1
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Jiang H, Li J, Jian Y, Yang T, Zhang J, Li J. Expression, purification, and crystal structure of mpox virus A41 protein. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 219:106480. [PMID: 38588871 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Mpox is a zoonotic disease that was once endemic in Africa countries caused by mpox virus. However, cases recently have been confirmed in many non-endemic countries outside of Africa. The rapidly increasing number of confirmed mpox cases poses a threat to the international community. In-depth studies of key viral factors are urgently needed, which will inform the design of multiple antiviral agents. Mpox virus A41L gene encodes a secreted protein, A41, that is nonessential for viral replication, but could affect the host response to infection via interacting with chemokines. Here, mpox virus A41 protein was expressed in Sf9 cells, and purified by affinity chromatography followed by gel filtration. Surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy showed that purified A41 binds a certain human chemokine CXCL8 with the equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) being 1.22 × 10-6 M. The crystal structure of mpox virus A41 protein was solved at 1.92 Å. Structural analysis and comparison revealed that mpox virus A41 protein adopts a characteristic β-sheet topology, showing minor differences with that of vaccinia virus. These preliminary structural and functional studies of A41 protein from mpox virus will help us better understand its role in chemokine subversion, and contributing to the knowledge to viral chemokine binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haihai Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Juncheng Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yuxin Jian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
| | - Jian Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, 341000, China.
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Jacobsen C, Plückebaum N, Ssebyatika G, Beyer S, Mendes-Monteiro L, Wang J, Kropp KA, González-Motos V, Steinbrück L, Ritter B, Rodríguez-González C, Böning H, Nikolouli E, Kinchington PR, Lachmann N, Depledge DP, Krey T, Viejo-Borbolla A. Viral modulation of type II interferon increases T cell adhesion and virus spread. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5318. [PMID: 38909022 PMCID: PMC11193720 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
During primary varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection, infected lymphocytes drive primary viremia, causing systemic dissemination throughout the host, including the skin. This results in cytokine expression, including interferons (IFNs), which partly limit infection. VZV also spreads from skin keratinocytes to lymphocytes prior to secondary viremia. It is not clear how VZV achieves this while evading the cytokine response. Here, we show that VZV glycoprotein C (gC) binds IFN-γ and modifies its activity, increasing the expression of a subset of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), including intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), chemokines and immunomodulatory genes. The higher ICAM1 protein level at the plasma membrane of keratinocytes facilitates lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1-dependent T cell adhesion and expression of gC during infection increases VZV spread to peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This constitutes the discovery of a strategy to modulate IFN-γ activity, upregulating a subset of ISGs, promoting enhanced lymphocyte adhesion and virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Jacobsen
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Nina Plückebaum
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - George Ssebyatika
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
| | - Sarah Beyer
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | | | - Jiayi Wang
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Kai A Kropp
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Víctor González-Motos
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, 30559, Germany
| | - Lars Steinbrück
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Birgit Ritter
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Claudio Rodríguez-González
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Böning
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Eirini Nikolouli
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul R Kinchington
- Departments of Ophthalmology and of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nico Lachmann
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel P Depledge
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- German, Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Krey
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23562, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), 22607, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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Yu Y, Cui Y, Song B. The cooperation between orf virus and Staphylococcus aureus leads to intractable lesions in skin infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1213694. [PMID: 38259972 PMCID: PMC10800892 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1213694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A large amount of evidence shows that different kinds of microorganisms can jointly cope with environmental pressures including cell hosts. For example, in many cases, it has been found that secondary or mixed infection of animals caused by ORFV (an epitheliophilic Parapoxvirus) and bacteria (such as Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus) shows a mutual aid mode that indirectly leads to the deterioration of the disease. However, the lack of research on the co-pathogenic mechanism, including how to hijack and destroy the cell host in the pathological microenvironment, has hindered the in-depth understanding