1
|
This S, Rogers D, Mallet Gauthier È, Mandl JN, Melichar HJ. What's self got to do with it: Sources of heterogeneity among naive T cells. Semin Immunol 2023; 65:101702. [PMID: 36463711 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2022.101702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
There is a long-standing assumption that naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are largely homogeneous populations despite the extraordinary diversity of their T cell receptors (TCR). The self-immunopeptidome plays a key role in the selection of the naive T cell repertoire in the thymus, and self-peptides are also an important driver of differences between individual naive T cells with regard to their subsequent functional contributions to an immune response. Accumulating evidence suggests that as early as the β-selection stage of T cell development, when only one of the recombined chains of the mature TCR is expressed, signaling thresholds may be established for positive selection of immature thymocytes. Stochastic encounters subsequently made with self-ligands during positive selection in the thymus imprint functional biases that a T cell will carry with it throughout its lifetime, although ongoing interactions with self in the periphery ensure a level of plasticity in the gene expression wiring of naive T cells. Identifying the sources of heterogeneity in the naive T cell population and which functional attributes of T cells can be modulated through post-thymic interventions versus those that are fixed during T cell development, could enable us to better select or generate T cells with particular traits to improve the efficacy of T cell therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien This
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dakota Rogers
- Department of Physiology and McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ève Mallet Gauthier
- Department of Microbiology, Infectious Disease, and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Judith N Mandl
- Department of Physiology and McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Heather J Melichar
- Immunology-Oncology Unit, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Y, He XR, He SG, Liu M, Zhang YX, Xia F, Cao MJ, Su WJ, Liu GM. Two allergens from Scylla paramamosain share common epitopes showed different allergenic potential in Balb/c mice. Food Chem 2022; 371:131132. [PMID: 34555704 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Filamin C (FLN c) and triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) are novel allergens of crab (Scylla paramamosain) which are sharing common epitopes. This work aimed to assess their contributions to the induction and elicitation of allergenic responses. Balb/c mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal injections and challenged by intragastric gavage with purified proteins. Upon oral challenge, FLN c triggered more severe anaphylactic symptoms, higher levels of specific antibodies and histamine in serum than TIM, while TIM was a more active promotor of early specific antibody production and stimulated stronger Th2-biased responses. Combined with the results of in vitro assays, the data demonstrated that though with common epitopes, the two allergens showed a different allergenicity, TIM favored Th2 polarization in sensitization stage, while FLN c had a better ability to stimulate B cells and is highly immunogenic in oral challenge stage. The findings can help with the better understanding of allergenicity of crab allergens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China; College of Environment and Public Health, Xiamen Huaxia University, 288 Tianma Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361024, China
| | - Xin-Rong He
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Shao-Gui He
- College of Environment and Public Health, Xiamen Huaxia University, 288 Tianma Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361024, China
| | - Meng Liu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Yong-Xia Zhang
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Fei Xia
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Min-Jie Cao
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Wen-Jin Su
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Guang-Ming Liu
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei University, 43 Yindou Road, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
CXCL10 + peripheral activation niches couple preferred sites of Th1 entry with optimal APC encounter. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109523. [PMID: 34380032 PMCID: PMC9218982 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Correct positioning of T cells within infected tissues is critical for T cell activation and pathogen control. Upon tissue entry, effector T cells must efficiently locate antigen-presenting cells (APC) for peripheral activation. We reveal that tissue entry and initial peripheral activation of Th1 effector T cells are tightly linked to perivascular positioning of chemokine-expressing APCs. Dermal inflammation induces tissue-wide de novo generation of discrete perivascular CXCL10+ cell clusters, enriched for CD11c+MHC-II+ monocyte-derived dendritic cells. These chemokine clusters are "hotspots" for both Th1 extravasation and activation in the inflamed skin. CXCR3-dependent Th1 localization to the cluster micro-environment prolongs T-APC interactions and boosts function. Both the frequency and range of these clusters are enhanced via a T helper 1 (Th1)-intrinsic, interferon-gamma (IFNγ)-dependent positive-feedback loop. Thus, the perivascular CXCL10+ clusters act as initial peripheral activation niches, optimizing controlled activation broadly throughout the tissue by coupling Th1 tissue entry with enhanced opportunities for Th1-APC encounter.
