1
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DiBattista JV, Odenwald MA, Te H. Successful Treatment of Refractory Chylous Ascites With Octreotide in a Patient With Decompensated Cirrhosis. ACG Case Rep J 2024; 11:e01322. [PMID: 38560017 PMCID: PMC10977527 DOI: 10.14309/crj.0000000000001322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Chylous ascites is a rare manifestation of decompensated cirrhosis that is associated with increased short-term mortality. Exclusion of other etiologies must be performed to allow for appropriate management, which itself can be a challenge in the setting of decompensated cirrhosis. We report a case of chylous ascites in a patient with decompensated cirrhosis that was successfully managed with octreotide before liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob V. DiBattista
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Matthew A. Odenwald
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Helen Te
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
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2
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Little AS, Younker IT, Schechter MS, Bernardino PN, Méheust R, Stemczynski J, Scorza K, Mullowney MW, Sharan D, Waligurski E, Smith R, Ramanswamy R, Leiter W, Moran D, McMillin M, Odenwald MA, Iavarone AT, Sidebottom AM, Sundararajan A, Pamer EG, Eren AM, Light SH. Dietary- and host-derived metabolites are used by diverse gut bacteria for anaerobic respiration. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:55-69. [PMID: 38177297 PMCID: PMC11055453 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Respiratory reductases enable microorganisms to use molecules present in anaerobic ecosystems as energy-generating respiratory electron acceptors. Here we identify three taxonomically distinct families of human gut bacteria (Burkholderiaceae, Eggerthellaceae and Erysipelotrichaceae) that encode large arsenals of tens to hundreds of respiratory-like reductases per genome. Screening species from each family (Sutterella wadsworthensis, Eggerthella lenta and Holdemania filiformis), we discover 22 metabolites used as respiratory electron acceptors in a species-specific manner. Identified reactions transform multiple classes of dietary- and host-derived metabolites, including bioactive molecules resveratrol and itaconate. Products of identified respiratory metabolisms highlight poorly characterized compounds, such as the itaconate-derived 2-methylsuccinate. Reductase substrate profiling defines enzyme-substrate pairs and reveals a complex picture of reductase evolution, providing evidence that reductases with specificities for related cinnamate substrates independently emerged at least four times. These studies thus establish an exceptionally versatile form of anaerobic respiration that directly links microbial energy metabolism to the gut metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Little
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Isaac T Younker
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew S Schechter
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paola Nol Bernardino
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Raphaël Méheust
- Génomique Métabolique, CEA, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, Université d'Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Evry, France
| | - Joshua Stemczynski
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kaylie Scorza
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Deepti Sharan
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily Waligurski
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rita Smith
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - William Leiter
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - David Moran
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mary McMillin
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew A Odenwald
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anthony T Iavarone
- QB3/Chemistry Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Eric G Pamer
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Section of Infectious Diseases & Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - A Murat Eren
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity, Oldenburg, Germany
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Oldenbug, Germany
| | - Samuel H Light
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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3
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Odenwald MA, Lin H, Lehmann C, Dylla NP, Cole CG, Mostad JD, Pappas TE, Ramaswamy R, Moran A, Hutchison AL, Stutz MR, Dela Cruz M, Adler E, Boissiere J, Khalid M, Cantoral J, Haro F, Oliveira RA, Waligurski E, Cotter TG, Light SH, Beavis KG, Sundararajan A, Sidebottom AM, Reddy KG, Paul S, Pillai A, Te HS, Rinella ME, Charlton MR, Pamer EG, Aronsohn AI. Bifidobacteria metabolize lactulose to optimize gut metabolites and prevent systemic infection in patients with liver disease. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:2033-2049. [PMID: 37845315 PMCID: PMC11059310 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01493-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Progression of chronic liver disease is precipitated by hepatocyte loss, inflammation and fibrosis. This process results in the loss of critical hepatic functions, increasing morbidity and the risk of infection. Medical interventions that treat complications of hepatic failure, including antibiotic administration for systemic infections and lactulose treatment for hepatic encephalopathy, can impact gut microbiome composition and metabolite production. Here, using shotgun metagenomic sequencing and targeted metabolomic analyses on 847 faecal samples from 262 patients with acute or chronic liver disease, we demonstrate that patients hospitalized for liver disease have reduced microbiome diversity and a paucity of bioactive metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids and bile acid derivatives, that impact immune defences and epithelial barrier integrity. We find that patients treated with the orally administered but non-absorbable disaccharide lactulose have increased densities of intestinal bifidobacteria and reduced incidence of systemic infections and mortality. Bifidobacteria metabolize lactulose, produce high concentrations of acetate and acidify the gut lumen in humans and mice, which, in combination, can reduce the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium in vitro. Our studies suggest that lactulose and bifidobacteria serve as a synbiotic to reduce rates of infection in patients with severe liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Odenwald
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Huaiying Lin
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher Lehmann
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas P Dylla
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cody G Cole
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jake D Mostad
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Téa E Pappas
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Angelica Moran
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alan L Hutchison
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthew R Stutz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Cook County Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mark Dela Cruz
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emerald Adler
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jaye Boissiere
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maryam Khalid
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jackelyn Cantoral
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fidel Haro
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rita A Oliveira
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Emily Waligurski
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas G Cotter
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Samuel H Light
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | - K Gautham Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sonali Paul
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anjana Pillai
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Helen S Te
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mary E Rinella
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael R Charlton
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eric G Pamer
- Duchossois Family Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Andrew I Aronsohn
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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4
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Odenwald MA, Roth HF, Reticker A, Segovia M, Pillai A. Evolving challenges with long-term care of liver transplant recipients. Clin Transplant 2023; 37:e15085. [PMID: 37545440 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.15085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The number of liver transplants (LT) performed worldwide continues to rise, and LT recipients are living longer post-transplant. This has led to an increasing number of LT recipients requiring lifelong care. Optimal care post-LT requires careful attention to both the allograft and systemic issues that are more common after organ transplantation. Common causes of allograft dysfunction include rejection, biliary complications, and primary disease recurrence. While immunosuppression prevents rejection and reduces incidences of some primary disease recurrence, it has detrimental systemic effects. Most commonly, these include increased incidences of metabolic syndrome, various malignancies, and infections. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to optimize immunosuppression regimens to prevent allograft dysfunction while also decreasing the risk of systemic complications. Institutional protocols to screen for systemic disease and heightened clinical suspicion also play an important role in providing optimal long-term post-LT care. In this review, we discuss these common complications of LT as well as unique considerations when caring for LT recipients in the years after transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Odenwald
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Hannah F Roth
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Anesia Reticker
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Maria Segovia
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, USA
| | - Anjana Pillai
- Department of Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, USA
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5
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Odenwald MA, Rinella ME. Recurrent NAFLD post-LT: Sisyphus' boulder or Proteus' parable? Liver Transpl 2023; 29:917-918. [PMID: 37071070 DOI: 10.1097/lvt.0000000000000161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Odenwald