of the pathogenic process and consequences of this complex infection and the development of clinical treatment methods. Here, we summarized the current strategies of trapping cell hosts together, based on the previously defined ORFV-Host (O-H) system. The opportunistic invasion of S. aureus destroyed the delicate dynamic balance of the O-H, thus aggravating tissue damage through bacterial products (mediated by Agr), even causing sepsis or inducing cytokine storms. In fact, the virus products from its adaptive regulatory system (VARS) weaken the immune attacks and block molecular pathways, so that S. aureus can settle there more smoothly, and the toxins can penetrate into local tissues more quickly. This paper focuses on the main challenges faced by cell hosts in dealing with mixed infection, which provides a starting point for us to deal with this disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Baifen Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Kikuta S, Han B, Yamasoba T. Heterogeneous Damage to the Olfactory Epithelium in Patients with Post-Viral Olfactory Dysfunction. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5007. [PMID: 37568409 PMCID: PMC10419384 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12155007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Post-viral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) is a neurogenic disorder caused by a common cold virus. Based on the homology of deduced amino acid sequences, olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) in both mice and humans express either class I or class II odorant receptor genes encoding class I and class II OSNs. The purpose of this study was to determine whether OSN damage in PVOD occurs uniformly in both neuron types. MATERIALS AND METHODS The characteristics of PVOD patients were compared with those of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) or post-traumatic olfactory dysfunction (PTOD). Briefly, subjects underwent orthonasal olfaction tests using five different odors (T&T odors) and a retronasal olfaction test using a single odor (IVO odor). The regions in the mouse olfactory bulb (OB) activated by the T&T and the IVO odors were also examined. RESULTS Multivariate analysis of 307 cases of olfactory dysfunction (PVOD, 118 cases; CRS, 161 cases; and PTOD, 28 cases) revealed that a combination of responses to the IVO odor, but not to the T&T odors, is characteristic of PVOD, with high specificity (p < 0.001). Imaging analysis of GCaMP3 mice showed that the IVO odor selectively activated the OB region in which the axons of class I OSNs converged, whereas the T&T odors broadly activated the OB region in which axons of class I and class II OSNs converged. CONCLUSIONS A response to T&T odors, but not IVO odor, in PVOD suggests that class I OSNs are injured preferentially, and that OSN damage in PVOD may occur heterogeneously in a neuron-type-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Kikuta
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Nihon University, 30-1, Oyaguchi Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (B.H.); (T.Y.)
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (B.H.); (T.Y.)
| | - Tatsuya Yamasoba
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; (B.H.); (T.Y.)
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5
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Ponde NO, Shoger KE, Khatun S, Sarkar MK, Dey I, Taylor TC, Cisney RN, Arunkumar SP, Gudjonsson JE, Kolls JK, Gottschalk RA, Gaffen SL. SARS-CoV-2 ORF8 Mediates Signals in Macrophages and Monocytes through MyD88 Independently of the IL-17 Receptor. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:252-260. [PMID: 37265402 PMCID: PMC10330444 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused an estimated 7 million deaths worldwide to date. A secreted SARS-CoV-2 accessory protein, known as open reading frame 8 (ORF8), elicits inflammatory pulmonary cytokine responses and is associated with disease severity in COVID-19 patients. Recent reports proposed that ORF8 mediates downstream signals in macrophages and monocytes through the IL-17 receptor complex (IL-17RA, IL-17RC). However, generally IL-17 signals are found to be restricted to the nonhematopoietic compartment, thought to be due to rate-limiting expression of IL-17RC. Accordingly, we revisited the capacity of IL-17 and ORF8 to induce cytokine gene expression in mouse and human macrophages and monocytes. In SARS-CoV-2-infected human and mouse lungs, IL17RC mRNA was undetectable in monocyte/macrophage populations. In cultured mouse and human monocytes and macrophages, ORF8 but not IL-17 led to elevated expression of target cytokines. ORF8-induced signaling was fully preserved in the presence of anti-IL-17RA/RC neutralizing Abs and in Il17ra-/- cells. ORF8 signaling was also operative in Il1r1-/- bone marrow-derived macrophages. However, the TLR/IL-1R family adaptor MyD88, which is dispensable for IL-17R signaling, was required for ORF8 activity yet MyD88 is not required for IL-17 signaling. Thus, we conclude that ORF8 transduces inflammatory signaling in monocytes and macrophages via MyD88 independently of the IL-17R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole O. Ponde
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | | | - Ipsita Dey
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Tiffany C. Taylor
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Rylee N. Cisney
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Samyuktha P. Arunkumar
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | | | - Sarah L. Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, PA
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6
