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Abstract
Haematophagous arthropods, including mosquitoes, ticks, flies, triatomine bugs and lice (here referred to as vectors), are involved in the transmission of various pathogens to mammals on whom they blood feed. The diseases caused by these pathogens, collectively known as vector-borne diseases (VBDs), threaten the health of humans and animals. Although the vector arthropods differ in life histories, feeding behaviour as well as reproductive strategies, they all harbour symbiotic microorganisms, known as microbiota, on which they depend for completing essential aspects of their biology, such as development and reproduction. In this Review, we summarize the shared and unique key features of the symbiotic associations that have been characterized in the major vector taxa. We discuss the crosstalks between microbiota and their arthropod hosts that influence vector metabolism and immune responses relevant for pathogen transmission success, known as vector competence. Finally, we highlight how current knowledge on symbiotic associations is being explored to develop non-chemical-based alternative control methods that aim to reduce vector populations, or reduce vector competence. We conclude by highlighting the remaining knowledge gaps that stand to advance basic and translational aspects of vector-microbiota interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China.
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Gashururu RS, Maingi N, Githigia SM, Getange DO, Ntivuguruzwa JB, Habimana R, Cecchi G, Gashumba J, Bargul JL, Masiga DK. Trypanosomes infection, endosymbionts, and host preferences in tsetse flies ( Glossina spp.) collected from Akagera park region, Rwanda: A correlational xenomonitoring study. One Health 2023; 16:100550. [PMID: 37363264 PMCID: PMC10288097 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Akagera National Park and its surroundings are home to tsetse flies and a number of their mammalian hosts in Rwanda. A One-health approach is being used in the control and surveillance of both animal and human trypanosomosis in Rwanda. Determination of the infection level in tsetse flies, species of trypanosomes circulating in vectors, the source of tsetse blood meal and endosymbionts is crucial in understanding the epidemiology of the disease in animals and humans in the region. Tsetse flies (n = 1101), comprising Glossina pallidipes (n = 771) and Glossina morsitans centralis (n = 330) were collected from Akagera park and surrounding areas between May 2018 and June 2019. The flies were screened for trypanosomes, vertebrate host DNA to identify sources of blood meal, and endosymbionts by PCR - High Resolution Melting analysis and amplicon sequencing. The feeding frequency and the feeding indices (selection index - W) were calculated to identify the preferred hosts. An overall trypanosome infection rate of 13.9% in the fly's Head and Proboscis (HP) and 24.3% in the Thorax and Abdomen (TA) were found. Eight trypanosome species were identified in the tsetse fly HP and TA, namely: Trypanosoma (T.) brucei brucei, T. congolense Kilifi, T. congolense savannah, T. vivax, T. simiae, T. evansi, T. godfreyi, T. grayi and T. theileri. We found no evidence of human-infective T. brucei rhodesiense. We also identified eighteen species of vertebrate hosts that tsetse flies fed on, and the most frequent one was the buffalo (Syncerus caffer) (36.5%). The frequently detected host by selection index was the rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) (W = 16.2). Most trypanosome infections in tsetse flies were associated with the buffalo blood meal. The prevalence of tsetse endosymbionts Sodalis and Wolbachia was 2.8% and 4.8%, respectively. No Spiroplasma and Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus were detected. These findings implicate the buffaloes as the important reservoirs of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes in the area. This contributes to predicting the main cryptic reservoirs and therefore guiding the effective control of the disease. The study findings provide the key scientific information that supports the current One Health collaboration in the control and surveillance of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis in Rwanda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Gashururu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Rwanda
| | - Ndichu Maingi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel M Githigia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dennis O Getange
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jean B Ntivuguruzwa
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, P.O. Box 57, Nyagatare, Rwanda
| | - Richard Habimana
- Food and Drugs Assessment and Registration Department, Rwanda Food and Drugs Authority (FDA), P.O Box 1948, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Joel L Bargul
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Department of Biochemistry, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Daniel K Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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3