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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6
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Cotter TG, Odenwald MA, Perez‐Gutierrez A, Jayant K, DiSabato D, Charlton M, Fung J. Preservation solutions for static cold storage in donation after circulatory death and donation after brain death liver transplantation in the United States. Liver Transpl 2022; 28:1454-1462. [PMID: 35313073 PMCID: PMC9544683 DOI: 10.1002/lt.26457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Static cold preservation remains the cornerstone for storing donor livers following procurement; however, the choice between University of Wisconsin solution (UW) and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solution (HTK) remains controversial. Recent International Liver Transplantation Society (ILTS) guidelines have recommended avoiding HTK for donation after circulatory death (DCD) grafts based on older reports. We studied the latest US adult graft outcomes in three recent eras (2006-2010, 2011-2015, 2016-2020) comparing HTK and UW among 5956 DCD LTs: 3873 (65.0%) used UW and 1944 (32.7%) used HTK. In a total of 82,679 donation after brain death (DBD) liver transplantations (LTs), 63,511 (76.8%) used UW and 15,855 (19.2%) used HTK. The HTK group had higher 1-year and 5-year graft survival rates of 89.7% and 74.3%, respectively, compared with 85.9% and 70.8% in the UW group in the 2016-2020 era (p = 0.005). This difference remained when adjusted for important potential confounders (hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval: 0.60, 0.99). There were no differences between groups among DCD LTs in the earlier eras or among DBD LTs in all eras (all p values > 0.05). The latest US data suggest that HTK is at least noninferior to UW for preserving DCD livers. These data support HTK use in DCD LT and contradict ILTS guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G. Cotter
- Division of Digestive and Liver DiseasesUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexasUSA
| | - Matthew A. Odenwald
- Divison of Gastroenterology and HepatologyThe University of Chicago MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Angelica Perez‐Gutierrez
- Department of SurgerySection of Transplant SurgeryThe University of Chicago MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Kumar Jayant
- Department of SurgerySection of Transplant SurgeryThe University of Chicago MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Diego DiSabato
- Department of SurgerySection of Transplant SurgeryThe University of Chicago MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Michael Charlton
- Divison of Gastroenterology and HepatologyThe University of Chicago MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - John Fung
- Department of SurgerySection of Transplant SurgeryThe University of Chicago MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
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7
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Kuo WT, Odenwald MA, Turner JR, Zuo L. Tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1 as regulators of epithelial proliferation and survival. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1514:21-33. [PMID: 35580994 PMCID: PMC9427709 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells are the first line of mucosal defense. In the intestine, a single layer of epithelial cells must establish a selectively permeable barrier that supports nutrient absorption and waste secretion while preventing the leakage of potentially harmful luminal materials. Key to this is the tight junction, which seals the paracellular space and prevents unrestricted leakage. The tight junction is a protein complex established by interactions between members of the claudin, zonula occludens, and tight junction-associated MARVEL protein (TAMP) families. Claudins form the characteristic tight junction strands seen by freeze-fracture microscopy and create paracellular channels, but the functions of ZO-1 and occludin, founding members of the zonula occludens and TAMP families, respectively, are less well defined. Recent studies have revealed that these proteins have essential noncanonical (nonbarrier) functions that allow them to regulate epithelial apoptosis and proliferation, facilitate viral entry, and organize specialized epithelial structures. Surprisingly, neither is required for intestinal barrier function or overall health in the absence of exogenous stressors. Here, we provide a brief overview of ZO-1 and occludin canonical (barrier-related) functions, and a more detailed examination of their noncanonical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Jerrold R Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Li Zuo
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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8