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López-Muñoz AD, Santos JJS, Yewdell JW. Cell surface nucleocapsid protein expression: A betacoronavirus immunomodulatory strategy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304087120. [PMID: 37399385 PMCID: PMC10334784 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304087120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein is abundantly expressed on the surface of both infected and neighboring uninfected cells, where it enables activation of Fc receptor-bearing immune cells with anti-N antibodies (Abs) and inhibits leukocyte chemotaxis by binding chemokines (CHKs). Here, we extend these findings to N from the common cold human coronavirus (HCoV)-OC43, which is also robustly expressed on the surface of infected and noninfected cells by binding heparan sulfate/heparin (HS/H). HCoV-OC43 N binds with high affinity to the same set of 11 human CHKs as SARS-CoV-2 N, but also to a nonoverlapping set of six cytokines. As with SARS-CoV-2 N, HCoV-OC43 N inhibits CXCL12β-mediated leukocyte migration in chemotaxis assays, as do all highly pathogenic and common cold HCoV N proteins. Together, our findings indicate that cell surface HCoV N plays important evolutionarily conserved roles in manipulating host innate immunity and as a target for adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Domingo López-Muñoz
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Jefferson J. S. Santos
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
| | - Jonathan W. Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD20892
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7
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Jürgens C, Ssebyatika G, Beyer S, Plückebaum N, Kropp KA, González-Motos V, Ritter B, Böning H, Nikolouli E, Kinchington PR, Lachmann N, Depledge DP, Krey T, Viejo-Borbolla A. Viral modulation of type II interferon increases T cell adhesion and virus spread. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.26.542397. [PMID: 37292914 PMCID: PMC10246016 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.26.542397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
During primary infection, varicella zoster virus (VZV) infects epithelial cells in the respiratory lymphoid organs and mucosa. Subsequent infection of lymphocytes, T cells in particular, causes primary viremia allowing systemic spread throughout the host, including the skin. This results in the expression of cytokines, including interferons (IFNs) which partly limit primary infection. VZV also spreads from skin keratinocytes to lymphocytes prior to secondary viremia. How VZV infects lymphocytes from epithelial cells while evading the cytokine response has not been fully established. Here, we show that VZV glycoprotein C (gC) binds IFN-γ and modifies its activity. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that gC in combination with IFN-γ increased the expression of a small subset of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), including intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1), as well as several chemokines and immunomodulatory genes. The higher ICAM1 protein level at the plasma membrane of epithelial cells resulted in lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1)-dependent T cell adhesion. This gC activity required a stable interaction with IFN-γ and signalling through the IFN-γ receptor. Finally, the presence of gC during infection increased VZV spread from epithelial cells to peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This constitutes the discovery of a novel strategy to modulate the activity of IFN-γ, inducing the expression of a subset of ISGs, leading to enhanced T cell adhesion and virus spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Jürgens
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - George Ssebyatika
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
| | - Sarah Beyer
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Nina Plückebaum
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Kai A. Kropp
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Víctor González-Motos
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover 30559, Germany
| | - Birgit Ritter
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Heike Böning
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Eirini Nikolouli
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Paul R. Kinchington
- Department of Ophthalmology and of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nico Lachmann
- Department for Pediatric Pneumology, Allergology and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Daniel Pearce Depledge
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Krey
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Lübeck, Lübeck 23562, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
- Excellence Cluster 2155 RESIST, Hannover Medical School, Hannover 30625, Germany
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López-Muñoz AD, Santos JJ, Yewdell JW. Cell Surface Nucleocapsid Protein Expression: A Betacoronavirus Immunomodulatory Strategy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.24.529952. [PMID: 36993159 PMCID: PMC10054960 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.24.529952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We recently reported that SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid (N) protein is abundantly expressed on the surface of both infected and neighboring uninfected cells, where it enables activation of Fc receptor-bearing immune cells with anti-N antibodies (Abs) and inhibits leukocyte chemotaxis by binding chemokines (CHKs). Here, we extend these findings to N from the seasonal human coronavirus (HCoV)-OC43, which is also robustly expressed on the surface of infected and non-infected cells by binding heparan-sulfate/heparin (HS/H). HCoV-OC43 N binds with high affinity to the same set of 11 human CHKs as SARS-CoV-2 N, but also to a non-overlapping set of 6 cytokines (CKs). As with SARS-CoV-2 N, HCoV-OC43 N inhibits CXCL12β-mediated leukocyte migration in chemotaxis assays, as do all highly pathogenic and endemic HCoV N proteins. Together, our findings indicate that cell surface HCoV N plays important evolutionary conserved roles in manipulating host innate immunity and as a target for adaptive immunity.