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Gallagher M, Ramirez A, Geden CJ, Stoffolano JG. Rescuing the Inhibitory Effect of the Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus of Musca domestica on Mating Behavior. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14050416. [PMID: 37233044 DOI: 10.3390/insects14050416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Infection with salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) of Musca domestica prevents female flies from accepting copulation attempts by healthy or virus-infected males. This study focused on supplemental hormonal rescue therapy for mating behavior in virus-infected female house flies. The inhibitory effect of the virus on mating behavior in females injected with MdSGHV was reversed by hormonal therapy in the form of octopamine injections, topical application of methoprene, or both therapies combined along with 20-hydroxyecdysone. Infected females whose mating responsiveness had been restored continued to have other viral pathologies associated with infection such as hypertrophy of the salivary glands and a lack of ovarian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa Gallagher
- Neuroscience Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Arianna Ramirez
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Christopher J Geden
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - John G Stoffolano
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Liu YH, Ma YM, Tian HO, Yang B, Han WX, Zhao WH, Chai HL, Zhang ZS, Wang LF, Chen L, Xing Y, Ding YL, Zhao L. First determination of DNA virus and some additional bacteria from Melophagus ovinus (sheep ked) in Tibet, China. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:988136. [PMID: 36147838 PMCID: PMC9486064 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.988136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Melophagus ovinus (sheep ked) is one of the common ectoparasites in sheep. In addition to causing direct damage to the host through biting and sucking blood, sheep ked is a potential vector of helminths, protozoa, bacteria, and viruses. Sheep M. ovinus samples from three regions in Tibet were selected for DNA extraction. The 16S rDNA V3-V4 hypervariable region was amplified, after genomic DNA fragmentation, Illumina Hiseq libraries were constructed. The 16S rRNA sequencing and viral metagenomics sequencing were separately conducted on the Illumina Novaseq 6000 platform and molecular biology software and platforms were employed to analyze the sequencing data. Illumina PE250 sequencing results demonstrated that the dominant bacteria phylum in M. ovinus from Tibet, China was Proteobacteria, where 29 bacteria genera were annotated. The dominant bacterial genera were Bartonella, Wolbachia, and Arsenophonus; Bartonella chomelii, Wolbachia spp., and Arsenophonus spp. were the dominant bacterial species in M. ovinus from Tibet, China. We also detected Kluyvera intermedia, Corynebacterium maris DSM 45190, Planomicrobium okeanokoites, and Rhodococcus erythropolis, of which the relative abundance of Kluyvera intermedia was high. Illumina Hiseq sequencing results demonstrated that 4 virus orders were detected in M. ovinus from Tibet, China, and 3 samples were annotated into 29 families, 30 families, and 28 families of viruses, respectively. Virus families related to vertebrates and insects mainly included Mimiviridae, Marseilleviridae, Poxviridae, Ascoviridae, Iridoviridae, Baculoviridae, Hytrosaviridae, Nudiviridae, Polydnaviridae, Adomaviridae, Asfarviridae, Hepeviridae, Herpesviridae, and Retroviridae; at the species level, the relative abundance of Tupanvirus_soda_lake, Klosneuvirus_KNV1, and Indivirus_ILV1 was higher. African swine fever virus and many poxviruses from the family Poxviridae were detected, albeit their relative abundance was low. The dominant bacterial phylum of M. ovinus from Tibet, China was Proteobacteria, and the dominant bacterial genera were Bartonella, Wolbachia, and Arsenophonus, where 23 out of 29 annotated bacteria genera were first reported in M. ovinus. Kluyvera intermedia, Corynebacterium maris DSM 45190, Planomicrobium okeanokoites, and Rhodococcus erythropolis were detected for the first time. All DNA viruses detected in this study have been reported in M. ovinus for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
| | - Yi-Min Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hong-Ou Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Animal Disease Control Center of Ordos, Ordos City, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Han
- Inner Mongolia Saikexing Reproductive Biotechnology (Group) Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
| | - Wei-Hong Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hai-Liang Chai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhan-Sheng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Li-Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shanghai Origingene Bio-pharm Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xing
- Shanghai Origingene Bio-pharm Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Lin Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
| | - Li Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hohhot, China
- *Correspondence: Li Zhao,