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Kuo WT, Zuo L, Odenwald MA, Madha S, Singh G, Gurniak CB, Abraham C, Turner JR. The Tight Junction Protein ZO-1 Is Dispensable for Barrier Function but Critical for Effective Mucosal Repair. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:1924-1939. [PMID: 34478742 PMCID: PMC8605999 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS & AIMS Increased permeability is implicated in the pathogenesis of intestinal disease. In vitro and in vivo studies have linked down-regulation of the scaffolding protein ZO-1, encoded by the TJP1 gene, to increased tight junction permeability. This has not, however, been tested in vivo. Here, we assessed the contributions of ZO-1 to in vivo epithelial barrier function and mucosal homeostasis. METHODS Public Gene Expression Omnibus data sets and biopsy specimens from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and healthy control individuals were analyzed. Tjp1f/f;vil-CreTg mice with intestinal epithelial-specific ZO-1 knockout (ZO-1KO.IEC) mice and Tjp1f/f mice littermates without Cre expression were studied using chemical and immune-mediated models of disease as well as colonic stem cell cultures. RESULTS ZO-1 transcript and protein expression were reduced in biopsy specimens from patients with IBD. Despite mildly increased intestinal permeability, ZO-1KO.IEC mice were healthy and did not develop spontaneous disease. ZO-1KO.IEC mice were, however, hypersensitive to mucosal insults and displayed defective repair. Furthermore, ZO-1-deficient colonic epithelia failed to up-regulate proliferation in response to damage in vivo or Wnt signaling in vitro. ZO-1 was associated with centrioles in interphase cells and mitotic spindle poles during division. In the absence of ZO-1, mitotic spindles failed to correctly orient, resulting in mitotic catastrophe and abortive proliferation. ZO-1 is, therefore, critical for up-regulation of epithelial proliferation and successful completion of mitosis. CONCLUSIONS ZO-1 makes critical, tight junction-independent contributions to Wnt signaling and mitotic spindle orientation. As a result, ZO-1 is essential for mucosal repair. We speculate that ZO-1 down-regulation may be one cause of ineffective mucosal healing in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ting Kuo
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Li Zuo
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | | | - Shariq Madha
- Department of Medical Oncology and Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gurminder Singh
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Clara Abraham
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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9
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Odenwald MA, Aronsohn A, Peeraphatidit TB. A Rare Case of an Aggressive Liver Tumor. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 19:e72. [PMID: 32371167 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Odenwald
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Andrew Aronsohn
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Thoetchai Bee Peeraphatidit
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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10
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Peeraphatdit TB, Wang J, Odenwald MA, Hu S, Hart J, Charlton MR. Hepatotoxicity From Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors: A Systematic Review and Management Recommendation. Hepatology 2020; 72:315-329. [PMID: 32167613 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are monoclonal antibodies targeting immune checkpoint molecules. ICIs are an immunotherapy for the treatment of many advanced malignancies. The advent of ICIs has been a major breakthrough in the field of oncology, a fact recognized by the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine being awarded for the discovery. The Food and Drug Administration approved the first ICI, ipilimumab, in 2011 for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Seven ICIs are now used in clinical practice, including nivolumab and pembrolizumab for treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. ICIs are increasingly used across the spectrum of hepatobiliary neoplasia. The utility of ICI therapy has been limited by immune-related adverse reactions (irAEs) affecting multiple organ systems. Hepatotoxicity is an important irAE, occurring in up to 16% of patients receiving ICIs. Optimizing outcomes in patients receiving ICI therapy requires awareness of and familiarity with diagnosing and management of ICI-induced immune-mediated hepatotoxicity (IMH), including approaches to treatment and ICI dose management. The aim of this review article is to (1) provide a comprehensive, evidence-based review of IMH; (2) perform a systematic review of the management of IMH; and (3) present algorithms for the diagnosis and management of IMH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer Wang
- Center for Liver Diseases, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Matthew A Odenwald
- Center for Liver Diseases, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Shaomin Hu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - John Hart
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Michael R Charlton
- Center for Liver Diseases, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL
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11