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9
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Rahman MM, McFadden G. Role of cytokines in poxvirus host tropism and adaptation. Curr Opin Virol 2022; 57:101286. [PMID: 36427482 PMCID: PMC9704024 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Poxviruses are a diverse family of double-stranded DNA viruses that cause mild-to-severe disease in selective hosts, including humans. Although most poxviruses are restricted to their hosts, some members can leap host species and cause zoonotic diseases and, therefore, are genuine threats to human and animal health. The recent global spread of monkeypox in humans suggests that zoonotic poxviruses can adapt to a new host, spread rapidly in the new host, and evolve to better evade host innate barriers. Unlike many other viruses, poxviruses express an extensive repertoire of self-defense proteins that play a vital role in the evasion of host innate and adaptive immune responses in their newest host species. The function of these viral immune modulators and host-specific cytokine responses can result in different host tropism and poxvirus disease progression. Here, we review the role of different cytokines that control poxvirus host tropism and adaptation.
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10
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Pisani A, Donno R, Valenti G, Pompa PP, Tirelli N, Bardi G. Chemokine-Decorated Nanoparticles Target Specific Subpopulations of Primary Blood Mononuclear Leukocytes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3560. [PMID: 36296750 PMCID: PMC9609899 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Specific cell targeting to deliver nanoparticles can be achieved by tailored modifications of the material surface with chemical moieties. The selection of the cell targets can be optimized by covering the nanoparticle with molecules, the receptor expression of which is restricted to particular cell subsets. Chemokines perform their biological action through 7-TM Gi-protein-coupled receptors differently expressed in all tissues. We decorated the surface of biocompatible polymer nanoparticles with full-length CCL5, an inflammatory chemokine that attracts leukocytes by binding CCR5, which is highly expressed in blood-circulating monocytes. Our observations showed that CCL5 functionalization does not affect the nanoparticle biocompatibility. Notably, CCL5 NPs delivered to PBMCs are selectively internalized by CCR5+ monocytes but not by CCR5- lymphocytes. The efficacy of PBMC subpopulation targeting by chemokine-decorated nanoparticles establishes an easy-to-use functionalization for specific leukocyte delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anissa Pisani
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, Via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Donno
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giulio Valenti
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Pompa
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Bardi
- Nanobiointeractions & Nanodiagnostics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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The Role of Disordered Regions in Orchestrating the Properties of Multidomain Proteins: The SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein and Its Interaction with Enoxaparin. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091302. [PMID: 36139141 PMCID: PMC9496478 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel and efficient strategies need to be developed to interfere with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. One of the most promising pharmaceutical targets is the nucleocapsid protein (N), responsible for genomic RNA packaging. N is composed of two folded domains and three intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs). The globular RNA binding domain (NTD) and the tethered IDRs are rich in positively charged residues. The study of the interaction of N with polyanions can thus help to elucidate one of the key driving forces responsible for its function, i.e., electrostatics. Heparin, one of the most negatively charged natural polyanions, has been used to contrast serious cases of COVID-19 infection, and we decided to study its interaction with N at the molecular level. We focused on the NTR construct, which comprises the NTD and two flanking IDRs, and on the NTD construct in isolation. We characterized this interaction using different nuclear magnetic resonance approaches and isothermal titration calorimetry. With these tools, we were able to identify an extended surface of NTD involved in the interaction. Moreover, we assessed the importance of the IDRs in increasing the affinity for heparin, highlighting how different tracts of these flexible regions modulate the interaction.
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Bps polysaccharide of Bordetella pertussis resists antimicrobial peptides by functioning as a dual surface shield and decoy and converts Escherichia coli into a respiratory pathogen. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010764. [PMID: 35969621 PMCID: PMC9410548 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections and disease caused by the obligate human pathogen Bordetella pertussis (Bp) are increasing, despite widespread vaccinations. The current acellular pertussis vaccines remain ineffective against nasopharyngeal colonization, carriage, and transmission. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that Bordetella polysaccharide (Bps), a member of the poly-β-1,6-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (PNAG/PGA) family of polysaccharides promotes respiratory tract colonization of Bp by resisting killing by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Genetic deletion of the bpsA-D locus, as well as treatment with the specific glycoside hydrolase Dispersin B, increased susceptibility to AMP-mediated killing. Bps was found to be both cell surface-associated and released during laboratory growth and mouse infections. Addition of bacterial supernatants containing Bps and purified Bps increased B. pertussis resistance to AMPs. By utilizing ELISA, immunoblot and flow cytometry assays, we show that Bps functions as a dual surface shield and decoy. Co-inoculation of C57BL/6J mice with a Bps-proficient strain enhanced respiratory tract survival of the Bps-deficient strain. In combination, the presented results highlight the critical role of Bps as a central driver of B. pertussis pathogenesis. Heterologous production of Bps in a non-pathogenic E. coli K12 strain increased AMP resistance in vitro, and augmented bacterial survival and pathology in the mouse respiratory tract. These studies can serve as a foundation for other PNAG/PGA polysaccharides and for the development of an effective Bp vaccine that includes Bps.