Collapse
|
4
|
Zayats R, Uzonna JE, Murooka TT. Visualizing the In Vivo Dynamics of Anti- Leishmania Immunity: Discoveries and Challenges. Front Immunol 2021; 12:671582. [PMID: 34093571 PMCID: PMC8172142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.671582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy, such as 2-photon microscopy, is now a mainstay in immunological research to visually characterize immune cell dynamics during homeostasis and pathogen infections. This approach has been especially beneficial in describing the complex process of host immune responses to parasitic infections in vivo, such as Leishmania. Human-parasite co-evolution has endowed parasites with multiple strategies to subvert host immunity in order to establish chronic infections and ensure human-to-human transmission. While much focus has been placed on viral and bacterial infections, intravital microscopy studies during parasitic infections have been comparatively sparse. In this review, we will discuss how in vivo microscopy has provided important insights into the generation of innate and adaptive immunity in various organs during parasitic infections, with a primary focus on Leishmania. We highlight how microscopy-based approaches may be key to providing mechanistic insights into Leishmania persistence in vivo and to devise strategies for better parasite control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romaniya Zayats
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jude E. Uzonna
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Thomas T. Murooka
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
- Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tong AA, Forestell B, Murphy DV, Nair A, Allen F, Myers J, Klauschen F, Shen C, Gopal AA, Huang AY, Mandl JN. Regulatory T cells differ from conventional
CD
4
+
T cells in their recirculatory behavior and lymph node transit times. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:787-798. [DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Tong
- Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH USA
| | - Benjamin Forestell
- Department of Physiology Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill Research Centre for Complex Traits McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Daniel V Murphy
- Department of Pediatrics Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH USA
- The Angie Fowler AYA Cancer Institute UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital Cleveland OH USA
| | - Aditya Nair
- Department of Pediatrics Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH USA
- The Angie Fowler AYA Cancer Institute UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital Cleveland OH USA
| | - Frederick Allen
- Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH USA
| | - Jay Myers
- Department of Pediatrics Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH USA
- The Angie Fowler AYA Cancer Institute UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital Cleveland OH USA
| | | | - Connie Shen
- Department of Physiology Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill Research Centre for Complex Traits McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Angelica A Gopal
- Department of Physiology Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill Research Centre for Complex Traits McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Alex Y Huang
- Department of Pathology Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH USA
- Department of Pediatrics Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine Cleveland OH USA
- The Angie Fowler AYA Cancer Institute UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital Cleveland OH USA
| | - Judith N Mandl
- Department of Physiology Department of Microbiology and Immunology McGill Research Centre for Complex Traits McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Bocharov G, Meyerhans A, Bessonov N, Trofimchuk S, Volpert V. Interplay between reaction and diffusion processes in governing the dynamics of virus infections. J Theor Biol 2018; 457:221-236. [PMID: 30170043 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Spreading of viral infection in the tissues such as lymph nodes or spleen depends on virus multiplication in the host cells, their transport and on the immune response. Reaction-diffusion systems of equations with delays in cell proliferation and death by apoptosis represent an appropriate model to study this process. The properties of the cells of the immune system and the initial viral load determine the spatiotemporal regimes of infection spreading. Infection can be completely eliminated or it can persist at some level together with a certain chronic immune response in a spatially uniform or oscillatory mode. Finally, the immune cells can be completely exhausted leading to a high viral load persistence in the tissue. It has been found experimentally, that virus proteins can affect the immune cell migration. Our study shows that both the motility of immune cells and the virus infection spreading represented by the diffusion rate coefficients are relevant control parameters determining the fate of virus-host interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Bocharov
- Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences Gubkina Street 8, 119333 Moscow, Russian Federation; Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation; Gamaleya Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - A Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; ICREA, Pg. Llus Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - N Bessonov
- Institute of Problems of Mechanical Engineering, Russian Academy of Sciences 199178 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - S Trofimchuk
- Instituto de Matematica y Fisica, Universidad de Talca, Casilla 747, Talca, Chile
| | - V Volpert