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Li HS, Xu SF, Sheng JY, Jiang ZH, Wang J, Ding N, Wang T, Odenwald MA, Turner JR, He WQ, Xu H, Zha JM. Quantification of Proliferative and Dead Cells in Enteroids. J Vis Exp 2020. [PMID: 32065148 DOI: 10.3791/60501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium acts as a barrier that prevents luminal contents, such as pathogenic microbiota and toxins, from entering the rest of the body. Epithelial barrier function requires the integrity of intestinal epithelial cells. While epithelial cell proliferation maintains a continuous layer of cells that forms a barrier, epithelial damage leads to barrier dysfunction. As a result, luminal contents can across the intestinal barrier via an unrestricted pathway. Dysfunction of intestinal barrier has been associated with many intestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease. Isolated mouse intestinal crypts can be cultured and maintained as crypt-villus-like structures, which are termed intestinal organoids or "enteroids". Enteroids are ideal to study the proliferation and cell death of intestinal epithelial cells in vitro. In this protocol, we describe a simple method to quantify the number of proliferative and dead cells in cultured enteroids. 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) and propidium iodide are used to label proliferating and dead cells in enteroids, and the proportion of proliferating and dead cells are then analyzed by flow cytometry. This is a useful tool to test the effects of drug treatment on intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and cell survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Shan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Shao-Fang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Jian-Ying Sheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Zhi-Hui Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Ning Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Tao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | | | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital-Harvard Medical School
| | - Wei-Qi He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University;
| | - Hong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University;
| | - Juan-Min Zha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genomic Resource Center, Medical College of Soochow University, Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University;
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Odenwald MA, Choi W, Kuo WT, Singh G, Sailer A, Wang Y, Shen L, Fanning AS, Turner JR. The scaffolding protein ZO-1 coordinates actomyosin and epithelial apical specializations in vitro and in vivo. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17317-17335. [PMID: 30242130 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarized epithelia assemble into sheets that compartmentalize organs and generate tissue barriers by integrating apical surfaces into a single, unified structure. This tissue organization is shared across organs, species, and developmental stages. The processes that regulate development and maintenance of apical epithelial surfaces are, however, undefined. Here, using an intestinal epithelial-specific knockout (KO) mouse and cultured epithelial cells, we show that the tight junction scaffolding protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) is essential for development of unified apical surfaces in vivo and in vitro We found that U5 and GuK domains of ZO-1 are necessary for proper apical surface assembly, including organization of microvilli and cortical F-actin; however, direct interactions with F-actin through the ZO-1 actin-binding region (ABR) are not required. ZO-1 lacking the PDZ1 domain, which binds claudins, rescued apical structure in ZO-1-deficient epithelia, but not in cells lacking both ZO-1 and ZO-2, suggesting that heterodimerization with ZO-2 restores PDZ1-dependent ZO-1 interactions that are vital to apical surface organization. Pharmacologic F-actin disruption, myosin II motor inhibition, or dynamin inactivation restored apical epithelial structure in vitro and in vivo, indicating that ZO-1 directs epithelial organization by regulating actomyosin contraction and membrane traffic. We conclude that multiple ZO-1-mediated interactions contribute to coordination of epithelial actomyosin function and genesis of unified apical surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wangsun Choi
- the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Wei-Ting Kuo
- the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | - Gurminder Singh
- From the Departments of Pathology and.,the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
| | | | | | - Le Shen
- From the Departments of Pathology and.,Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Alan S Fanning
- the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- From the Departments of Pathology and .,the Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and
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13
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Zha JM, Li HS, Lin Q, Kuo WT, Jiang ZH, Tsai PY, Ding N, Wu J, Xu SF, Wang YT, Pan J, Zhou XM, Chen K, Tao M, Odenwald MA, Tamura A, Tsukita S, Turner JR, He WQ. Interleukin 22 Expands Transit-Amplifying Cells While Depleting Lgr5 + Stem Cells via Inhibition of Wnt and Notch Signaling. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 7:255-274. [PMID: 30686779 PMCID: PMC6352747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Epithelial regeneration is essential for homeostasis and repair of the mucosal barrier. In the context of infectious and immune-mediated intestinal disease, interleukin (IL) 22 is thought to augment these processes. We sought to define the mechanisms by which IL22 promotes mucosal healing. METHODS Intestinal stem cell cultures and mice were treated with recombinant IL22. Cell proliferation, death, and differentiation were assessed in vitro and in vivo by morphometric analysis, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS IL22 increased the size and number of proliferating cells within enteroids but decreased the total number of enteroids. Enteroid size increases required IL22-dependent up-regulation of the tight junction cation and water channel claudin-2, indicating that enteroid enlargement reflected paracellular flux-induced swelling. However, claudin-2 did not contribute to IL22-dependent enteroid loss, depletion of Lgr5+ stem cells, or increased epithelial proliferation. IL22 induced stem cell apoptosis but, conversely, enhanced proliferation within and expanded numbers of transit-amplifying cells. These changes were associated with reduced wnt and notch signaling, both in vitro and in vivo, as well as skewing of epithelial differentiation, with increases in Paneth cells and reduced numbers of enteroendocrine cells. CONCLUSIONS IL22 promotes transit-amplifying cell proliferation but reduces Lgr5+ stem cell survival by inhibiting notch and wnt signaling. IL22 can therefore promote or inhibit mucosal repair, depending on whether effects on transit-amplifying or stem cells predominate. These data may explain why mucosal healing is difficult to achieve in some inflammatory bowel disease patients despite markedly elevated IL22 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Min Zha
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Hua-Shan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qian Lin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ting Kuo
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhi-Hui Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Pei-Yun Tsai
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ning Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shao-Fang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi-Tang Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jian Pan
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Min Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Tao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Atsushi Tamura
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Wei-Qi He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, and Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China; Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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14
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Shashikanth N, Yeruva S, Ong MLDM, Odenwald MA, Pavlyuk R, Turner JR. Epithelial Organization: The Gut and Beyond. Compr Physiol 2017; 7:1497-1518. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Tsai PY, Zhang B, He WQ, Zha JM, Odenwald MA, Singh G, Tamura A, Shen L, Sailer A, Yeruva S, Kuo WT, Fu YX, Tsukita S, Turner JR. IL-22 Upregulates Epithelial Claudin-2 to Drive Diarrhea and Enteric Pathogen Clearance. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:671-681.e4. [PMID: 28618266 PMCID: PMC5541253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea is a host response to enteric pathogens, but its impact on pathogenesis remains poorly defined. By infecting mice with the attaching and effacing bacteria Citrobacter rodentium, we defined the mechanisms and contributions of diarrhea and intestinal barrier loss to host defense. Increased permeability occurred within 2 days of infection and coincided with IL-22-dependent upregulation of the epithelial tight junction protein claudin-2. Permeability increases were limited to small molecules, as expected for the paracellular water and Na+ channel formed by claudin-2. Relative to wild-type, claudin-2-deficient mice experienced severe disease, including increased mucosal colonization by C. rodentium, prolonged pathogen shedding, exaggerated cytokine responses, and greater tissue injury. Conversely, transgenic claudin-2 overexpression reduced disease severity. Chemically induced osmotic diarrhea reduced colitis severity and C. rodentium burden in claudin-2-deficient, but not transgenic, mice, demonstrating that claudin-2-mediated protection is the result of enhanced water efflux. Thus, IL-22-induced claudin-2 upregulation drives diarrhea and pathogen clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yun Tsai
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wei-Qi He
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Juan-Min Zha
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Matthew A Odenwald
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gurminder Singh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Le Shen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anne Sailer
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sunil Yeruva
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Kuo
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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16
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Abstract
A fundamental function of the intestinal epithelium is to act as a barrier that limits interactions between luminal contents such as the intestinal microbiota, the underlying immune system and the remainder of the body, while supporting vectorial transport of nutrients, water and waste products. Epithelial barrier function requires a contiguous layer of cells as well as the junctions that seal the paracellular space between epithelial cells. Compromised intestinal barrier function has been associated with a number of disease states, both intestinal and systemic. Unfortunately, most current clinical data are correlative, making it difficult to separate cause from effect in interpreting the importance of barrier loss. Some data from experimental animal models suggest that compromised epithelial integrity might have a pathogenic role in specific gastrointestinal diseases, but no FDA-approved agents that target the epithelial barrier are presently available. To develop such therapies, a deeper understanding of both disease pathogenesis and mechanisms of barrier regulation must be reached. Here, we review and discuss mechanisms of intestinal barrier loss and the role of intestinal epithelial barrier function in pathogenesis of both intestinal and systemic diseases. We conclude with a discussion of potential strategies to restore the epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Odenwald