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López-Muñoz AD, Kosik I, Holly J, Yewdell JW. Cell surface SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein modulates innate and adaptive immunity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabp9770. [PMID: 35921414 PMCID: PMC9348789 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp9770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N) induces strong antibody (Ab) and T cell responses. Although considered to be localized in the cytosol, we readily detect N on the surface of live cells. N released by SARS-CoV-2-infected cells or N-expressing transfected cells binds to neighboring cells by electrostatic high-affinity binding to heparan sulfate and heparin, but not other sulfated glycosaminoglycans. N binds with high affinity to 11 human chemokines, including CXCL12β, whose chemotaxis of leukocytes is inhibited by N from SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, and MERS-CoV. Anti-N Abs bound to the surface of N-expressing cells activate Fc receptor-expressing cells. Our findings indicate that cell surface N manipulates innate immunity by sequestering chemokines and can be targeted by Fc-expressing innate immune cells. This, in combination with its conserved antigenicity among human CoVs, advances its candidacy for vaccines that induce cross-reactive B and T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants and other human CoVs, including novel zoonotic strains.
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Immunosuppressant Therapies in COVID-19: Is the TNF Axis an Alternative? Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050616. [PMID: 35631442 PMCID: PMC9147078 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of cytokine storm in COVID-19 has been having different edges in accordance with the knowledge of the disease. Various cytokines have been the focus, especially to define specific treatments; however, there are no conclusive results that fully support any of the options proposed for emergency treatment. One of the cytokines that requires a more exhaustive review is the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and its receptors (TNFRs) as increased values of soluble formats for both TNFR1 and TNFR2 have been identified. TNF is a versatile cytokine with different impacts at the cellular level depending on the action form (transmembrane or soluble) and the receptor to which it is associated. In that sense, the triggered mechanisms can be diversified. Furthermore, there is the possibility of the joint action provided by synergism between one or more cytokines with TNF, where the detonation of combined cellular processes has been suggested. This review aims to discuss some roles of TNF and its receptors in the pro-inflammatory stage of COVID-19, understand its ways of action, and let to reposition this cytokine or some of its receptors as therapeutic targets.
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Yu Y, Lian Z, Cui Y. The OH system: A panorama view of the PPV-host interaction. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105220. [PMID: 35066165 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Poxviruses are a family of specialized cytoplasm-parasitic DNA viruses that replicate and assembly in virus factory. In Parapoxvirus (PPV) genus, with the orf virus (ORFV) as a representative species of this genus, their behaviors are significantly different from that of Orthopoxvirus, and the plots of viral practical solutions for evading host immunity are intricate and fascinating, particularly to anti-host and host's antiviral mechanisms. In order to protect the virus factory from immune elimination caused by infection, PPVs attempt to interfere with multiple stress levels of host, mainly by modulating innate immunity response (IIR) and adaptive immunity response (AIR). Given that temporarily constructed by virus infection, ORFV-HOST (OH) system accompanied by viral strategies is carefully managed in the virus factory, thus directing many life-critical events once undergoing the IIR and AIR. Evolutionarily, to reduce the risk of system destruction, ORFV have evolved into a mild-looking mode to avoid overstimulation. Moreover, the current version of development also focus on recognizing and hijacking more than eight antiviral security mechanisms of host cells, such as the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L and PKR systems, the ubiquitin protease system (UPS), and so on. In summary, this review assessed inescapable pathways as mentioned above, through which viruses compete with their hosts strategically. The OH system provides a panoramic view and a powerful platform for us to study the PPV-Host interaction, as well as the corresponding implications on a great application potential in anti-virus design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhong Yu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China.