- Institut Camille Jordan, UMR 5208 CNRS, University Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France; INRIA, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut Camille Jordan 43 Bd. du 11 Novembre 1918, 69200 Villeurbanne Cedex, France; Poncelet Center, UMI 2615 CNRS, 11 Bolshoy Vlasyevskiy, 119002 Moscow, Russian Federation; Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) 6 Miklukho-Maklaya St, Moscow, 117198, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pizzagalli DU, Farsakoglu Y, Palomino-Segura M, Palladino E, Sintes J, Marangoni F, Mempel TR, Koh WH, Murooka TT, Thelen F, Stein JV, Pozzi G, Thelen M, Krause R, Gonzalez SF. Leukocyte Tracking Database, a collection of immune cell tracks from intravital 2-photon microscopy videos. Sci Data 2018; 5:180129. [PMID: 30015806 PMCID: PMC6049032 DOI: 10.1038/sdata.2018.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in intravital video microscopy have allowed the visualization of leukocyte behavior in vivo, revealing unprecedented spatiotemporal dynamics of immune cell interaction. However, state-of-the-art software and methods for automatically measuring cell migration exhibit limitations in tracking the position of leukocytes over time. Challenges arise both from the complex migration patterns of these cells and from the experimental artifacts introduced during image acquisition. Additionally, the development of novel tracking tools is hampered by the lack of a sound ground truth for algorithm validation and benchmarking. Therefore, the objective of this work was to create a database, namely LTDB, with a significant number of manually tracked leukocytes. Broad experimental conditions, sites of imaging, types of immune cells and challenging case studies were included to foster the development of robust computer vision techniques for imaging-based immunological research. Lastly, LTDB represents a step towards the unravelling of biological mechanisms by video data mining in systems biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego Ulisse Pizzagalli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Università della Svizzera italiana. Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Institute of Computational Science (ICS), Università della Svizzera italiana. Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Yagmur Farsakoglu
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Università della Svizzera italiana. Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Miguel Palomino-Segura
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Università della Svizzera italiana. Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Palladino
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Università della Svizzera italiana. Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jordi Sintes
- IMIM Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute. Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesco Marangoni
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital. CNY 149-8 149 13th Street Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Thorsten R Mempel
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital. CNY 149-8 149 13th Street Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Wan Hon Koh
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba. 471 Apotex Centre 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Thomas T Murooka
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba. 471 Apotex Centre 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Flavian Thelen
- Theodor Kocher Institute (TKI), University of Bern. Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jens V Stein
- Theodor Kocher Institute (TKI), University of Bern. Freiestrasse 1, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Pozzi
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria, Politecnico di Milano. P.za L da Vinci 32, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Marcus Thelen
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Università della Svizzera italiana. Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Krause
- Institute of Computational Science (ICS), Università della Svizzera italiana. Via Giuseppe Buffi 13, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Santiago Fernandez Gonzalez
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB), Università della Svizzera italiana. Via Vincenzo Vela 6, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dynamic intravital imaging of cell-cell interactions in the lymph node. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:12-20. [PMID: 28065277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the application of 2-photon intravital microscopy as a tool to study cell interactions in different areas of the immune system has offered an unprecedented opportunity to understand the complexity of cell behavior in relation to immune functions. In this review we describe the latest advances in the field of live imaging in the lymph nodes, grouping the different cell populations in 2 compartments according to their motility: the sessile compartment, which is formed by resident cells of stromal origin, macrophages, and resident dendritic cells, and the motile compartment, which is mainly formed by T and B lymphocytes. Here we review how the use of in vivo imaging has contributed to our understanding of the role of these cells in the initiation of the immune response in the draining lymph nodes.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bocharov G, Meyerhans A, Bessonov N, Trofimchuk S, Volpert V. Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Virus Infection Spreading in Tissues. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168576. [PMID: 27997613 PMCID: PMC5173377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus spreading in tissues is determined by virus transport, virus multiplication in host cells and the virus-induced immune response. Cytotoxic T cells remove infected cells with a rate determined by the infection level. The intensity of the immune response has a bell-shaped dependence on the concentration of virus, i.e., it increases at low and decays at high infection levels. A combination of these effects and a time delay in the immune response determine the development of virus infection in tissues like spleen or lymph nodes. The mathematical model described in this work consists of reaction-diffusion equations with a delay. It shows that the different regimes of infection spreading like the establishment of a low level infection, a high level infection or a transition between both are determined by the initial virus load and by the intensity of the immune response. The dynamics of the model solutions include simple and composed waves, and periodic and aperiodic oscillations. The results of analytical and numerical studies of the model provide a systematic basis for a quantitative understanding and interpretation of the determinants of the infection process in target organs and tissues from the image-derived data as well as of the spatiotemporal mechanisms of viral disease pathogenesis, and have direct implications for a biopsy-based medical testing of the chronic infection processes caused by viruses, e.g. HIV, HCV and HBV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gennady Bocharov
- Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Gamaleya Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russian Federation
- RUDN University, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nickolai Bessonov
- Institute of Problems of Mechanical Engineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Sergei Trofimchuk
