1
|
Xu W, Lyu B, Yan S, Song Y, Tang J, Zhou X, Wang C. Performance and preference of larval parasitoid, Microplitis pallidipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), on 2 Spodoptera pest species. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2024; 117:673-682. [PMID: 38700485 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toae087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) are the main pests on corn (Poaceae: Gramineae). The performance of the larval wasp, Microplitis pallidipes Szépligeti (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), was reported on S. frugiperda and S. litura. In this study, we evaluated host selectivity, constructed an age-stage, 2-sex life table, and assessed the pest control potential of M. pallidipes against these 2 pests under laboratory conditions. In a 2-choice host preference experiment, M. pallidipes exhibited a stronger preference for S. frugiperda over S. litura and a distinct preference for second instars. We also investigated the parasitism of females that were either unfed or fed with 10% honey-water solution under different host densities and found that the highest parasitism rate was observed when M. pallidipes were fed with honey-water solution on the first day after mating and a presented female wasp:host ratio of 1:90. In a nonselective assay, M. pallidipes successfully completed a full generation on both hosts. However, the parasitoids exhibited higher fitness and population growth potential when reared on S. frugiperda, with a net reproductive rate (R0) of 24.24, an intrinsic rate of increase (r) of 0.20 per day, a finite rate of increase (λ) of 1.23 per day, and a mean generation time (T) of 15.69 days. This study elucidates the performance of M. pallidipes on 2 Spodoptera host species and offers insights into its biological control potential on lepidopteran pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Baoqian Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in the Nanfan Area, Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Sanqiang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yaoyao Song
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in the Nanfan Area, Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Jihong Tang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in the Nanfan Area, Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhou
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Biosafety Monitoring and Molecular Breeding in the Nanfan Area, Sanya Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Chongtian Wang
- Legal service administrator, Sanya Longhua Ecological Agriculture Technology Co., Ltd, Sanya 572000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang J, Shan J, Shi W, Feng T, Sheng Y, Xu Z, Dong Z, Huang J, Chen J. Transcriptomic Insights into Host Metabolism and Immunity Changes after Parasitization by Leptopilina myrica. INSECTS 2024; 15:352. [PMID: 38786908 PMCID: PMC11122121 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Parasitoids commonly manipulate their host's metabolism and immunity to facilitate their offspring survival, but the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we deconstructed the manipulation strategy of a newly discovered parasitoid wasp, L. myrica, which parasitizes D. melanogaster. Using RNA-seq, we analyzed transcriptomes of L. myrica-parasitized and non-parasitized Drosophila host larvae. A total of 22.29 Gb and 23.85 Gb of clean reads were obtained from the two samples, respectively, and differential expression analysis identified 445 DEGs. Of them, 304 genes were upregulated and 141 genes were downregulated in parasitized hosts compared with non-parasitized larvae. Based on the functional annotations in the Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases, we found that the genes involved in host nutrition metabolism were significantly upregulated, particularly in carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism. We also identified 30 other metabolism-related DEGs, including hexokinase, fatty acid synthase, and UDP-glycosyltransferase (Ugt) genes. We observed that five Bomanin genes (Boms) and six antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) were upregulated. Moreover, a qRT-PCR analysis of 12 randomly selected DEGs confirmed the reproducibility and accuracy of the RNA-seq data. Our results provide a comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of how L. myrica manipulates its host, laying a solid foundation for studies on the regulatory mechanisms employed by parasitoid wasps in their hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Zhang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (J.S.); (W.S.); (T.F.); (Y.S.); (Z.X.); (Z.D.); (J.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jieyu Shan
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (J.S.); (W.S.); (T.F.); (Y.S.); (Z.X.); (Z.D.); (J.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenqi Shi
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (J.S.); (W.S.); (T.F.); (Y.S.); (Z.X.); (Z.D.); (J.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ting Feng
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (J.S.); (W.S.); (T.F.); (Y.S.); (Z.X.); (Z.D.); (J.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yifeng Sheng
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (J.S.); (W.S.); (T.F.); (Y.S.); (Z.X.); (Z.D.); (J.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zixuan Xu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (J.S.); (W.S.); (T.F.); (Y.S.); (Z.X.); (Z.D.); (J.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhi Dong
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (J.S.); (W.S.); (T.F.); (Y.S.); (Z.X.); (Z.D.); (J.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (J.S.); (W.S.); (T.F.); (Y.S.); (Z.X.); (Z.D.); (J.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiani Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (J.Z.); (J.S.); (W.S.); (T.F.); (Y.S.); (Z.X.); (Z.D.); (J.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Song Y, Gu F, Li Y, Zhou W, Wu FA, Wang J, Sheng S. Host trehalose metabolism disruption by validamycin A results in reduced fitness of parasitoid offspring. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 195:105570. [PMID: 37666623 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The general cutworm, Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a worldwide destructive omnivorous pest and the endoparasitoid wasp Meteorus pulchricornis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is the dominant endoparasitoid of S. litura larvae. Trehalase is a key enzyme in insect trehalose metabolism and plays an important role in the growth and development of insects. However, the specific function of trehalase in parasitoid and host associations has been less reported. In this study, we obtained two trehalase genes (SlTre1 and SlTre2) from our previously constructed S. litura transcriptome database; they were highly expressed in 3rd instar larvae. SlTre1 was mainly expressed in the midgut, and SlTre2 was expressed highest in the head. SlTre1 and SlTre2 were highly expressed 5 days after parasitization by M. pulchricornis. Treatment with the trehalase inhibitor validamycin A significantly inhibited the expression levels of SlTre1 and SlTre2, and the trehalase activity. Besides, the content of trehalose was increased but the content of glucose was decreased 24 h after validamycin A treatment in parasitized S. litura larvae. In addition, the immune-related genes in phenoloxidase (PO) pathway and fatty acid synthesis-related genes in lipid metabolism were upregulated in parasitized host larvae after validamycin A treatment. Importantly, the emergence rate, proportion of normal adults, and body size of parasitoid offspring was decreased in parasitized S. litura larvae after validamycin A treatment, indicating that validamycin A disrupts the trehalose metabolism of parasitized host and thus reduces the fitness of parasitoid offspring. The present study provides a novel perspective for coordinating the application of biocontrol and antibiotics in agroecosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Fengming Gu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Yijiangcheng Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Weihong Zhou
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Fu-An Wu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Sheng Sheng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China; The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Li F, Zhu Q, Dai M, Shu Q, Li X, Guo X, Wang Y, Wei J, Liu W, Dai Y, Li B. Tachinid parasitoid Exorista japonica affects the utilization of diet by changing gut microbial composition in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 113:e22011. [PMID: 36938839 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Changes in both intake and digestion of feed have been demonstrated in the host following parasitization. However, its regulatory mechanism has not been clarified. In this study, silkworms and Exorista japonica were used as research objects to analyze the effect of parasitism on the midgut immune system of the silkworm. After being parasitized, the expressions of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes of silkworms showed a fluctuating trend of first upregulation and then downregulation, while phenoloxidase and lysozyme activities were inhibited. To study the possible impact of the downregulation of AMP genes on intestinal microorganisms, the characteristics of the intestinal microbial population of silkworms on the third day of parasitism were analyzed. The relative abundance of Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidota decreased, while that of Actinobacteriota increased. The increased abundance of conditionally pathogenic bacteria Serratia and Staphylococcus might lead to a decrease in the amount of silkworm ingestion. Meanwhile, the abundance of Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Enterobacter promotes an increase in the digestion of nutrients. This study indicated that the imbalance of intestinal microbial homeostasis caused by parasitism may affect the absorption and digestion of nutrients by the host. Collectively, our findings provided a new clue for further exploring the mechanism of nutrient transport among the host, parasitoid, and intestinal microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanchi Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyu Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Minli Dai