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Fagan S, Ramirez A, Serdy S, Stoffolano JG. Involvement of Follicular Patency in the Ovarian Developmental Block in Virus-infected, MdSGHV, House Flies, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 59:795-799. [PMID: 34791321 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjab192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) is known to have marked effects on the female Musca domestica L. (or common house fly) reproductive system, particularly regarding the size and functionality of the ovaries. Examination of the terminal ovarian follicles can help determine if and how MdSGHV mechanistically causes the block in ovarian development. In this study, terminal ovarian follicle lengths were measured and monitored for patency using Trypan blue dye staining. We examined the effect of MdSGHV infection on female house fly ovarian follicles and attempted to rescue the diminished ovarian follicles in MdSGHV-infected house flies through the application of a hormonal treatment (i.e., methoprene). Comparison of patency in control saline-injected females, virus-injected females with no methoprene application, and virus-injected females with topical methoprene application revealed that none of the virus-infected flies showed an increase in terminal follicular length beyond stage 3 follicles (staging according to Adams 1974). Additionally, none showed evidence of patency. In control, saline-injected females, we found the threshold length of the terminal follicles for the onset of patency to be 600 µm. When examined at 48, 72, and 96 h post-eclosion, average follicle length for infected females seldom reached 250 µm and they also failed to display patency. Thus, the virus is somehow involved in shutting down the mechanism involved in follicular patency. The lack of patency in infected follicles may also be one of the determining factors preventing vertical transmission of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawheen Fagan
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Arianna Ramirez
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Sara Serdy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - John G Stoffolano
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Nebbak A, Monteil-Bouchard S, Berenger JM, Almeras L, Parola P, Desnues C. Virome Diversity among Mosquito Populations in a Sub-Urban Region of Marseille, France. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050768. [PMID: 33925487 PMCID: PMC8145591 DOI: 10.3390/v13050768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Some mosquito species have significant public health importance given their ability to transmit major diseases to humans and animals, making them the deadliest animals in the world. Among these, the Aedes (Ae.) genus is a vector of several viruses such as Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika viruses that can cause serious pathologies in humans. Since 2004, Ae. albopictus has been encountered in the South of France, and autochthonous cases of Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika diseases have recently been reported, further highlighting the need for a comprehensive survey of the mosquitoes and their associated viruses in this area. Using high throughput sequencing (HTS) techniques, we report an analysis of the DNA and RNA viral communities of three mosquito species Ae. albopictus, Culex (Cx.) pipiens, and Culiseta (Cs.) longiareolata vectors of human infectious diseases in a small sub-urban city in the South of France. Results revealed the presence of a significant diversity of viruses known to infect bacteria, plants, insects, and mammals. Several novel viruses were detected, including novel members of the Rhabdoviridae, Totiviridae, Iflaviviridae, Circoviridae, and Sobemoviridae families. No sequence related to major zoonotic viruses transmitted by mosquitoes was detected. The use of HTS on arthropod vector populations is a promising strategy for monitoring the emergence and circulation of zoonoses and epizooties. This study is a contribution to the knowledge of the mosquito microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira Nebbak
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.N.); (J.-M.B.); (L.A.); (P.P.)
- Aix Marseille Université, Intitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre de Recherche Scientifique et Technique en Analyses Physico-Chimiques (CRAPC), BP 384, Zone Industrielle, Bou-Ismail RP 42004, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Sonia Monteil-Bouchard
- Aix Marseille Université, Intitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI) UM 63, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Intitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Berenger
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.N.); (J.-M.B.); (L.A.); (P.P.)
- Aix Marseille Université, Intitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Lionel Almeras
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.N.); (J.-M.B.); (L.A.); (P.P.)
- Aix Marseille Université, Intitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), 13005 Marseille, France
- Unité de Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département des Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Parola
- IHU-Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France; (A.N.); (J.-M.B.); (L.A.); (P.P.)
