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Florian MC, Klose M, Sacma M, Jablanovic J, Knudson L, Nattamai KJ, Marka G, Vollmer A, Soller K, Sakk V, Cabezas-Wallscheid N, Zheng Y, Mulaw MA, Glauche I, Geiger H. Aging alters the epigenetic asymmetry of HSC division. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2003389. [PMID: 30235201 PMCID: PMC6168157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2003389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) balance self-renewal and differentiation to maintain homeostasis. With aging, the frequency of polar HSCs decreases. Cell polarity in HSCs is controlled by the activity of the small RhoGTPase cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42). Here we demonstrate—using a comprehensive set of paired daughter cell analyses that include single-cell 3D confocal imaging, single-cell transplants, single-cell RNA-seq, and single-cell transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq)—that the outcome of HSC divisions is strongly linked to the polarity status before mitosis, which is in turn determined by the level of the activity Cdc42 in stem cells. Aged apolar HSCs undergo preferentially self-renewing symmetric divisions, resulting in daughter stem cells with reduced regenerative capacity and lymphoid potential, while young polar HSCs undergo preferentially asymmetric divisions. Mathematical modeling in combination with experimental data implies a mechanistic role of the asymmetric sorting of Cdc42 in determining the potential of daughter cells via epigenetic mechanisms. Therefore, molecules that control HSC polarity might serve as modulators of the mode of stem cell division regulating the potential of daughter cells. Stem cells are unique cells that can differentiate to produce more stem cells or other types of cells and can divide both symmetrically (to produce daughter cells with the same fate) and asymmetrically (to produce one daughter cell that retains stem cell potential and one that differentiates). The mechanisms that control the outcome of stem cell divisions have been the focus of many studies; however, they remain mainly unknown. Here, we have analyzed these mechanisms in murine hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by directly comparing the epigenetic signature, the transcriptome, and the function of the two daughter cells stemming from the first division of either a young or an aged HSC. We observe that, while young HSCs divide mainly asymmetrically, aged HSCs divide primarily symmetrically. We find that the mode of division is tightly linked to stem cell polarity and is regulated by the activity level of the small RhoGTPase cell division control protein 42 (Cdc42). In addition, we show that the potential of daughter cells is further linked to the amount of the epigenetic mark H4K16ac and also to the amount of open chromatin allocated to a daughter cell, but it is not linked to its transcriptome. In summary, our study suggests that HSC polarity linked to Cdc42 activity drives the mode of division, while epigenetic mechanisms determine the functional outcome of the stem cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carolina Florian
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail: (MCF); (HG)
| | - Markus Klose
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mehmet Sacma
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jelena Jablanovic
- Max Planck Institute (MPI) of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luke Knudson
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kalpana J. Nattamai
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gina Marka
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Angelika Vollmer
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Karin Soller
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Vadim Sakk
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Yi Zheng
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Medhanie A. Mulaw
- Institute of Experimental Cancer Research, Medical Faculty, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ingmar Glauche
- Institute for Medical Informatics and Biometry, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hartmut Geiger
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Aging, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MCF); (HG)
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2
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Antileukemic effect of paclitaxel in combination with metformin in HL-60 cell line. Gene 2018; 647:213-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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3
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Soufi A, Dalton S. Cycling through developmental decisions: how cell cycle dynamics control pluripotency, differentiation and reprogramming. Development 2017; 143:4301-4311. [PMID: 27899507 DOI: 10.1242/dev.142075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A strong connection exists between the cell cycle and mechanisms required for executing cell fate decisions in a wide-range of developmental contexts. Terminal differentiation is often associated with cell cycle exit, whereas cell fate switches are frequently linked to cell cycle transitions in dividing cells. These phenomena have been investigated in the context of reprogramming, differentiation and trans-differentiation but the underpinning molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Most progress to address the connection between cell fate and the cell cycle has been made in pluripotent stem cells, in which the transition through mitosis and G1 phase is crucial for establishing a window of opportunity for pluripotency exit and the initiation of differentiation. This Review will summarize recent developments in this area and place them in a broader context that has implications for a wide range of developmental scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdenour Soufi
- Institute of Stem Cell Research, MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stephen Dalton
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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4