| | - Zhengxing Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100039, PR China
| | - Yudong Cui
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, PR China
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López-Muñoz AD, Kosik I, Holly J, Yewdell JW. Cell Surface SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Modulates Innate and Adaptive Immunity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.12.10.472169. [PMID: 34931195 PMCID: PMC8687480 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.10.472169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein (N) induces strong antibody and T cell responses. Although considered to be localized in the cytosol, we readily detect N on the surface of live cells. N released by SARS-CoV-2 infected cells or N-expressing transfected cells binds to neighboring cells by electrostatic high-affinity binding to heparan sulfate and heparin, but not other sulfated glycosaminoglycans. N binds with high affinity to 11 human chemokines, including CXCL12β, whose chemotaxis of leukocytes is inhibited by N from SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, and MERS CoV. Anti-N Abs bound to the surface of N expressing cells activate Fc receptor-expressing cells. Our findings indicate that cell surface N manipulates innate immunity by sequestering chemokines and can be targeted by Fc expressing innate immune cells. This, in combination with its conserved antigenicity among human CoVs, advances its candidacy for vaccines that induce cross-reactive B and T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 variants and other human CoVs, including novel zoonotic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Kosik
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jaroslav Holly
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Jonathan W. Yewdell
- Cellular Biology Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID (NIH), Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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Strickland MR, Ibanez KR, Yaroshenko M, Diaz CC, Borchelt DR, Chakrabarty P. IL-10 based immunomodulation initiated at birth extends lifespan in a familial mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20862. [PMID: 33257786 PMCID: PMC7705692 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory signaling is thought to modulate the neurodegenerative cascade in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We have previously shown that expression of Interleukin-10 (IL-10), a classical anti-inflammatory cytokine, extends lifespan in the SOD1-G93A mouse model of familial ALS. Here we test whether co-expression of the decoy chemokine receptor M3, that can scavenge inflammatory chemokines, augments the efficacy of IL-10. We found that recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of IL-10, alone, or in combination with M3, resulted in modest extension of lifespan relative to control SOD1-G93A cohort. Interestingly neither AAV-M3 alone nor AAV-IL-10 + AAV-M3 extend survival beyond that of the AAV-IL-10 alone cohort. Focused transcriptomic analysis revealed induction of innate immunity and phagocytotic pathways in presymptomatic SOD1-G93A mice expressing IL-10 + M3 or IL-10 alone. Further, while IL-10 expression increased microglial burden, the IL-10 + M3 group showed lower microglial burden, suggesting that M3 can successfully lower microgliosis before disease onset. Our data demonstrates that over-expression of an anti-inflammatory cytokine and a decoy chemokine receptor can modulate inflammatory processes in SOD1-G93A mice, modestly delaying the age to paralysis. This suggests that multiple inflammatory pathways can be targeted simultaneously in neurodegenerative disease and supports consideration of adapting these approaches to treatment of ALS and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Strickland
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University, St. Louis, MN, USA
| | - Kristen R Ibanez
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Mariya Yaroshenko
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Carolina Ceballos Diaz
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - David R Borchelt
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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El-Jesr M, Teir M, Maluquer de Motes C. Vaccinia Virus Activation and Antagonism of Cytosolic DNA Sensing. Front Immunol 2020; 11:568412. [PMID: 33117352 PMCID: PMC7559579 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.568412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells express multiple molecules aimed at detecting incoming virus and infection. Recognition of virus infection leads to the production of cytokines, chemokines and restriction factors that limit virus replication and activate an adaptive immune response offering long-term protection. Recognition of cytosolic DNA has become a central immune sensing mechanism involved in infection, autoinflammation, and cancer immunotherapy. Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the prototypic member of the family Poxviridae and the vaccine used to eradicate smallpox. VACV harbors enormous potential as a vaccine vector and several attenuated strains are currently being developed against infectious diseases. In addition, VACV has emerged as a popular oncolytic agent due to its cytotoxic capacity even in hypoxic environments. As a poxvirus, VACV is an unusual virus that replicates its large DNA genome exclusively in the cytoplasm of infected cells. Despite producing large amounts of cytosolic DNA, VACV efficiently suppresses the subsequent innate immune response by deploying an arsenal of proteins with capacity to disable host antiviral signaling, some of which specifically target cytosolic DNA sensing pathways. Some of these strategies are conserved amongst orthopoxviruses, whereas others are seemingly unique to VACV. In this review we provide an overview of the VACV replicative cycle and discuss the recent advances on our understanding of how VACV induces and antagonizes innate immune activation via cytosolic DNA sensing pathways. The implications of these findings in the rational design of vaccines and oncolytics based on VACV are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misbah El-Jesr
- Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Muad Teir
- Department of Microbial Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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