- Instituto de Matemática y Fisica, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Vitaly Volpert
- Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Institut Camille Jordan, UMR 5208 CNRS, University Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- INRIA Team Dracula, INRIA Lyon La Doua, Villeurbanne, France
- Laboratoire Poncelet, UMI 2615 CNRS, Moscow, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Effects of ceftriaxone induced intestinal dysbacteriosis on lymphocytes in different tissues in mice. Immunobiology 2016; 221:994-1000. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
11
|
Jain R, Tikoo S, Weninger W. Recent advances in microscopic techniques for visualizing leukocytes in vivo. F1000Res 2016; 5:F1000 Faculty Rev-915. [PMID: 27239292 PMCID: PMC4874443 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.8127.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocytes are inherently motile and interactive cells. Recent advances in intravital microscopy approaches have enabled a new vista of their behavior within intact tissues in real time. This brief review summarizes the developments enabling the tracking of immune responses in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Jain
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shweta Tikoo
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Wolfgang Weninger
- Immune Imaging Program, The Centenary Institute, University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia; Discipline of Dermatology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Suen WW, Prow NA, Setoh YX, Hall RA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. End-point disease investigation for virus strains of intermediate virulence as illustrated by flavivirus infections. J Gen Virol 2015; 97:366-377. [PMID: 26614392 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses of intermediate virulence are defined as isolates causing an intermediate morbidity/mortality rate in a specific animal model system, involving specific host and inoculation parameters (e.g. dose and route). Therefore, variable disease phenotype may exist between animals that develop severe disease or die and those that are asymptomatic or survive after infection with these isolates. There may also be variability amongst animals within each of these subsets. Such potential variability may confound the use of time-point sacrifice experiments to investigate pathogenesis of this subset of virus strains, as uniformity in disease outcome is a fundamental assumption for time-course sacrifice experiments. In the current study, we examined the disease phenotype, neuropathology, neural infection and glial cell activity in moribund/dead and surviving Swiss white (CD-1) mice after intraperitoneal infection with various Australian flaviviruses, including West Nile virus (WNV) strains of intermediate virulence (WNVNSW2011 and WNVNSW2012), and highly virulent Murray Valley encephalitis virus (MVEV) isolates. We identified notable intragroup variation in the end-point disease in mice infected with either WNVNSW strain, but to a lesser extent in mice infected with MVEV strains. The variable outcomes associated with WNVNSW infection suggest that pathogenesis investigations using time-point sacrifice of WNVNSW-infected mice may not be the best approach, as the assumption of uniformity in outcomes is violated. Our study has therefore highlighted a previously unacknowledged challenge to investigating pathogenesis of virus isolates of intermediate virulence. We have also set a precedent for routine examination of the disease phenotype in moribund/dead and surviving mice during survival challenge experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Willy W Suen
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - Natalie A Prow
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yin X Setoh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Roy A Hall
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.,School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Edelblum KL, Singh G, Odenwald MA, Lingaraju A, El Bissati K, McLeod R, Sperling AI, Turner JR. γδ Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Migration Limits Transepithelial Pathogen Invasion and Systemic Disease in Mice. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:1417-26. [PMID: 25747597 PMCID: PMC4685713 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intraepithelial lymphocytes that express the γδ T-cell receptor (γδ IELs) limit pathogen translocation across the intestinal epithelium by unknown mechanisms. We investigated whether γδ IEL migration and interaction with epithelial cells promote mucosal barrier maintenance during enteric infection. METHODS Salmonella typhimurium or Toxoplasma gondii were administered to knockout (KO) mice lacking either the T cell receptor δ chain (Tcrd) or CD103, or control TcrdEGFP C57BL/6 reporter mice. Intravital microscopy was used to visualize migration of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged γδ T cells within the small intestinal mucosa of mice infected with DsRed-labeled S typhimurium. Mixed bone marrow chimeras were generated to assess the effects of γδ IEL migration on early pathogen invasion and chronic systemic infection. RESULTS Morphometric analyses of intravital video microscopy data showed that γδ IELs rapidly localized to and remained near epithelial cells in direct contact with bacteria. Within 1 hour, greater numbers of T gondii or S typhimurium were present within mucosae of mice with migration-defective occludin KO γδ T cells, compared with controls. Pathogen invasion in Tcrd KO mice was quantitatively similar to that in mice with occludin-deficient γδ T cells, whereas invasion in CD103 KO mice, which have increased migration of γδ T cells into the lateral intercellular space, was reduced by 63%. Consistent with a role of γδ T-cell migration in early host defense, systemic salmonellosis developed more rapidly and with greater severity in mice with occludin-deficient γδ IELs, relative to those with wild-type or CD103 KO γδ IELs. CONCLUSIONS In mice, intraepithelial migration to epithelial cells in contact with pathogens is essential to γδ IEL surveillance and immediate host defense. γδ IEL occludin is required for early surveillance that limits systemic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kamal El Bissati
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago
| | - Rima McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago
| | - Anne I. Sperling
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago,Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, The University of Chicago
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago
| |
Collapse
|