- Aix Marseille Université, Intitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Service de Santé des Armées (SSA), Vecteurs Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Christelle Desnues
- Aix Marseille Université, Intitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI) UM 63, 13005 Marseille, France;
- Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Intitut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography (MIO) UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
- Correspondence:
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Vreysen MJB, Abd-Alla AMM, Bourtzis K, Bouyer J, Caceres C, de Beer C, Oliveira Carvalho D, Maiga H, Mamai W, Nikolouli K, Yamada H, Pereira R. The Insect Pest Control Laboratory of the Joint FAO/IAEA Programme: Ten Years (2010-2020) of Research and Development, Achievements and Challenges in Support of the Sterile Insect Technique. INSECTS 2021; 12:346. [PMID: 33924539 PMCID: PMC8070182 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Joint FAO/IAEA Centre (formerly called Division) of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture was established in 1964 and its accompanying laboratories in 1961. One of its subprograms deals with insect pest control, and has the mandate to develop and implement the sterile insect technique (SIT) for selected key insect pests, with the goal of reducing the use of insecticides, reducing animal and crop losses, protecting the environment, facilitating international trade in agricultural commodities and improving human health. Since its inception, the Insect Pest Control Laboratory (IPCL) (formerly named Entomology Unit) has been implementing research in relation to the development of the SIT package for insect pests of crops, livestock and human health. This paper provides a review of research carried out between 2010 and 2020 at the IPCL. Research on plant pests has focused on the development of genetic sexing strains, characterizing and assessing the performance of these strains (e.g., Ceratitis capitata), elucidation of the taxonomic status of several members of the Bactrocera dorsalis and Anastrepha fraterculus complexes, the use of microbiota as probiotics, genomics, supplements to improve the performance of the reared insects, and the development of the SIT package for fruit fly species such as Bactrocera oleae and Drosophila suzukii. Research on livestock pests has focused on colony maintenance and establishment, tsetse symbionts and pathogens, sex separation, morphology, sterile male quality, radiation biology, mating behavior and transportation and release systems. Research with human disease vectors has focused on the development of genetic sexing strains (Anopheles arabiensis, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus), the development of a more cost-effective larvae and adult rearing system, assessing various aspects of radiation biology, characterizing symbionts and pathogens, studying mating behavior and the development of quality control procedures, and handling and release methods. During the review period, 13 coordinated research projects (CRPs) were completed and six are still being implemented. At the end of each CRP, the results were published in a special issue of a peer-reviewed journal. The review concludes with an overview of future challenges, such as the need to adhere to a phased conditional approach for the implementation of operational SIT programs, the need to make the SIT more cost effective, to respond with demand driven research to solve the problems faced by the operational SIT programs and the use of the SIT to address a multitude of exotic species that are being introduced, due to globalization, and established in areas where they could not survive before, due to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hanano Yamada
- Insect Pest Control Subprogramme, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, A-1400 Vienna, Austria; (M.J.B.V.); (A.M.M.A.-A.); (K.B.); (J.B.); (C.C.); (C.d.B.); (D.O.C.); (H.M.); (W.M.); (K.N.); (R.P.)
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8
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Molina Palacios D, Stoffolano JG, Fausto AM, Gambellini G, Burand J. The Effect of the Hypertrophy Virus (MdSGHV) on the Ultrastructure of the Salivary Glands of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:6209919. [PMID: 33822129 PMCID: PMC8023384 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The salivary glands of insects play a key role in the replication cycle and vectoring of viral pathogens. Consequently, Musca domestica (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) and the Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus (MdSGHV) serve as a model to study insect vectoring of viruses. A better understanding of the structural changes of the salivary glands by the virus will help obtain a better picture of the pathological impact the virus has on adult flies. The salivary glands are a primary route for viruses to enter a new host. As such, studying the viral effect on the salivary glands is particularly important and can provide insights for the development of strategies to control the transmission of vector-borne diseases, such as dengue, malaria, Zika, and chikungunya virus. Using scanning and transmission electron microscopic techniques, researchers have shown the effects of infection by MdSGHV on the salivary glands; however, the exact location where the infection was found is unclear. For this reason, this study did a close examination of the effects of the hypertrophy virus on the salivary glands to locate the specific sites of infection. Here, we report that hypertrophy is present mainly in the secretory region, while other regions appeared unaffected. Moreover, there is a disruption of the cuticular, chitinous lining that separates the secretory cells from the lumen of the internal duct, and the disturbance of this lining makes it possible for the virus to enter the lumen. Thus, we report that the chitinous lining acts as an exit barrier of the salivary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Molina Palacios