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qilong Shu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiqian Guo
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wei
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Suzhou Taihu Snow Silk Co., Ltd, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Dai
- Suzhou Taihu Snow Silk Co., Ltd, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Russo E, Di Lelio I, Shi M, Becchimanzi A, Pennacchio F. Aphidius ervi venom regulates Buchnera contribution to host nutritional suitability. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 147:104506. [PMID: 37011858 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2023.104506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The association between the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae), and the endophagous parasitoid wasp Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) offers a unique model system for studying the molecular mechanisms underlying the complex interactions between the parasitoid, its host and the associated primary symbiont. Here, we investigate in vivo the functional role of the most abundant component of A. ervi venom, Ae-γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (Ae-γ-GT), which is known to induce host castration. Microinjections of double-stranded RNA into A. ervi pupae stably knocked down Ae-γ-GT1 and Ae-γ-GT2 paralogue genes in newly emerged females. These females were used to score the phenotypic changes both in parasitized hosts and in the parasitoid's progeny, as affected by a venom blend lacking Ae-γ-GT. Ae-γ-GT gene silencing enhanced growth both of host and parasitoid, supported by a higher load of the primary bacterial symbiont Buchnera aphidicola. Emerging adults showed a reduced survival and fecundity, suggesting a trade-off with body size. This demonstrates in vivo the primary role of Ae-γ-GT in host ovary degeneration and suggests that this protein counterbalances the proliferation of Buchnera likely triggered by other venom components. Our study provides a new approach to unravelling the complexity of aphid parasitoid venom in vivo, and sheds light on a novel role for Ae-γ-GT in host regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elia Russo
- University of Naples "Federico II" - Department of Agricultural Sciences, Naples, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Lelio
- University of Naples "Federico II" - Department of Agricultural Sciences, Naples, Italy; BAT Center - Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Min Shi
- Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Andrea Becchimanzi
- University of Naples "Federico II" - Department of Agricultural Sciences, Naples, Italy; BAT Center - Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- University of Naples "Federico II" - Department of Agricultural Sciences, Naples, Italy; BAT Center - Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang JL, Sun J, Song YJ, Zheng HH, Wang GJ, Luo WX, Li L, Liu XS. An entomopathogenic fungus exploits its host humoral antibacterial immunity to minimize bacterial competition in the hemolymph. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:116. [PMID: 37210573 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insect hemolymph (blood-equivalent fluid), composed of a large number of hemocytes (blood cells) and a variety of soluble immune effectors, is hostile for pathogens including fungi. In order to survive in the insect hemocoel (body cavity), the entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) has evolved two classical coping strategies, namely evasion and suppression of the host immune reactions. However, it remains unclear whether EPF has other ways of coping with host immunity. RESULTS In this study, we demonstrated that Metarhizium rileyi (an EPF) infection by injection of blastospores into the hemocoel enhanced the plasma antibacterial activity of cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera), which was partially due to the enhanced expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). The early stage of M. rileyi infection induced the translocation of gut bacteria into the hemocoel, where they were subsequently cleared due to the enhanced plasma antibacterial activity. Further, we showed that the enhanced plasma antibacterial activity and AMP expression were attributable to M. rileyi but not the invasive gut bacteria (opportunistic bacteria). Elevated ecdysone (major steroid hormone in insects) levels in the hemolymph at 48 h post-M. rileyi infection might contribute to the enhanced expression of AMPs. The fungus-elicited AMPs, such as cecropin 3 or lebocin, exhibited potent inhibitory activity against the opportunistic bacteria but not against hyphal bodies. In addition, the opportunistic bacteria competed with hyphal bodies for amino acid nutrients. CONCLUSIONS M. rileyi infection induced the translocation of gut bacteria, and then the fungi activated and exploited its host humoral antibacterial immunity to eliminate opportunistic bacteria, preventing them from competing for nutrients in the hemolymph. Unlike the classical strategies, EPF utilizes to evade or suppress host immunity, our findings reveal a novel strategy of interaction between EPF and host immunity. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ya-Jing Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Huan-Huan Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Gui-Jie Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wen-Xia Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Li Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Xu-Sheng Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang SS, Wang LL, Pu YX, Liu JY, Wang MX, Zhu J, Shen ZY, Shen XJ, Tang SM. Exorista sorbillans (Diptera: Tachinidae) parasitism shortens host larvae growth duration by regulating ecdysone and juvenile hormone titers in Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2023; 23:7187155. [PMID: 37256698 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The tachinid fly, Exorista sorbillans, is a notorious ovolarviparous endoparasitoid of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, causing severe damage to silkworm cocoon industry. Silkworm larvae show typically precocious wandering behavior after being parasitized by E. sorbillans; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unexplored. Herein, we investigated the changes in the levels of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) and juvenile hormone (JH) titer, and they both increased in the hemolymph of parasitized silkworms. Furthermore, we verified the expression patterns of related genes, which showed an upregulation of 20E signaling and biosynthesis genes but a significant downregulation of ecdysone oxidase (EO), a 20E inactivation enzyme, in parasitized silkworms. In addition, related genes of the JH signaling were activated in parasitized silkworms, while related genes of the JH degradation pathway were suppressed, resulting in an increase in JH titer. Notably, the precocious wandering behavior of parasitized silkworms was partly recoverable by silencing the transcriptions of BmCYP302A1 or BmCYP307A1 genes. Our findings suggest that the developmental duration of silkworm post parasitism could be shortened by regulation of 20E and JH titers, which may help silkworm to resist the E. sorbillans infestation. These findings provide a basis for deeper insight into the interplay between silkworms and E. sorbillans and may serve as a reference for the development of a novel approach to control silkworm myiasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| | - Lei-Lei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| | - Yue-Xia Pu
- Guangxi General Station for Sericulture Technology Popularization, Nanning, Guangxi 530007, China
| | - Ji-Yin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| | - Mei-Xian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| | - Juan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| | - Xing-Jia Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| | - Shun-Ming Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
- Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xing BL, Wang SF, Gulinuer A, Ye GY, Yang L. Transcriptional regulation of host insulin signaling pathway genes controlling larval development by Microplitis manilae parasitization. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 113:e22003. [PMID: 36694471 DOI: 10.1002/arch.22003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Idiobiont parasitoids using other insects as hosts sabotage the host growth and development to ensure their offspring survival. Numerous studies have discovered that insect development is subtly regulated by the conserved insulin signaling pathway. However, little is known about how wasp parasitization disrupts host development controlled by the insulin signaling pathway. Here we address this study to determine the effect of wasp parasitism on host Spodoptera frugiperda development using the idiobiont parasitoid Microplitis manilae as a model. Upon M. manilae parasitization, the body weight, body length, and food consumption of host insect were dramatically reduced compared to the unparasitized S. frugiperda. We next identified the core genes involved in host insulin signaling pathway and further analyzed the domain organizations of these genes. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the insulin receptors clustered S. frugiperda together with other noctuidae insects. In the latter study, we profiled the expression patterns of host insulin signaling pathway genes in response to M. manilae parasitization at 2, 24, and 48 h, significant decreases in mRNA levels were recorded in S. frugiperda larvae upon 24 and 48 h parasitization. These current findings substantially add to our understanding of the physiological interaction between parasitoid and host insects, thus contributing to revealing the molecular mechanism of parasitic wasps regulating host development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Lin Xing
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute & School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Shao-Feng Wang
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ahamaijiang Gulinuer
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute & School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| | - Gong-Yin Ye
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, China
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute & School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu S, Zhang J, Sheng Y, Feng T, Shi W, Lu Y, Guan X, Chen X, Huang J, Chen J. Metabolomics Provides New Insights into Host Manipulation Strategies by Asobara japonica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a Fruit Fly Parasitoid. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030336. [PMID: 36984776 PMCID: PMC10053316 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Asobara japonica (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is an endoparasitoid wasp that can successfully parasitize a wide range of host species across the Drosophila genus, including the invasive crop pest Drosophila suzukii. Parasitoids are capable of regulating the host metabolism to produce the nutritional metabolites for the survival of their offspring. Here, we intend to investigate the metabolic changes in D. melanogaster hosts after parasitization by A. japonica, using the non-targeted LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) metabolomics analysis. In total, 3043 metabolites were identified, most of which were not affected by A. japonica parasitization. About 205 metabolites were significantly affected in parasitized hosts in comparison to non-parasitized hosts. The changed metabolites were divided into 10 distinct biochemical groups. Among them, most of the lipid metabolic substances were significantly decreased in parasitized hosts. On the contrary, most of metabolites associated with the metabolism of amino acids and sugars showed a higher abundance of parasitized hosts, and were enriched for a wide range of pathways. In addition, eight neuromodulatory-related substances were upregulated in hosts post A. japonica parasitization. Our results reveal that the metabolites are greatly changed in parasitized hosts, which might help uncover the underlying mechanisms of host manipulation that will advance our understanding of host–parasitoid coevolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengmei Liu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junwei Zhang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yifeng Sheng
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ting Feng
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wenqi Shi
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yueqi Lu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xueying Guan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuexin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiani Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-88982133
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gulinuer A, Xing B, Yang L. Host Transcriptome Analysis of Spodoptera frugiperda Larvae Parasitized by Microplitis manilae. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14020100. [PMID: 36835669 PMCID: PMC9966743 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
It has been extensively found that parasitoids manipulate host physiology to benefit the survival and development of their offspring. However, the underlying regulatory mechanisms have not received much attention. To reveal the effects of parasitization of the larval solitary endoparasitoid Microplitis manilae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on host Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), one of the most destructive agricultural pests in China, deep-sequencing-based transcriptome analysis was conducted to compare the host gene expression levels after 2 h, 24 h, and 48 h parasitization. A total of 1861, 962, and 108 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from the S. frugiperda larvae at 2 h, 24 h, and 48 h post-parasitization, respectively, compared with unparasitized controls. The changes in host gene expressions were most likely caused by the injection of wasp parasitic factors, including PDVs, that were injected along with the eggs during oviposition. Based on the functional annotations in GO and KEGG databases, we revealed that most DEGs were implicated in host metabolism and immunity. Further analysis of the common DEGs in three comparisons between the unparasitized and parasitized groups identified four genes, including one unknown and three prophenoloxidase (PPO) genes. Moreover, 46 and 7 common DEGs involved in host metabolism and immunity were identified at two or three time points after parasitization, respectively. Among these, most DEGs showed increased expressions at 2 h post-wasp parasitization while exhibiting significantly decreased expression levels at 24 h post-parasitization, demonstrating the expression regulations of M. manilae parasitization on host metabolism and immune-related genes. Further qPCR verification in 20 randomly selected DEGs confirmed the accuracy and reproducibility of the gene expression profiles generated from RNA-seq. This study reveals the molecular regulatory network about how host insects respond to wasp parasitism, laying a solid foundation for revealing the physiological manipulation of wasp parasitization on host insects, which facilitates the development of biological control practices for parasitoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahamaijiang Gulinuer
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572024, China
- School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Binglin Xing
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572024, China
- School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute, Hainan University, Sanya 572024, China
- School of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Sanya 572024, China
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhou S, Lu Y, Chen J, Pan Z, Pang L, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Strand MR, Chen XX, Huang J. Parasite reliance on its host gut microbiota for nutrition and survival. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:2574-2586. [PMID: 35941172 PMCID: PMC9561699 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01301-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Studying the microbial symbionts of eukaryotic hosts has revealed a range of interactions that benefit host biology. Most eukaryotes are also infected by parasites that adversely affect host biology for their own benefit. However, it is largely unclear whether the ability of parasites to develop in hosts also depends on host-associated symbionts, e.g., the gut microbiota. Here, we studied the parasitic wasp Leptopilina boulardi (Lb) and its host Drosophila melanogaster. Results showed that Lb successfully develops in conventional hosts (CN) with a gut microbiota but fails to develop in axenic hosts (AX) without a gut microbiota. We determined that developing Lb larvae consume fat body cells that store lipids. We also determined that much larger amounts of lipid accumulate in fat body cells of parasitized CN hosts than parasitized AX hosts. CN hosts parasitized by Lb exhibited large increases in the abundance of the bacterium Acetobacter pomorum in the gut, but did not affect the abundance of Lactobacillus fructivorans which is another common member of the host gut microbiota. However, AX hosts inoculated with A. pomorum and/or L. fructivorans did not rescue development of Lb. In contrast, AX larvae inoculated with A. pomorum plus other identified gut community members including a Bacillus sp. substantially rescued Lb development. Rescue was further associated with increased lipid accumulation in host fat body cells. Insulin-like peptides increased in brain neurosecretory cells of parasitized CN larvae. Lipid accumulation in the fat body of CN hosts was further associated with reduced Bmm lipase activity mediated by insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS). Altogether, our results identify a previously unknown role for the gut microbiota in defining host permissiveness for a parasite. Our findings also identify a new paradigm for parasite manipulation of host metabolism that depends on insulin signaling and the gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yueqi Lu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiani Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhongqiu Pan
