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Savarimuthu A, Ponniah RJ. Cognition and Cognitive Reserve. Integr Psychol Behav Sci 2024; 58:483-501. [PMID: 38279076 DOI: 10.1007/s12124-024-09821-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Cognition is a mental process that provides the ability to think, know, and learn. Though cognitive skills are necessary to do daily tasks and activities, cognitive aging causes changes in various cognitive functions. Cognitive abilities that are preserved and strengthened by experience can be kept as a reserve and utilized when necessary. The concept of reserving cognition was found when people with Alzheimer's disease had differences in clinical manifestations and cognitive functions. The cognitive reserve builds resilience against cognitive decline and improves the quality of life. Also, several lines of studies have found that the plasticity between neurons has a significant impact on cognitive reserve and acts against cognitive decline. To extend the findings, the present study provides a comprehensive understanding of cognitive reserve and the variables that are involved in maintaining cognition. The study also considers reading as one of the cognitive proxies that develops and maintains cognitive reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Savarimuthu
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India
- Department of English, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, India
| | - R Joseph Ponniah
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India.
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Cognitive predictors of oral reading miscues in the text reading process in a transparent orthography: Working memory and visual retention. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-04144-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Cowan N. Working memory development: A 50-year assessment of research and underlying theories. Cognition 2022; 224:105075. [PMID: 35247864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The author has thought about working memory, not always by that name, since 1969 and has conducted research on its infant and child development since the same year that the seminal work of Baddeley and Hitch (1974) was published. The present article assesses how the field of working memory development has been influenced since those years by major theoretical perspectives: empiricism (along with behaviorism), nativism (along with modularity), cognitivism (along with constructivism), and dynamic systems theory. The field has not fully discussed the point that these theoretical perspectives have helped to shape different kinds of proposed working memory systems, which in turn have deeply influenced what is researched and how it is researched. Here I discuss that mapping of theoretical viewpoints onto assumptions about working memory and trace the influence of this mapping on the field of working memory development. I illustrate where these influences have led in my own developmental research program over the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Cowan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Lopes E Santos LE, de Angelis G, Velasco TR, Thome U, Santos MV, Machado HR, Hamad APA, Sakamoto AC, Wichert-Ana L. The intellectual profile of pediatric patients with posterior cortex epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 125:108447. [PMID: 34839240 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive functioning in epileptic syndromes has been widely explored in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), but few studies have investigated the neuropsychological profile in posterior cortex epilepsy (PCE). In this study, we investigated the presurgical intellectual profile of children and adolescents with drug-resistant PCE. METHODS Children and adolescents diagnosed with PCE (n = 25) participated in this study. The data were obtained from medical records, with assessments carried out between the years 2003 and 2019. To compare the intellectual profile, we also included patients diagnosed with frontal (n = 26) and temporal lobe epilepsy (n = 40). The Wechsler Intelligence Scales were used for the assessment of general intelligence. RESULTS There was an effect of the brain region on the Working Memory Index (p < 0.01), in which patients with TLE had significantly higher scores than groups with FLE (p < 0.01) and PCE (p < 0.05). We also demonstrated that patients with PCE tended to perform worse in the Processing Speed Index than patients with TLE (p = 0.055). The Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient, Verbal Comprehension, and Perceptual Reasoning indexes did not differ among the brain regions. CONCLUSIONS Children and adolescents with PCE demonstrated significant impairment in working memory and processing speed. The pattern of cognitive dysfunction in PCE was similar to that observed in FLE, which expands the evidence of the involvement of frontoparietal networks on cognitive proficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Emmanuel Lopes E Santos
- Department of Radiology, Hematology and Clinical Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Geisa de Angelis
- Department of Radiology, Hematology and Clinical Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tonicarlo Rodrigues Velasco
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ursula Thome
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Volpon Santos
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélio Rubens Machado
- Department of Surgery and Anatomy, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Andrade Hamad
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Américo Ceiki Sakamoto
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lauro Wichert-Ana
- Department of Radiology, Hematology and Clinical Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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