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - J G Stoffolano
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - A M Fausto
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - G Gambellini
- Centro Grandi Attrezzature (CGA), Sezione di Microscopia Elettronica Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - J Burand
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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9
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Wallace MA, Coffman KA, Gilbert C, Ravindran S, Albery GF, Abbott J, Argyridou E, Bellosta P, Betancourt AJ, Colinet H, Eric K, Glaser-Schmitt A, Grath S, Jelic M, Kankare M, Kozeretska I, Loeschcke V, Montchamp-Moreau C, Ometto L, Onder BS, Orengo DJ, Parsch J, Pascual M, Patenkovic A, Puerma E, Ritchie MG, Rota-Stabelli O, Schou MF, Serga SV, Stamenkovic-Radak M, Tanaskovic M, Veselinovic MS, Vieira J, Vieira CP, Kapun M, Flatt T, González J, Staubach F, Obbard DJ. The discovery, distribution, and diversity of DNA viruses associated with Drosophila melanogaster in Europe. Virus Evol 2021; 7:veab031. [PMID: 34408913 PMCID: PMC8363768 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veab031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster is an important model for antiviral immunity in arthropods, but very few DNA viruses have been described from the family Drosophilidae. This deficiency limits our opportunity to use natural host-pathogen combinations in experimental studies, and may bias our understanding of the Drosophila virome. Here, we report fourteen DNA viruses detected in a metagenomic analysis of 6668 pool-sequenced Drosophila, sampled from forty-seven European locations between 2014 and 2016. These include three new nudiviruses, a new and divergent entomopoxvirus, a virus related to Leptopilina boulardi filamentous virus, and a virus related to Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus. We also find an endogenous genomic copy of galbut virus, a double-stranded RNA partitivirus, segregating at very low frequency. Remarkably, we find that Drosophila Vesanto virus, a small DNA virus previously described as a bidnavirus, may be composed of up to twelve segments and thus represent a new lineage of segmented DNA viruses. Two of the DNA viruses, Drosophila Kallithea nudivirus and Drosophila Vesanto virus are relatively common, found in 2 per cent or more of wild flies. The others are rare, with many likely to be represented by a single infected fly. We find that virus prevalence in Europe reflects the prevalence seen in publicly available datasets, with Drosophila Kallithea nudivirus and Drosophila Vesanto virus the only ones commonly detectable in public data from wild-caught flies and large population cages, and the other viruses being rare or absent. These analyses suggest that DNA viruses are at lower prevalence than RNA viruses in D.melanogaster, and may be less likely to persist in laboratory cultures. Our findings go some way to redressing an earlier bias toward RNA virus studies in Drosophila, and lay the foundation needed to harness the power of Drosophila as a model system for the study of DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Wallace
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Kelsey A Coffman
- Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Clément Gilbert
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sanjana Ravindran
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Gregory F Albery
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jessica Abbott
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Biology, Section for Evolutionary Ecology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, Lund 223 62, Sweden
| | - Eliza Argyridou
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany
| | - Paola Bellosta
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology, CIBIO University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
- Department of Medicine & Endocrinology, NYU Langone Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Andrea J Betancourt
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - Hervé Colinet
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- UMR CNRS 6553 ECOBIO, Université de Rennes1, Rennes, France
| | - Katarina Eric
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Amanda Glaser-Schmitt
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany
| | - Sonja Grath
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany
| | - Mihailo Jelic
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maaria Kankare
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Iryna Kozeretska
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine, 16 Shevchenko Avenue, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Volker Loeschcke
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Biology, Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 116, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Catherine Montchamp-Moreau
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, IRD, UMR Évolution, Génomes, Comportement et Écologie, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lino Ometto
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Banu Sebnem Onder
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dorcas J Orengo
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Parsch
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Division of Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Germany
| | - Marta Pascual
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Patenkovic
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eva Puerma
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michael G Ritchie
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Centre for Biological Diversity, St Andrews University, St Andrews HY15 4SS, UK
| | - Omar Rota-Stabelli
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Research and Innovation Center, Fondazione E. Mach, San Michele all’Adige (TN) 38010, Italy
- Centre Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, San Michele all’Adige (TN) 38010, Italy
| | - Mads Fristrup Schou