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lan Pang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qichao Zhang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xue H, Zhao Y, Wang L, Zhu X, Zhang K, Li D, Ji J, Niu L, Cui J, Luo J, Gao X. Regulation of amino acid metabolism in Aphis gossypii parasitized by Binodoxys communis. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1006253. [PMID: 36245483 PMCID: PMC9558109 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1006253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of parasitoids are capable of precise and meticulous regulation of nutrition and metabolism within the host. An important building block of life, amino acids are critical to the development of parasitoids. To date, research on how parasitoids regulate host amino acid metabolism remains limited. In this study, Aphis gossypii and its dominant parasitoid Binodoxys communis were used as a study system to explore how parasitism may change the regulation of amino acids in A. gossypii with UHPLC-MS/MS and RT-qPCR techniques. Here, for the first 8 h of parasitism the abundance of almost all amino acids in cotton aphids increased, and after 16 h most of the amino acids decreased. An amino acid of parasitic syndrome, the content of Tyr increased gradually after being parasitized. The expression of genes related to amino acid metabolism increased significantly in early stages of parasitism and then significantly decreased gradually. At the same time, the abundance of Buchnera, a cotton aphid specific symbiont increased significantly. Our comprehensive analyses reveal impacts of B. communis on the amino acid regulatory network in cotton aphid from three aspects: amino acid metabolism, gene expression, and bacterial symbionts. Therefore, this research provides an important theoretical basis for parasitoid nutritional regulation in host, which is highly significant as it may inform the artificial reproduction of parasitoids and the biological control of insect pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xue
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Yunyun Zhao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Li Wang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Dongyang Li
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Jichao Ji
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Lin Niu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
| | - Jinjie Cui
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jinjie Cui,
| | - Junyu Luo
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Junyu Luo,
| | - Xueke Gao
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, China
- Xueke Gao,
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Song Y, Gu F, Zhou W, Li P, Wu F, Sheng S. Parasitoid Wasps Can Manipulate Host Trehalase to the Benefit of Their Offspring. INSECTS 2022; 13:833. [PMID: 36135534 PMCID: PMC9500599 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Trehalase is an essential hydrolase of trehalose in insects. However, whether and how trehalase performs in the association of parasitoid wasps and their hosts still remains unknown. Here, the exact function of trehalase of the general cutworm Spodoptera litura after it was parasitized by its predominant endoparasitoid Meterous pulchricornis was elucidated. Two trehalase genes (SlTre1, SlTre2) were identified, and they were highly expressed five days after parasitization by M. pulchricornis. Then, we successfully silenced SlTre1 and SlTre2 in parasitized third instar S. litura larvae. The content of glucose, which is the hydrolysate of trehalose, was significantly decreased after silencing SlTres in parasitized S. litura larvae, and the activities of trehalase were also notably reduced. In addition, the cocoon weight, the emergence rate, proportion of normal adults, and the body size of parasitoid offsprings were significantly decreased in SlTre1- or SlTre2-silenced groups compared to the controls. These results implied that parasitization by parasitoids regulated the trehalase of host larvae to create a suitable nutritional environment for the parasitoid offspring. The present study broadens the knowledge of trehalase in the interaction between parasitoids and their hosts and is of benefit to biological control of S. litura acting by parasitoid wasps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Song
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Fengming Gu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Weihong Zhou
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Ping Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Fuan Wu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| | - Sheng Sheng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, China
- The Key Laboratory of Silkworm and Mulberry Genetic Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang 212100, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Černý J, Weyda F, Perlík M, Kodrík D. Functional Ultrastructure of Hymenopteran Stingers: Devastating Spear or Delicate Syringe. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-11. [PMID: 35616227 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622000800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a micro-serrated edge on the honey bee Apis mellifera stinger tip serves as a tool for more intensive crushing of cell membranes in the victim's tissues. This could have mechanical consequences as well as initiate metabolic pathways linked to cell membrane breakdown (e.g., production of biogenic amines). Accordingly, we found that hymenopteran species that use their stingers as an offensive or defensive weapon to do as much damage to the victim's body as possible had this cuticular microstructure. In parasitic hymenopterans, on the other hand, this structure was missing, as stingers are solely used to delicately transport venom to the victim's body in order to do little mechanical harm. We also demonstrated that the stinger lancets of the honey bee A. mellifera are living organs with sensilla innervated by sensory neurons and containing other essential tissues, rather than mere cuticular structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Černý
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - František Weyda
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Perlík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Genome of the parasitoid wasp Cotesia chilonis sheds light on amino acid resource exploitation. BMC Biol 2022; 20:118. [PMID: 35606775 PMCID: PMC9128236 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01313-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A fundamental feature of parasitism is the nutritional exploitation of host organisms by their parasites. Parasitoid wasps lay eggs on arthropod hosts, exploiting them for nutrition to support larval development by using diverse effectors aimed at regulating host metabolism. However, the genetic components and molecular mechanisms at the basis of such exploitation, especially the utilization of host amino acid resources, remain largely unknown. To address this question, here, we present a chromosome-level genome assembly of the parasitoid wasp Cotesia chilonis and reconstruct its amino acid biosynthetic pathway. Results Analyses of the amino acid synthetic pathway indicate that C. chilonis lost the ability to synthesize ten amino acids, which was confirmed by feeding experiments with amino acid-depleted media. Of the ten pathways, nine are known to have been lost in the common ancestor of animals. We find that the ability to synthesize arginine was also lost in C. chilonis because of the absence of two key genes in the arginine synthesis pathway. Further analyses of the genomes of 72 arthropods species show that the loss of arginine synthesis is common in arthropods. Metabolomic analyses by UPLC-MS/MS reveal that the temporal concentrations of arginine, serine, tyrosine, and alanine are significantly higher in host (Chilo suppressalis) hemolymph at 3 days after parasitism, whereas the temporal levels of 5-hydroxylysine, glutamic acid, methionine, and lysine are significantly lower. We sequence the transcriptomes of a parasitized host and non-parasitized control. Differential gene expression analyses using these transcriptomes indicate that parasitoid wasps inhibit amino acid utilization and activate protein degradation in the host, likely resulting in the increase of amino acid content in host hemolymph. Conclusions We sequenced the genome of a parasitoid wasp, C. chilonis, and revealed the features of trait loss in amino acid biosynthesis. Our work provides new insights into amino acid exploitation by parasitoid wasps, and this knowledge can specifically be used to design parasitoid artificial diets that potentially benefit mass rearing of parasitoids for pest control. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01313-3.