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 20 Shattuck Street, Thorn 1428, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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17
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Odenwald MA, Choi W, Buckley A, Shashikanth N, Joseph NE, Wang Y, Warren MH, Buschmann MM, Pavlyuk R, Hildebrand J, Margolis B, Fanning AS, Turner JR. ZO-1 interactions with F-actin and occludin direct epithelial polarization and single lumen specification in 3D culture. J Cell Sci 2016; 130:243-259. [PMID: 27802160 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.188185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelia within tubular organs form and expand lumens. Failure of these processes can result in serious developmental anomalies. Although tight junction assembly is crucial to epithelial polarization, the contribution of specific tight junction proteins to lumenogenesis is undefined. Here, we show that ZO-1 (also known as TJP1) is necessary for the formation of single lumens. Epithelia lacking this tight junction scaffolding protein form cysts with multiple lumens and are defective in the earliest phases of polarization, both in two and three dimensions. Expression of ZO-1 domain-deletion mutants demonstrated that the actin-binding region and U5-GuK domain are crucial to single lumen development. For actin-binding region, but not U5-GuK domain, mutants, this could be overcome by strong polarization cues from the extracellular matrix. Analysis of the U5-GuK binding partners shroom2, α-catenin and occludin showed that only occludin deletion led to multi-lumen cysts. Like ZO-1-deficiency, occludin deletion led to mitotic spindle orientation defects. Single lumen formation required the occludin OCEL domain, which binds to ZO-1. We conclude that ZO-1-occludin interactions regulate multiple phases of epithelial polarization by providing cell-intrinsic signals that are required for single lumen formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Odenwald
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wangsun Choi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aaron Buckley
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nitesh Shashikanth
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nora E Joseph
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Pathology, NorthShore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Yitang Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Michael H Warren
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mary M Buschmann
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Roman Pavlyuk
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hildebrand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Ben Margolis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Alan S Fanning
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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18
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Edelblum KL, Singh G, Odenwald MA, Lingaraju A, El Bissati K, McLeod R, Sperling AI, Turner JR. γδ Intraepithelial Lymphocyte Migration Limits Transepithelial Pathogen Invasion and Systemic Disease in Mice. Gastroenterology 2015; 148:1417-26. [PMID: 25747597 PMCID: PMC4685713 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Intraepithelial lymphocytes that express the γδ T-cell receptor (γδ IELs) limit pathogen translocation across the intestinal epithelium by unknown mechanisms. We investigated whether γδ IEL migration and interaction with epithelial cells promote mucosal barrier maintenance during enteric infection. METHODS Salmonella typhimurium or Toxoplasma gondii were administered to knockout (KO) mice lacking either the T cell receptor δ chain (Tcrd) or CD103, or control TcrdEGFP C57BL/6 reporter mice. Intravital microscopy was used to visualize migration of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged γδ T cells within the small intestinal mucosa of mice infected with DsRed-labeled S typhimurium. Mixed bone marrow chimeras were generated to assess the effects of γδ IEL migration on early pathogen invasion and chronic systemic infection. RESULTS Morphometric analyses of intravital video microscopy data showed that γδ IELs rapidly localized to and remained near epithelial cells in direct contact with bacteria. Within 1 hour, greater numbers of T gondii or S typhimurium were present within mucosae of mice with migration-defective occludin KO γδ T cells, compared with controls. Pathogen invasion in Tcrd KO mice was quantitatively similar to that in mice with occludin-deficient γδ T cells, whereas invasion in CD103 KO mice, which have increased migration of γδ T cells into the lateral intercellular space, was reduced by 63%. Consistent with a role of γδ T-cell migration in early host defense, systemic salmonellosis developed more rapidly and with greater severity in mice with occludin-deficient γδ IELs, relative to those with wild-type or CD103 KO γδ IELs. CONCLUSIONS In mice, intraepithelial migration to epithelial cells in contact with pathogens is essential to γδ IEL surveillance and immediate host defense. γδ IEL occludin is required for early surveillance that limits systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kamal El Bissati