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Hu Z, Fu YX, Greenberg AJ, Wu CI, Zhai W. Age-dependent transition from cell-level to population-level control in murine intestinal homeostasis revealed by coalescence analysis. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003326. [PMID: 23468655 PMCID: PMC3585040 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In multi-cellular organisms, tissue homeostasis is maintained by an exquisite balance between stem cell proliferation and differentiation. This equilibrium can be achieved either at the single cell level (a.k.a. cell asymmetry), where stem cells follow strict asymmetric divisions, or the population level (a.k.a. population asymmetry), where gains and losses in individual stem cell lineages are randomly distributed, but the net effect is homeostasis. In the mature mouse intestinal crypt, previous evidence has revealed a pattern of population asymmetry through predominantly symmetric divisions of stem cells. In this work, using population genetic theory together with previously published crypt single-cell data obtained at different mouse life stages, we reveal a strikingly dynamic pattern of stem cell homeostatic control. We find that single-cell asymmetric divisions are gradually replaced by stochastic population-level asymmetry as the mouse matures to adulthood. This lifelong process has important developmental and evolutionary implications in understanding how adult tissues maintain their homeostasis integrating the trade-off between intrinsic and extrinsic regulations. In multi-cellular organisms, there is a static equilibrium maintaining cells of various forms. This homeostasis is achieved by an exquisite balance between stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Understanding how different species and organ types maintain this dynamic equilibrium has been an interesting question for both evolutionary and developmental biologists. Using population genetic theory together with previously published single-cell sequencing data collected from mouse intestinal crypts at two points in development, we have revealed a dynamic picture of stem cell renewal in intestinal crypts. We found that intestinal equilibrium is maintained at the single-cell level through predominantly asymmetric stem cell divisions at early life stages, but progressively switches to a population level homeostasis with only symmetric divisions as the mouse matures to adulthood. This dynamic process, likely to be conserved across species, has important developmental and evolutionary implications in understanding how adult tissues maintain their homeostasis integrating lifelong trade-offs between intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Hu
- Center for Computational Biology and Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-Xin Fu
- Human Genetics Center and Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anthony J. Greenberg
- Departments of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Chung-I Wu
- Center for Computational Biology and Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WZ); (C-IW)
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Center for Computational Biology and Laboratory of Disease Genomics and Individualized Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (C-IW)
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5
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Schnerch D, Yalcintepe J, Schmidts A, Becker H, Follo M, Engelhardt M, Wäsch R. Cell cycle control in acute myeloid leukemia. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:508-528. [PMID: 22957304 PMCID: PMC3433102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the result of a multistep transforming process of hematopoietic precursor cells (HPCs) which enables them to proceed through limitless numbers of cell cycles and to become resistant to cell death. Increased proliferation renders these cells vulnerable to acquiring mutations and may favor leukemic transformation. Here, we review how deregulated cell cycle control contributes to increased proliferation in AML and favors genomic instability, a prerequisite to confer selective advantages to particular clones in order to adapt and independently proliferate in the presence of a changing microenvironment. We discuss the connection between differentiation and proliferation with regard to leukemogenesis and outline the impact of specific alterations on response to therapy. Finally, we present examples, how a better understanding of cell cycle regulation and deregulation has already led to new promising therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Schnerch
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center Freiburg, Germany
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Sugiarto S, Persson AI, Munoz EG, Waldhuber M, Lamagna C, Andor N, Hanecker P, Ayers-Ringler J, Phillips J, Siu J, Lim D, Vandenberg S, Stallcup W, Berger MS, Bergers G, Weiss WA, Petritsch C. Asymmetry-defective oligodendrocyte progenitors are glioma precursors. Cancer Cell 2011; 20:328-40. [PMID: 21907924 PMCID: PMC3297490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPC) self-renew, generate mature oligodendrocytes, and are a cellular origin of oligodendrogliomas. We show that the proteoglycan NG2 segregates asymmetrically during mitosis to generate OPC cells of distinct fate. NG2 is required for asymmetric segregation of EGFR to the NG2(+) progeny, which consequently activates EGFR and undergoes EGF-dependent proliferation and self-renewal. In contrast, the NG2(-) progeny differentiates. In a mouse model, decreased NG2 asymmetry coincides with premalignant, abnormal self-renewal rather than differentiation and with tumor-initiating potential. Asymmetric division of human NG2(+) cells is prevalent in non-neoplastic tissue but is decreased in oligodendrogliomas. Regulators of asymmetric cell division are misexpressed in low-grade oligodendrogliomas. Our results identify loss of asymmetric division associated with the neoplastic transformation of OPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sista Sugiarto
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
| | - Anders I. Persson
- Neurology and Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
| | - Elena Gonzalez Munoz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
| | - Markus Waldhuber
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
- MorphoSys AG, Munich, Germany
| | - Chrystelle Lamagna
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
- Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
| | - Noemi Andor
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
| | - Patrizia Hanecker
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
| | - Jennifer Ayers-Ringler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
| | - Joanna Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
- Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