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Biology, Section for Evolutionary Ecology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 37, Lund 223 62, Sweden
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Svitlana V Serga
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine, 16 Shevchenko Avenue, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 64 Volodymyrska str, Kyiv 01601, Ukraine
| | - Marina Stamenkovic-Radak
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Tanaskovic
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Institute for Biological Research “Sinisa Stankovic”, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Savic Veselinovic
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jorge Vieira
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, i3S, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina P Vieira
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, i3S, Porto, Portugal
| | - Martin Kapun
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Flatt
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH-1700, Switzerland
| | - Josefa González
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabian Staubach
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg 79104, Germany
| | - Darren J Obbard
- The European Drosophila Population Genomics Consortium (DrosEU)
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
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10
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Abstract
The dynamics of nuclear envelope has a critical role in multiple cellular processes. However, little is known regarding the structural changes occurring inside the nucleus or at the inner and outer nuclear membranes. For viruses assembling inside the nucleus, remodeling of the intranuclear membrane plays an important role in the process of virion assembly. Here, we monitored the changes associated with viral infection in the case of nudiviruses. Our data revealed dramatic membrane remodeling inside the nuclear compartment during infection with Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus, an important biocontrol agent against coconut rhinoceros beetle, a devastating pest for coconut and oil palm trees. Based on these findings, we propose a model for nudivirus assembly in which nuclear packaging occurs in fully enveloped virions. Enveloped viruses hijack cellular membranes in order to provide the necessary material for virion assembly. In particular, viruses that replicate and assemble inside the nucleus have developed special approaches to modify the nuclear landscape for their advantage. We used electron microscopy to investigate cellular changes occurring during nudivirus infection and we characterized a unique mechanism for assembly, packaging, and transport of new virions across the nuclear membrane and through the cytoplasm. Our three-dimensional reconstructions describe the complex remodeling of the nuclear membrane necessary to release vesicle-associated viruses into the cytoplasm. This is the first report of nuclear morphological reconfigurations that occur during nudiviral infection.
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11
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Abstract
Two areas of research that have greatly increased in attention are: dipterans as vectors and the microbes they are capable of vectoring. Because it is the front-end of the fly that first encounters these microbes, this review focuses on the legs, mouthparts, and foregut, which includes the crop as major structures involved in dipteran vectoring ability. The legs and mouthparts are generally involved in mechanical transmission of microbes. However, the crop is involved in more than just mechanical transmission, for it is within the lumen of the crop that microbes are taken up with the meal of the fly, stored, and it is within the lumen that horizontal transmission of bacterial resistance has been demonstrated. In addition to storage of microbes, the crop is also involved in depositing the microbes via a process known as regurgitation. Various aspects of crop regulation are discussed and specific examples of crop involvement with microorganisms are discussed. The importance of biofilm and biofilm formation are presented, as well as, some physical parameters of the crop that might either facilitate or inhibit biofilm formation. Finally, there is a brief discussion of dipteran model systems for studying crop microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Stoffolano
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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12
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Kariithi HM, Vlak JM, Jehle JA, Bergoin M, Boucias DG, Abd-Alla AMM, Ictv Report Consortium. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Hytrosaviridae. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:1271-1272. [PMID: 31389783 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hytrosaviridae is a family of large, rod-shaped, enveloped entomopathogenic viruses with dsDNA genomes of 120-190 kbp. Hytrosaviruses (also known as salivary gland hypertrophy viruses) primarily replicate in the salivary glands of adult dipteran flies. Hytrosaviruses infecting the haematophagous tsetse fly and the filth-feeding housefly are assigned to two genera, Glossinavirus and Muscavirus, respectively. Whereas muscavirus infections are only overt, glossinavirus infections can be either covert or overt. Overt infections are characterized by diagnostic salivary gland hypertrophy and cause either partial or complete infertility. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Hytrosaviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/hytrosaviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Kariithi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi 00200, Kenya
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes A Jehle
- Institute for Biological Control, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Julius Kühn-Institut, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Max Bergoin