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen K, Song J, Song Q, Dou X, Wang Y, Wei Y, Chen J, Wang L, Alradi MF, Liu X, Han Z, Feng C. Transcriptomic analysis provides insights into the immune responses and nutrition in Ostrinia furnacalis larvae parasitized by Macrocentrus cingulum. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 109:e21863. [PMID: 34967472 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Macrocentrus cingulum is a principal endoparasite of Ostrinia furnacalis larvae. M. cingulum larvae repress host immune responses for survival and ingest host nutrients for development until emerging. However, most investigations focused on the mechanisms of how wasps repress the host immunity, the triggered immune responses and nutrient status altered by wasps in host are neglected. In this study, we found that parasitized O. furnacalis larvae activated fast recognition responses and produced some effectors such as lysozyme and antimicrobial peptides, along with more consumption of trehalose, glucose, and even lipid to defend against the invading M. cingulum. However, the expression of peroxidase 6 and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD 2) was upregulated, and the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of cellular immunity-related genes such as thioester-containing protein 2 (TEP 2) and hemocytin were also reduced, suggesting that some immune responses were selectively shut down by wasp parasitization. Taken together, all the results indicated that parasitized O. furnacalis larvae selectively activate the immune recognition response, and upregulate effector genes, but suppress ROS reaction and cellular immunity, and invest more energy to fuel certain immune responses to defend against the wasp invading. This study provides useful information for further identifying key components of the nutrition and innate immune repertoire which may shape host-parasitoid coevolutionary dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahui Song
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Xiaoyi Dou
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Yin Wang
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Youheng Wei
- Department of Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiaqian Chen
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Libao Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mohamed F Alradi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaoyang Han
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Congjing Feng
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dai ML, Ye WT, Jiang XJ, Feng P, Zhu QY, Sun HN, Li FC, Wei J, Li B. Effect of Tachinid Parasitoid Exorista japonica on the Larval Development and Pupation of the Host Silkworm Bombyx mori. Front Physiol 2022; 13:824203. [PMID: 35250625 PMCID: PMC8889078 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.824203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tachinidae are natural enemies of many lepidopteran and coleopteran pests of crops, forests, and fruits. However, host-tachinid parasitoid interactions have been largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the effects of tachinids on host biological traits, using Exorista japonica, a generalist parasitoid, and the silkworm Bombyx mori, its lepidopteran host, as models. We observed that E. japonica parasitoidism did not affect silkworm larval body weight gain and cocooning rate, whereas they caused shortened duration of molting from the final instar to the pupal stage, abnormal molting from larval to pupal stages, and a subsequent decrease in host emergence rate. Moreover, a decrease in juvenile hormone (JH) titer and an increase in 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) titer in the hemolymph of parasitized silkworms occurred. The transcription of JH and 20E responsive genes was downregulated in mature parasitized hosts, but upregulated in parasitized prepupae while Fushi tarazu factor 1 (Ftz-f1), a nuclear receptor essential in larval ecdysis, showed dramatically reduced expression in parasitized hosts at both the mature and prepupal stages. Moreover, the transcriptional levels of BmFtz-f1 and its downstream target genes encoding cuticle proteins were downregulated in epidermis of parasitized hosts. Meanwhile, the content of trehalose was decreased in the hemolymph, while chitin content in the epidermis was increased in parasitized silkworm prepupae. These data reveal that the host may fine-tune JH and 20E synthesis to shorten developmental duration to combat established E. japonica infestation, while E. japonica silences BmFtz-f1 transcription to inhibit host pupation. This discovery highlights the novel target mechanism of tachinid parasitoids and provides new clues to host/tachinid parasitoid relationships.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Li Dai
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wen-Tao Ye
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Piao Feng
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qing-Yu Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hai-Na Sun
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fan-Chi Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jing Wei
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Wei,
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Bing Li,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals a potential mechanism for host nutritional manipulation after parasitization by Leptopilina boulardi. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 39:100862. [PMID: 34120097 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoids have been extensively found to manipulate nutrient amounts of their hosts to benefit their own development and survival, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Leptopilina boulardi (Hymenoptera: Figitidae) is a larval-pupal endoparasitoid wasp of Drosophila melanogaster whose survival relies on the nutrients provided by its Drosophila host. Here, we used RNA-seq to compare the gene expression levels of the host midgut at 24 h and 48 h post L. boulardi parasitization. We obtained 95 and 191 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the parasitized host midgut at 24 h and 48 h post L. boulardi parasitization, respectively. A KEGG analysis revealed that several metabolic pathways were significantly enriched in the upregulated DEGs, and these pathways included "starch and sucrose metabolism" and "galactose metabolism". A functional annotation analysis showed that four classes of genes involved in carbohydrate digestion process had increased expression levels in the midgut post L.boulardi parasitization than nonparasitized groups: glucosidase, mannosidase, chitinase and amylase. Genes involved in protein digestion process were also found among the DEGs, and most of these genes, which belonged to the metallopeptidase and serine-type endopeptidase families, were found at higher expression levels in the parasitized host midgut comparing with nonparasitized hosts. Moreover, some immune genes, particularly those involved in the Toll and Imd pathways, also exhibited high expression levels after L.boulardi parasitization. Our study provides large-scale transcriptome data and identifies sets of DEGs between parasitized and nonparasitized host midgut tissues at 24 h and 48 h post L. boulardi parasitization. These resources help improve our understanding of how parasitoid infection affects the nutrient components in the hosts.
Collapse
|
19
|
Variation in Parasitoid Virulence of Tetrastichus brontispae during the Targeting of Two Host Beetles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073581. [PMID: 33808261 PMCID: PMC8036858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In host-parasitoid interactions, antagonistic relationship drives parasitoids to vary in virulence in facing different hosts, which makes these systems excellent models for stress-induced evolutionary studies. Venom compositions varied between two strains of Tetrastichus brontispae, Tb-Bl and Tb-On. Tb-Bl targets Brontispa longissima pupae as hosts, and Tb-On is a sub-population of Tb-Bl, which has been experimentally adapted to a new host, Octodonta nipae. Aiming to examine variation in parasitoid virulence of the two strains toward two hosts, we used reciprocal injection experiments to compare effect of venom/ovarian fluids from the two strains on cytotoxicity, inhibition of immunity and fat body lysis of the two hosts. We found that Tb-Onvenom was more virulent towards plasmatocyte spreading, granulocyte function and phenoloxidase activity than Tb-Blvenom. Tb-Blovary was able to suppress encapsulation and phagocytosis in both hosts; however, Tb-Onovary inhibition targeted only B. longissima. Our data suggest that the venom undergoes rapid evolution when facing different hosts, and that the wasp has good evolutionary plasticity.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kryukova NA, Mozhaytseva KA, Rotskaya UN, Glupov VV. Galleria mellonella larvae fat body disruption (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) caused by the venom of Habrobracon brevicornis (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 106:e21746. [PMID: 33026670 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability of Habrobracon brevicornis venom to elevate the nutritional suitability of a host by affecting the host larvae fat body condition was studied. To understand whether H. brevicornis crude venom impacts the host biochemical profile, the concentrations of total lipids and main sugars in the host larvae lymph were analyzed. All measurements were carried out during the first 3 days after envenomation. A significant increase in the lipid level was fixed only on the second day after envenomation. A significant increase in the total trehalose count was detected during all 3 days, while a significant increase in glucose concentration was noted only on the first day. Well-observed disruptions were fixed in thin and semithin sections of the G. mellonella larval fat body starting from the second day after envenomation. Significant increases in both phospholipase A2 and C enzyme activity as well as acid proteases were detected in the wax moth fat body after envenomation during all experimental times. At the same time, imbalances in the antioxidant system, including changes in the activities of superoxide dismutase, peroxidases, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase, were detected. The reliable increase in the expression of the gene encoding Hsp70 was fixed both for 24 and 48 h after envenomation, while a reliable increase in the expression of the gene encoding inhibitor of apoptosis protein was detected only 24 h after wax moth larvae envenomation. Considering the absence of DNA fragmentation, the imbalance in the "ROS/antioxidants" system, and the increased activity of phospholipases and acid proteases in the fat body cells from envenomated wax moth larvae, we can hypothesize that the fat body disruption occurs in a necrotic manner. The results of the work expand the knowledge about the biochemical aspects of interaction between ectoparasitoids and their hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Kryukova
- Laboratory of Insect Pathology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ksenia A Mozhaytseva
- Laboratory of Insect Pathology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Ulyana N Rotskaya
- Laboratory of Insect Pathology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Viktor V Glupov
