sun R, Xia Q. An ascorbic acid delivery system based on (W1/O/W2) double emulsions encapsulated by Ca-alginate hydrogel beads. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Optical Characterization of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Intralipid-Based Samples. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10186234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Different scattering processes take place when photons propagate inside turbid media. Many powerful experimental techniques exploiting these processes have been developed and applied over the years in a large variety of situations from fundamental and applied research to industrial applications. In the present paper, we intend to take advantage of Static Light Scattering (SLS), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), and Time-Resolved Transmittance (TRT) for investigating all the different scattering regimes by using scattering suspensions in a very large range of scatterer concentrations. The suspensions were prepared using Intralipid 20%, a material largely employed in studies of the optical properties of turbid media, with concentrations from 10−5% to 50%. By the analysis of the angular and temporal dependence of the scattered light, a more reliable description of the scattering process occurring in these samples can be obtained. TRT measurements allowed us to obtain information on the reduced scattering coefficient, an important parameter largely used in the description of the optical properties of turbid media. TRT was also employed for the detection of inclusions embedded in Intralipid suspensions, by using a properly designed data analysis. The present study allowed us to better elucidate the dependence of scattering properties of Intralipid suspensions in a very large concentration range and the occurrence of the different scattering processes involved in the propagation of light in turbid media for the first time to our knowledge. In so doing, the complementary contribution of SLS, DLS, and TRT in the characterization of turbid media from an optical and structural point of view is strongly evidenced.
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Orsi D, Salerni F, Macaluso E, Santini E, Ravera F, Liggieri L, Cristofolini L. Diffusing wave spectroscopy for investigating emulsions: I. Instrumental aspects. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sun R, Zhang M, Xia Q. Improved stability of (W
1
/O/W
2
) double emulsions based on dual gelation: Oleogels and hydrogels. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsSoutheast University Nanjing China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering EducationSoutheast University Nanjing China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Suzhou China
| | - Ming Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsSoutheast University Nanjing China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering EducationSoutheast University Nanjing China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Suzhou China
| | - Qiang Xia
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of BioelectronicsSoutheast University Nanjing China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering EducationSoutheast University Nanjing China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology Suzhou China
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Cui T, Wu T, Liu R, Sui W, Wang S, Zhang M. Effect of Degree of Konjac Glucomannan Enzymatic Hydrolysis on the Physicochemical Characteristic of Gluten and Dough. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:9654-9663. [PMID: 31460056 PMCID: PMC6647942 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Influences of different enzymatic hydrolysis degrees of konjac glucomannan (KGM) with various addition proportions on the structural characteristic of gluten protein and dough properties were evaluated. Results revealed that addition of KGM decreases the free sulfhydryl and freezable water content of dough, and KGM with different enzymatic hydrolysis degrees had more beneficial effects on strengthening the gluten structure by the raised molecular weight of gluten proteins and the increased disulfide bonds and β-sheet content, especially KGM with 15 min enzymatic hydrolysis treatment (KGM II). Besides, microstructure observation and thermal analysis results illustrated that addition of KGM promotes gluten cross-linking and improves the thermal stability of the gluten network structure. Dough possessed better elasticity, as well as tensile and texture properties with the addition of KGM than the control sample. And the KGM with 15 min enzymatic hydrolysis showed the most positive effect on dough quality than others, and 2.0% addition proportion is the most acceptable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cui
- State Key Laboratory
of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University
of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Tao Wu
- State Key Laboratory
of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University
of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry
of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory
of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University
of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry
of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Food Safety
& Low Carbon Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Wenjie Sui
- State Key Laboratory
of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University
of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory
of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University
of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University
of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
- Engineering Research Center of Food Biotechnology, Ministry
of Education, Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Food Safety
& Low Carbon Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center, Tianjin 300457, China
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Combined surface analysis methods. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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