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago
| | - Rima McLeod
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Chicago
| | - Anne I. Sperling
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago,Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care, The University of Chicago
| | - Jerrold R. Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago,Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago
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19
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Abstract
An essential role of the intestinal epithelium is to separate luminal contents from the interstitium, a function primarily determined by the integrity of the epithelium and the tight junction that seals the paracellular space. Intestinal tight junctions are selectively permeable, and intestinal permeability can be increased physiologically in response to luminal nutrients or pathologically by mucosal immune cells and cytokines, the enteric nervous system, and pathogens. Compromised intestinal barrier function is associated with an array of clinical conditions, both intestinal and systemic. Although most available data are correlative, some studies support a model where cycles of increased intestinal permeability, intestinal immune activation, and subsequent immune-mediated barrier loss contribute to disease progression. This model is applicable to intestinal and systemic diseases. However, it has not been proven, and both mechanistic and therapeutic studies are ongoing. Nevertheless, the correlation between increased intestinal permeability and disease has caught the attention of the public, leading to a rise in popularity of the diagnosis of "leaky gut syndrome," which encompasses a range of systemic disorders. Proponents claim that barrier restoration will cure underlying disease, but this has not been demonstrated in clinical trials. Moreover, human and mouse studies show that intestinal barrier loss alone is insufficient to initiate disease. It is therefore uncertain whether increased permeability in these patients is a cause or effect of the underlying disorder. Although drug targets that may mediate barrier restoration have been proposed, none have been proven effective. As such, current treatments for barrier dysfunction should target the underlying disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Odenwald
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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20
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Odenwald MA, Prosperi JR, Goss KH. APC/β-catenin-rich complexes at membrane protrusions regulate mammary tumor cell migration and mesenchymal morphology. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:12. [PMID: 23302090 PMCID: PMC3556124 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The APC tumor suppressor is mutated or downregulated in many tumor types, and is prominently localized to punctate clusters at protrusion tips in migratory cells, such as in astrocytes where it has been implicated in directed cell motility. Although APC loss is considered an initiating event in colorectal cancer, for example, it is less clear what role APC plays in tumor cell motility and whether loss of APC might be an important promoter of tumor progression in addition to initiation. Methods The localization of APC and β-catenin was analyzed in multiple cell lines, including non-transformed epithelial lines treated with a proteasome inhibitor or TGFβ to induce an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as several breast cancer lines, by immunofluorescence. APC expression was knocked down in 4T07 mammary tumor cells using lentiviral-mediated delivery of APC-specific short-hairpin (sh) RNAs, and assessed using quantitative (q) reverse-transcriptase (RT)-PCR and western blotting. Tumor cell motility was analyzed by performing wound-filling assays, and morphology via immunofluorescence (IF) and phase-contrast microscopy. Additionally, proliferation was measured using BrdU incorporation, and TCF reporter assays were performed to determine β-catenin/TCF-mediated transcriptional activity. Results APC/β-catenin-rich complexes were observed at protrusion ends of migratory epithelial cells treated with a proteasome inhibitor or when EMT has been induced and in tumor cells with a mesenchymal, spindle-like morphology. 4T07 tumor cells with reduced APC levels were significantly less motile and had a more rounded morphology; yet, they did not differ significantly in proliferation or β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity. Furthermore, we found that APC/β-catenin-rich complexes at protrusion ends were dependent upon an intact microtubule cytoskeleton. Conclusions These findings indicate that membrane protrusions with APC/β-catenin-containing puncta control the migratory potential and mesenchymal morphology of mammary tumor cells and suggest that APC loss during later stages of tumor progression might impact tumor cell dissemination or colonization.
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