- Laboratory of Insect Pathology, Institute of Systematics and Ecology of Animals, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ye X, Xiong S, Teng Z, Yang Y, Wang J, Yu K, Wu H, Mei Y, Yan Z, Cheng S, Yin C, Wang F, Yao H, Fang Q, Song Q, Werren JH, Ye G, Li F. Amino acid synthesis loss in parasitoid wasps and other hymenopterans. eLife 2020; 9:e59795. [PMID: 33074103 PMCID: PMC7593089 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects utilize diverse food resources which can affect the evolution of their genomic repertoire, including leading to gene losses in different nutrient pathways. Here, we investigate gene loss in amino acid synthesis pathways, with special attention to hymenopterans and parasitoid wasps. Using comparative genomics, we find that synthesis capability for tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and histidine was lost in holometabolous insects prior to hymenopteran divergence, while valine, leucine, and isoleucine were lost in the common ancestor of Hymenoptera. Subsequently, multiple loss events of lysine synthesis occurred independently in the Parasitoida and Aculeata. Experiments in the parasitoid Cotesia chilonis confirm that it has lost the ability to synthesize eight amino acids. Our findings provide insights into amino acid synthesis evolution, and specifically can be used to inform the design of parasitoid artificial diets for pest control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhai Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Department of Biology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - Shijiao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Ziwen Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jiale Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Kaili Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Huizi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yang Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zhichao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Sammy Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - Chuanlin Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Hongwei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of MissouriColumbiaUnited States
| | - John H Werren
- Department of Biology, University of RochesterRochesterUnited States
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kafle BD, Morawo T, Fadamiro H. Host-Induced Plant Volatiles Mediate Ability of the Parasitoid Microplitis croceipes to Discriminate Between Unparasitized and Parasitized Heliothis virescens Larvae and Avoid Superparasitism. J Chem Ecol 2020; 46:967-977. [PMID: 32979116 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-020-01218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In solitary endoparasitoids, oviposition in a host previously parasitized by a conspecific (superparasitism) leads to intraspecific competition, resulting in the elimination of all but one parasitoid offspring. Therefore, avoidance of parasitized hosts presents a strong selective advantage for such parasitoid species. Parasitoids use herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) to find their hosts. In this study, we evaluated the ability of Microplitis croceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) to discriminate between unparasitized and parasitized Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae using cotton plant odors as cues. A combination of behavioral and analytical techniques were used to test two hypotheses: (i) parasitoids will show preference for plant odors induced by unparasitized hosts over odors induced by parasitized hosts, and (ii) the parasitism status of herbivores affects HIPV emission in plants. Heliothis virescens larvae were parasitized for varying durations (0, 2 and 6-days after parasitism (DAP)). In four-choice olfactometer bioassays, female M. croceipes showed greater attraction to plant odors induced by unparasitized hosts compared to plant odors induced by parasitized hosts (2 and 6-DAP). Comparative gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of cotton volatiles indicated reduced emission of 10 out of 21 identified compounds from plants infested by parasitized hosts compared with plants infested by unparasitized hosts. The results suggest that changes in plant volatile emission due to the parasitism status of infesting herbivores affect recruitment of parasitoids. Avoidance of superparasitism using plant odors optimizes host foraging in M. croceipes, and this strategy may be widespread in solitary parasitoid species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basu D Kafle
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Tolulope Morawo
- Indian River Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, 34945, USA
| | - Henry Fadamiro
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cavichiolli de Oliveira N, Cônsoli FL. Beyond host regulation: Changes in gut microbiome of permissive and non-permissive hosts following parasitization by the wasp Cotesia flavipes. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2020; 96:5682488. [PMID: 31860060 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiz206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Koinobiont parasitoids regulate the physiology of their hosts, possibly interfering with the host gut microbiota and ultimately impacting parasitoid development. We used the parasitoid Cotesia flavipes to investigate if the regulation of the host would also affect the host gut microbiota. We also wondered if the effects of parasitization on the gut microbiota would depend on the host-parasitoid association by testing the permissive Diatraea saccharalis and the non-permissive Spodoptera frugiperda hosts. We determined the structure and potential functional contribution of the gut microbiota of the fore-midgut and hindgut of the hosts at different stages of development of the immature parasitoid. The abundance and diversity of operational taxonomic units of the anteromedial (fore-midgut) gut and posterior (hindgut) region from larvae of the analyzed hosts were affected by parasitization. Changes in the gut microbiota induced by parasitization altered the potential functional contribution of the gut microbiota associated with both hosts. Our data also indicated that the mechanism by which C. flavipes interferes with the gut microbiota of the host does not require a host-parasitoid coevolutionary history. Changes observed in the potential contribution of the gut microbiota of parasitized hosts impact the host's nutritional quality, and could favor host exploitation by C. flavipes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Cavichiolli de Oliveira
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Luís Cônsoli
- Insect Interactions Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shaik HA, Mishra A, Sehadová H, Kodrík D. Responses of sericotropin to toxic and pathogenic challenges: possible role in defense of the wax moth Galleria mellonella. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 227:108633. [PMID: 31644954 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study describes defense functions of the insect neuropeptide sericotropin, which is recognized as an agent that stimulates silk production in some lepidopteran larvae. Sericotropin, expressed in brain tissue of the wax moth Galleria mellonella in all developmental stages, is not expressed in silk glands, indicating its tissue specificity. Fluorescence microscopy confirmed the presence of sericotropin in the brain-subesophageal complex being predominantly and densely distributed under the plasmatic membrane and in axonal parts of neurons. Injection of venom from Habrobracon hebetor and topical application of the entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) Steinernema carpocapsae with symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus spp. into or onto G. mellonella larvae resulted in upregulation of the sericotropin gene and peptide, suggesting a role for sericotropin in defense and immunity. Accordingly, two synthetic fragments of sericotropin killed entomotoxic Xenorhabdus spp. bacteria in a disc diffusion antimicrobial test. Further, total metabolism, monitored by carbon dioxide production, significantly decreased after application of either venom or EPN, probably because of muscle impairment by the venom and serious cell damage caused by EPN, especially in the midgut. Both venom and EPN upregulated expression of genes encoding antimicrobial peptides gallerimycin and galiomicin in Galleria brain; however, they downregulated prophenoloxidase and phenoloxidase activity in hemolymph. These results suggest that sericotropin is a multifunctional peptide that plays an important role in G. mellonella defense and immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haq Abdul Shaik
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Archana Mishra
- Institute of Molecular Biology of Plants, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Sehadová
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Influence of host plant on oligophagous and polyphagous aphids, and on their obligate symbiont titers. Biologia (Bratisl) 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-019-00274-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
26
|
Shi M, Wang Z, Ye X, Xie H, Li F, Hu X, Wang Z, Yin C, Zhou Y, Gu Q, Zou J, Zhan L, Yao Y, Yang J, Wei S, Hu R, Guo D, Zhu J, Wang Y, Huang J, Pennacchio F, Strand MR, Chen X. The genomes of two parasitic wasps that parasitize the diamondback moth. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:893. [PMID: 31752718 PMCID: PMC6873472 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-6266-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic insects are well-known biological control agents for arthropod pests worldwide. They are capable of regulating their host's physiology, development and behaviour. However, many of the molecular mechanisms involved in host-parasitoid interaction remain unknown. RESULTS We sequenced the genomes of two parasitic wasps (Cotesia vestalis, and Diadromus collaris) that parasitize the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella using Illumina and Pacbio sequencing platforms. Genome assembly using SOAPdenovo produced a 178 Mb draft genome for C. vestalis and a 399 Mb draft genome for D. collaris. A total set that contained 11,278 and 15,328 protein-coding genes for C. vestalis and D. collaris, respectively, were predicted using evidence (homology-based and transcriptome-based) and de novo prediction methodology. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the braconid C. vestalis and the ichneumonid D. collaris diverged approximately 124 million years ago. These two wasps exhibit gene gains and losses that in some cases reflect their shared life history as parasitic wasps and in other cases are unique to particular species. Gene families with functions in development, nutrient acquisition from hosts, and metabolism have expanded in each wasp species, while genes required for biosynthesis of some amino acids and steroids have been lost, since these nutrients can be directly obtained from the host. Both wasp species encode a relative higher number of neprilysins (NEPs) thus far reported in arthropod genomes while several genes encoding immune-related proteins and detoxification enzymes were lost in both wasp genomes. CONCLUSIONS We present the annotated genome sequence of two parasitic wasps C. vestalis and D. collaris, which parasitize a common host, the diamondback moth, P. xylostella. These data will provide a fundamental source for studying the mechanism of host control and will be used in parasitoid comparative genomics to study the origin and diversification of the parasitic lifestyle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiqian Ye
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | | | - Fei Li
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- BGI-Tech, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518083, China
- Xingzhi College, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Chuanlin Yin
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuenan Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qijuan Gu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiani Zou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Leqing Zhan
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shujun Wei
- Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Rongmin Hu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dianhao Guo
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiangyan Zhu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Laboratorio di Entomologia "E. Tremblay", Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