| | - Jason Siu
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
| | - Daniel Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
| | - Scott Vandenberg
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA92013, USA
| | - William Stallcup
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research, Cancer Research Center, La Jolla, CA92037, USA
| | - Mitchel S. Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA94158
- Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
| | - Gabriele Bergers
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
- Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA94158
- Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
| | - William A. Weiss
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
- Neurology and Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA94158
- Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
| | - Claudia Petritsch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, CA94158
- Brain Tumor Research Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94143, USA
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7
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Imae R, Inoue T, Kimura M, Kanamori T, Tomioka NH, Kage-Nakadai E, Mitani S, Arai H. Intracellular phospholipase A1 and acyltransferase, which are involved in Caenorhabditis elegans stem cell divisions, determine the sn-1 fatty acyl chain of phosphatidylinositol. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:3114-24. [PMID: 20668164 PMCID: PMC2938378 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-03-0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol (PI), an important constituent of membranes, contains stearic acid as the major fatty acid at the sn-1 position. This fatty acid is thought to be incorporated into PI through fatty acid remodeling by sequential deacylation and reacylation. However, the genes responsible for the reaction are unknown, and consequently, the physiological significance of the sn-1 fatty acid remains to be elucidated. Here, we identified acl-8, -9, and -10, which are closely related to each other, and ipla-1 as strong candidates for genes involved in fatty acid remodeling at the sn-1 position of PI. In both ipla-1 mutants and acl-8 acl-9 acl-10 triple mutants of Caenorhabditis elegans, the stearic acid content of PI is reduced, and asymmetric division of stem cell-like epithelial cells is defective. The defects in asymmetric division of these mutants are suppressed by a mutation of the same genes involved in intracellular retrograde transport, suggesting that ipla-1 and acl genes act in the same pathway. IPLA-1 and ACL-10 have phospholipase A(1) and acyltransferase activity, respectively, both of which recognize the sn-1 position of PI as their substrate. We propose that the sn-1 fatty acid of PI is determined by ipla-1 and acl-8, -9, -10 and crucial for asymmetric divisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rieko Imae
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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8
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Oliaro J, Van Ham V, Sacirbegovic F, Pasam A, Bomzon Z, Pham K, Ludford-Menting MJ, Waterhouse NJ, Bots M, Hawkins ED, Watt SV, Cluse LA, Clarke CJP, Izon DJ, Chang JT, Thompson N, Gu M, Johnstone RW, Smyth MJ, Humbert PO, Reiner SL, Russell SM. Asymmetric cell division of T cells upon antigen presentation uses multiple conserved mechanisms. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:367-75. [PMID: 20530266 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric cell division is a potential means by which cell fate choices during an immune response are orchestrated. Defining the molecular mechanisms that underlie asymmetric division of T cells is paramount for determining the role of this process in the generation of effector and memory T cell subsets. In other cell types, asymmetric cell division is regulated by conserved polarity protein complexes that control the localization of cell fate determinants and spindle orientation during division. We have developed a tractable, in vitro model of naive CD8(+) T cells undergoing initial division while attached to dendritic cells during Ag presentation to investigate whether similar mechanisms might regulate asymmetric division of T cells. Using this system, we show that direct interactions with APCs provide the cue for polarization of T cells. Interestingly, the immunological synapse disseminates before division even though the T cells retain contact with the APC. The cue from the APC is translated into polarization of cell fate determinants via the polarity network of the Par3 and Scribble complexes, and orientation of the mitotic spindle during division is orchestrated by the partner of inscuteable/G protein complex. These findings suggest that T cells have selectively adapted a number of evolutionarily conserved mechanisms to generate diversity through asymmetric cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Oliaro
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Australia
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9
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Hawkins ED, Russell SM. Upsides and downsides to polarity and asymmetric cell division in leukemia. Oncogene 2009; 27:7003-17. [PMID: 19029941 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The notion that polarity regulators can act as tumor suppressors in epithelial cells is now well accepted. The function of these proteins in lymphocytes is less well explored, and their possible function as suppressors of leukemia has had little attention so far. We review the literature on lymphocyte polarity and the growing recognition that polarity proteins have an important function in lymphocyte function. We then describe molecular relationships between the polarity network and signaling pathways that have been implicated in leukemogenesis, which suggest mechanisms by which the polarity network might impact on leukemogenesis. We particularly focus on the possibility that disruption of polarity might alter asymmetric cell division (ACD), and that this might be a leukemia-initiating event. We also explore the converse possibility that leukemic stem cells might be produced or maintained by ACD, and therefore that Dlg, Scribble and Lgl might be important regulators of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Hawkins
- Immune Signalling Laboratory, Cancer Immunology, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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