| | - Michael R Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xuexin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Karbusová N, Gautam UK, Kodrík D. Effect of natural toxins and adipokinetic hormones on the activity of digestive enzymes in the midgut of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 101:e21586. [PMID: 31180597 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of two natural toxins (a venom from the parasitic wasp Habrobracon hebetor and destruxin A from the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae), and one pathogen (the entomopathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea) on the activity of basic digestive enzymes in the midgut of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Simultaneously, the role of adipokinetic hormones (AKH) in the digestive processes was evaluated. The results showed that all tested toxins/pathogens elicited stress responses when applied into the cockroach body, as documented by an increase of AKH level in the central nervous system. The venom from H. hebetor showed no effect on digestive enzyme activities in the ceca and midgut in vitro. In addition, infection by I. fumosorosea caused a decrease in activity of all enzymes in the midgut and a variable decrease in activity in the ceca; application of AKHs did not reverse the inhibition. Destruxin A inhibited the activity of all enzymes in the midgut but none in the ceca in vitro; application of AKHs did reverse this inhibition, and no differences between both cockroach AKHs were found. Overall, the results demonstrated the variable effect of the tested toxins/pathogens on the digestive processes of cockroaches as well as the variable ability of AKH to counteract these effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Umesh K Gautam
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, and Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, and Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pinto CPG, Azevedo EB, Dos Santos ALZ, Cardoso CP, Fernandes FO, Rossi GD, Polanczyk RA. Immune response and susceptibility to Cotesia flavipes parasitizing Diatraea saccharalis larvae exposed to and surviving an LC 25 dosage of Bacillus thuringiensis. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 166:107209. [PMID: 31201787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Biological control using entomopathogens and natural enemies is an ecofriendly method for pest management in agriculture. Biological control agents often can be simultaneously employed and compatibility between agents may improve pest suppression. We investigated the influence of the entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) on the immune system of the sugarcane borer Diatraea saccharalis (Fabricius, 1794) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to determine if such changes impact parasitization by Cotesia flavipes Cameron, 1891 (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). The immune response of surviving D. saccharalis larvae fed with an LC25 dosage of a Bt-based biopesticide (Dipel®) was analyzed (total hemocyte count, hemocyte adhesion, and activities of phenoloxidase and lysozyme). Furthermore, the suitability of surviving Bt-fed larvae as hosts for C. flavipes was assessed by measuring parasitoid attributes such as number and size of teratocytes, weight of pupae, length of adult female tibia and number of emerged adults. Total hemocyte count, but not hemocyte adhesion, total protein content and phenoloxidase activity increased in the hemolymph of non-parasitized Bt-fed larvae (Bt-NP) compared to control larvae (NBt-NP). Lysozyme activity increased only after parasitization without Bt exposure (NBt-P). After parasitization, the immunological parameters activated in Bt-NP larvae decreased to levels at or below those observed in control larvae, showing that C. flavipes can regulate the activated immune response of Bt-fed larvae. The development of C. flavipes was not impaired in Bt-fed larval hosts (Bt-P); no changes were observed for teratocyte size, weight of pupal mass, length of hind tibia and number of adults emerged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ciro Pedro Guidotti Pinto
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Emiliano Brandão Azevedo
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Pires Cardoso
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Duarte Rossi
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Antônio Polanczyk
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Vieira LJP, Franco GM, Sampaio MV. Host Preference and Fitness of Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Different Instars of the Aphid Schizaphis graminum. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:391-398. [PMID: 30617739 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-018-0662-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Parasitoid fitness is strongly influenced by host quality for immature parasitoid development and by oviposition host choice patterns made by adult female parasitoids. This study aimed to determine immature host quality of Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) host instars preference. To this end, the host quality of immature stages of S. graminum was assessed by rearing the parasitoid in all four instars of the aphid, placing each nymph stage of the aphid parasitized by L. testaceipes in separate Petri dishes with sorghum leaves over a 1% agar-water solution at 23 ± 1°C and a 12:12 h L:D photoperiod. The host-age preferences of the parasitoid between second and fourth instar nymphs were analyzed by choice (ten nymphs of each instar) and non-choice (ten nymphs of one instar) tests, observing parasitoid foraging in a 5-cm arena for 5 min under a stereoscopic microscope. Third and fourth instars were better hosts than first or second instars, with faster developmental times, resulting in larger wasps with bigger hind tibia size and more eggs in their ovarioles (i.e., higher initial egg load). Females preferred to oviposit in fourth instar aphids in both choice and non-choice tests. Selection by adult L. testaceipes females of older instars of S. graminum for oviposition maximizes parasitoid fitness as these instars are intrinsically more suitable for development of parasitoid offspring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J P Vieira
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal Univ of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - G M Franco
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal Univ of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Entomology Dept, Louisiana State Univ, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - M V Sampaio
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Federal Univ of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Di Lelio I, Illiano A, Astarita F, Gianfranceschi L, Horner D, Varricchio P, Amoresano A, Pucci P, Pennacchio F, Caccia S. Evolution of an insect immune barrier through horizontal gene transfer mediated by a parasitic wasp. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007998. [PMID: 30835731 PMCID: PMC6420030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing data have recently demonstrated that eukaryote evolution has been remarkably influenced by the acquisition of a large number of genes by horizontal gene transfer (HGT) across different kingdoms. However, in depth-studies on the physiological traits conferred by these accidental DNA acquisitions are largely lacking. Here we elucidate the functional role of Sl gasmin, a gene of a symbiotic virus of a parasitic wasp that has been transferred to an ancestor of the moth species Spodoptera littoralis and domesticated. This gene is highly expressed in circulating immune cells (haemocytes) of larval stages, where its transcription is rapidly boosted by injection of microorganisms into the body cavity. RNAi silencing of Sl gasmin generates a phenotype characterized by a precocious suppression of phagocytic activity by haemocytes, which is rescued when these immune cells are incubated in plasma samples of control larvae, containing high levels of the encoded protein. Proteomic analysis demonstrates that the protein Sl gasmin is released by haemocytes into the haemolymph, where it opsonizes the invading bacteria to promote their phagocytosis, both in vitro and in vivo. Our results show that important physiological traits do not necessarily originate from evolution of pre-existing genes, but can be acquired by HGT events, through unique pathways of symbiotic evolution. These findings indicate that insects can paradoxically acquire selective advantages with the help of their natural enemies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Di Lelio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Anna Illiano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Federica Astarita
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy
| | | | - David Horner
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Varricchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Pietro Pucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Silvia Caccia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici (NA), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Becchimanzi A, Avolio M, Di Lelio I, Marinelli A, Varricchio P, Grimaldi A, de Eguileor M, Pennacchio F, Caccia S. Host regulation by the ectophagous parasitoid wasp Bracon nigricans. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 101:73-81. [PMID: 28694149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The host regulation process has been widely investigated in endophagous parasitoid wasps, which in most cases finely interact with living hosts (i.e. koinobiont parasitoids). In contrast, only very limited information is available for ectophagous parasitoids that permanently paralyze and rapidly suppress their victims (i.e. idiobiont parasitoids). Here we try to fill this research gap by investigating the host regulation by Bracon nigricans, an ectophagous idiobiont wasp species. Parasitism, mainly by venom action, is able to redirect host metabolism in order to enhance its nutritional suitability for the developing parasitoid larvae and to provide the required metabolic support to host tissues. The observed alterations of the host titers of haemolymph proteins, carbohydrates and acylglycerols are associated with a parasitoid-induced mobilization of nutrients stored in the fat body. This tissue undergoes a controlled degradation mediated by a close surface interaction with haemocytes, where a cathepsin L activity is localized, as demonstrated by immunolocalization, biochemical and transcriptional data. B. nigricans parasitism does not markedly influence the survival of haemocytes, even though a persistent suppression of the immune competence is observed in parasitized hosts, which show a reduced capacity to encapsulate and melanize non-self objects. These immune alterations likely allow a more efficient food uptake and use by the ectophagous larvae. The obtained results indicate that the host regulation process in basal lineages of parasitic Hymenoptera is more complex than expected and shares functional similarities with adaptive strategies occurring in derived koinobiont species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Becchimanzi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Entomology "E. Tremblay", University of Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Maddalena Avolio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Entomology "E. Tremblay", University of Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Lelio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Entomology "E. Tremblay", University of Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Adriana Marinelli
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Entomology "E. Tremblay", University of Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Paola Varricchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Entomology "E. Tremblay", University of Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Annalisa Grimaldi
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Magda de Eguileor
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, via Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Francesco Pennacchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Entomology "E. Tremblay", University of Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy.
| | - Silvia Caccia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Entomology "E. Tremblay", University of Napoli Federico II, via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shaik HA, Mishra A, Kodrík D. Beneficial effect of adipokinetic hormone on neuromuscular paralysis in insect body elicited by braconid wasp venom. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 196:11-18. [PMID: 28257925 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The effect of Habrobracon hebetor venom and the role of the adipokinetic hormone (AKH) in poisoned adult females of the firebug Pyrrhocoris apterus were studied 24 and 48h after treatments. Venom application elicited total neuromuscular paralysis in firebugs, but the co-application of venom and Pyrap-AKH significantly reduced paralysis (up to 3.2 times) compared to the application of venom only. Although the mechanisms of their action are unknown, both agents might affect neuromuscular junctions. Venom application significantly increased the expression of both P. apterus Akh genes (Pyrap-Akh 5.4 times and Peram-Cah-II 3.6 times), as well as the level of AKHs in the central nervous system (2.5 times) and haemolymph (3.0 times). In the haemolymph, increased AKH levels might have led to the mobilization of stored lipids, which increased 1.9 times, while the level of free carbohydrates remained unchanged. Total metabolism, monitored by carbon dioxide production, significantly declined in paralysed P. apterus individuals (1.4 times and 1.9 times, 24 and 48h after the treatment, respectively), probably because of a malfunction of the muscular system. The results suggest an active role of AKH in the defence mechanism against the stress elicited by neuromuscular paralysis, and the possible involvement of this hormone in neuronal/neuromuscular signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haq Abdul Shaik
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Archana Mishra
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Kodrík
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre, CAS, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Gao F, Gu QJ, Pan J, Wang ZH, Yin CL, Li F, Song QS, Strand MR, Chen XX, Shi M. Cotesia vestalis teratocytes express a diversity of genes and exhibit novel immune functions in parasitism. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26967. [PMID: 27254821 PMCID: PMC4890588 DOI: 10.1038/srep26967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Some endoparasitoid wasps lay eggs that produce cells called teratocytes. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the transcriptome of teratocytes from the solitary endoparasitoid Cotesia vestalis (Braconidae), which parasitizes larval stage Plutella xylostella (Plutellidae). Results identified many teratocyte transcripts with potential functions in affecting host immune defenses, growth or metabolism. Characterization of teratocyte-secreted venom-like protein 8 (TSVP-8) indicated it inhibits melanization of host hemolymph in vitro, while two predicted anti-microbial peptides (CvT-def 1 and 3) inhibited the growth of bacteria. Results also showed the parasitized hosts lacking teratocytes experienced higher mortality after immune challenge by pathogens than hosts with teratocytes. Taken together, these findings indicate that C. vestalis teratocytes secrete products that alter host immune functions while also producing anti-microbial peptides with functions that help protect the host from infection by other organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qi-juan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ze-hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chuan-lin Yin
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University and Key Lab of Monitoring and Management of Plant Diseases and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qi-sheng Song
- Molecular Insect Physiology, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
| | - Michael R. Strand
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Xue-xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kaplan I, Carrillo J, Garvey M, Ode PJ. Indirect plant-parasitoid interactions mediated by changes in herbivore physiology. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 14:112-119. [PMID: 27436656 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In occupying an intermediate trophic position, herbivorous insects serve a vital link between plants at the base of the food chain and parasitoids at the top. Although these herbivore-mediated indirect plant-parasitoid interactions are well-documented, new studies have uncovered previously undescribed mechanisms that are fundamentally changing how we view tri-trophic relationships. In this review we highlight recent advances in this field focusing on both plant-driven and parasitoid-driven outcomes that flow up and down the trophic web, respectively. From the bottom-up, plant metabolites can impact parasitoid success by altering host immune function; however, few have considered the potential effects of other plant defense strategies such as tolerance on parasitoid ecology and behavior. From the top-down, parasitoids have long been considered plant bodyguards, but in reality the consequences of parasitism for herbivory rates and induction of plant defensive chemistry are far more complicated with cascading effects on community-level interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kaplan
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, United States.
| | - Juli Carrillo
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, United States
| | - Michael Garvey
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, United States
| | - Paul J Ode
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences & Pest Management, Colorado State University, United States
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Nyman T, Leppänen SA, Várkonyi G, Shaw MR, Koivisto R, Barstad TE, Vikberg V, Roininen H. Determinants of parasitoid communities of willow-galling sawflies: habitat overrides physiology, host plant and space. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:5059-74. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tommi Nyman
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
- Institute for Systematic Botany; University of Zurich; Zollikerstrasse 107 Zurich CH-8008 Switzerland
| | - Sanna A. Leppänen
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
| | - Gergely Várkonyi
- Finnish Environment Institute; Friendship Park Research Centre; Lentiirantie 342 B Kuhmo FI-88900 Finland
| | - Mark R. Shaw
- National Museums of Scotland; Chambers Street Edinburgh EH1 1JF UK
| | - Reijo Koivisto
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
| | | | - Veli Vikberg
- Liinalammintie 11 as. 6; Turenki FI-14200 Finland
| | - Heikki Roininen
- Department of Biology; University of Eastern Finland; P.O. Box 111 Joensuu FI-80101 Finland
| |
Collapse
|