- Laboratoire de Pathologie Comparée, Faculté des Sciences, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Drion G Boucias
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville FL 32611, USA
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna A-1400, Austria
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13
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Kariithi HM, Boucias DG, Murungi EK, Meki IK, Demirbaş-Uzel G, van Oers MM, Vreysen MJB, Abd-Alla AMM, Vlak JM. Coevolution of hytrosaviruses and host immune responses. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:183. [PMID: 30470186 PMCID: PMC6251100 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hytrosaviruses (SGHVs; Hytrosaviridae family) are double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses that cause salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH) syndrome in flies. Two structurally and functionally distinct SGHVs are recognized; Glossina pallidipes SGHV (GpSGHV) and Musca domestica SGHV (MdSGHV), that infect the hematophagous tsetse fly and the filth-feeding housefly, respectively. Genome sizes and gene contents of GpSGHV (~ 190 kb; 160-174 genes) and MdSGHV (~ 124 kb; 108 genes) may reflect an evolution with the SGHV-hosts resulting in differences in pathobiology. Whereas GpSGHV can switch from asymptomatic to symptomatic infections in response to certain unknown cues, MdSGHV solely infects symptomatically. Overt SGH characterizes the symptomatic infections of SGHVs, but whereas MdSGHV induces both nuclear and cellular hypertrophy (enlarged non-replicative cells), GpSGHV induces cellular hyperplasia (enlarged replicative cells). Compared to GpSGHV's specificity to Glossina species, MdSGHV infects other sympatric muscids. The MdSGHV-induced total shutdown of oogenesis inhibits its vertical transmission, while the GpSGHV's asymptomatic and symptomatic infections promote vertical and horizontal transmission, respectively. This paper reviews the coevolution of the SGHVs and their hosts (housefly and tsetse fly) based on phylogenetic relatedness of immune gene orthologs/paralogs and compares this with other virus-insect models. RESULTS Whereas MdSGHV is not vertically transmitted, GpSGHV is both vertically and horizontally transmitted, and the balance between the two transmission modes may significantly influence the pathogenesis of tsetse virus. The presence and absence of bacterial symbionts (Wigglesworthia and Sodalis) in tsetse and Wolbachia in the housefly, respectively, potentially contributes to the development of SGH symptoms. Unlike MdSGHV, GpSGHV contains not only host-derived proteins, but also appears to have evolutionarily recruited cellular genes from ancestral host(s) into its genome, which, although may be nonessential for viral replication, potentially contribute to the evasion of host's immune responses. Whereas MdSGHV has evolved strategies to counteract both the housefly's RNAi and apoptotic responses, the housefly has expanded its repertoire of immune effector, modulator and melanization genes compared to the tsetse fly. CONCLUSIONS The ecologies and life-histories of the housefly and tsetse fly may significantly influence coevolution of MdSGHV and GpSGHV with their hosts. Although there are still many unanswered questions regarding the pathogenesis of SGHVs, and the extent to which microbiota influence expression of overt SGH symptoms, SGHVs are attractive 'explorers' to elucidate the immune responses of their hosts, and the transmission modes of other large DNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Kariithi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O Box 57811, Kaptagat Rd, Loresho, Nairobi, 00200, Kenya. .,Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, A-1400, Vienna, Austria. .,Present Address: US National Poultry Research Centre, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.
| | - Drion G Boucias
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, 970 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Edwin K Murungi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Njoro, 20115, Kenya
| | - Irene K Meki
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Güler Demirbaş-Uzel
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monique M van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc J B Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Wagrammer Straße 5, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Meki IK, Kariithi HM, Parker AG, Vreysen MJB, Ros VID, Vlak JM, van Oers MM, Abd-Alla AMM. RNA interference-based antiviral immune response against the salivary gland hypertrophy virus in Glossina pallidipes. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:170. [PMID: 30470195 PMCID: PMC6251114 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1298-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus (GpSGHV; Hytrosaviridae) is a non-occluded dsDNA virus that specifically infects the adult stages of the hematophagous tsetse flies (Glossina species, Diptera: Glossinidae). GpSGHV infections are usually asymptomatic, but unknown factors can result to a switch to acute symptomatic infection, which is characterized by the salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH) syndrome associated with decreased fecundity that can ultimately lead to a colony collapse. It is uncertain how GpSGHV is maintained amongst Glossina spp. populations but RNA interference (RNAi) machinery, a conserved antiviral defense in insects, is hypothesized to be amongst the host’s mechanisms to maintain the GpSGHV in asymptomatic (persistent or latent) infection state. Here, we investigated the involvement of RNAi during GpSGHV infections by comparing the expression of three key RNAi machinery genes, Dicer (DCR), Argonaute (AGO) and Drosha, in artificially virus injected, asymptomatic and symptomatic infected G. pallidipes flies compared to PBS injected (controls) individuals. We further assessed the impact of AGO2 knockdown on virus infection by RT-qPCR quantification of four selected GpSGHV genes, i.e. odv-e66, dnapol, maltodextrin glycosyltransferase (a tegument gene) and SGHV091 (a capsid gene). Results We show that in response to hemocoelic injections of GpSGHV into G. pallidipes flies, increased virus replication was accompanied by significant upregulation of the expression of three RNAi key genes; AGO1, AGO2 and DCR2, and a moderate increase in the expression of Drosha post injection compared to the PBS-injected controls. Furthermore, compared to asymptomatically infected individuals, symptomatic flies showed significant downregulation of AGO1, AGO2 and Drosha, but a moderate increase in the expression of DCR2. Compared to the controls, knockdown of AGO2 did not have a significant impact on virus infection in the flies as evidenced by unaltered transcript levels of the selected GpSGHV genes. Conclusion The upregulation of the expression of the RNAi genes implicate involvement of this machinery in controlling GpSGHV infections and the establishment of symptomatic GpSGHV infections in Glossina. These findings provide a strategic foundation to understand GpSGHV infections and to control latent (asymptomatic) infections in Glossina spp. and thereby control SGHVs in insect production facilities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1298-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene K Meki
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria.,Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henry M Kariithi
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria.,Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, P.O Box 57811, Loresho, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andrew G Parker
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc J B Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vera I D Ros
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique M van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University, 6708, PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400, Vienna, Austria.
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15
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Kariithi HM, Meki IK, Schneider DI, De Vooght L, Khamis FM, Geiger A, Demirbaş-Uzel G, Vlak JM, iNCE IA, Kelm S, Njiokou F, Wamwiri FN, Malele II, Weiss BL, Abd-Alla AMM. Enhancing vector refractoriness to trypanosome infection: achievements, challenges and perspectives. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:179. [PMID: 30470182 PMCID: PMC6251094 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With the absence of effective prophylactic vaccines and drugs against African trypanosomosis, control of this group of zoonotic neglected tropical diseases depends the control of the tsetse fly vector. When applied in an area-wide insect pest management approach, the sterile insect technique (SIT) is effective in eliminating single tsetse species from isolated populations. The need to enhance the effectiveness of SIT led to the concept of investigating tsetse-trypanosome interactions by a consortium of researchers in a five-year (2013-2018) Coordinated Research Project (CRP) organized by the Joint Division of FAO/IAEA. The goal of this CRP was to elucidate tsetse-symbiome-pathogen molecular interactions to improve SIT and SIT-compatible interventions for trypanosomoses control by enhancing vector refractoriness. This would allow extension of SIT into areas with potential disease transmission. This paper highlights the CRP's major achievements and discusses the science-based perspectives for successful mitigation or eradication of African trypanosomosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M Kariithi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, P.O Box 57811, 00200, Kaptagat Rd, Loresho, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Irene K Meki
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture & Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB The Netherlands
| | - Daniela I Schneider
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Linda De Vooght
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Anne Geiger
- INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Guler Demirbaş-Uzel
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture & Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Just M Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB The Netherlands
| | - ikbal Agah iNCE
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Biological Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Vienna University of Technology, Gumpendorfer Straße 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sorge Kelm
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, School of Medicine, 34752, Ataşehir, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, Faculty for Biology & Chemistry, Universität Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Florence N Wamwiri
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, BP 812 Cameroon
| | - Imna I Malele
- Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, P.O. Box 362-00902, Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Brian L Weiss
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Molecular Department, Vector and Vector Borne Diseases Institute, Tanzania Veterinary Laboratory Agency, Majani Mapana, Off Korogwe Road, Box, 1026 Tanga, Tanzania
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture & Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories Seibersdorf, A-2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
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16
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Geiger A, Malele I, Abd-Alla AM, Njiokou F. Blood feeding tsetse flies as hosts and vectors of mammals-pre-adapted African Trypanosoma: current and expected research directions. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:162. [PMID: 30470183 PMCID: PMC6251083 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the zoo-anthropophilic blood feeding tsetse flies' biology conducted, by different teams, in laboratory settings and at the level of the ecosystems- where also co-perpetuate African Trypanosoma- has allowed to unveil and characterize key features of tsetse flies' bacterial symbionts on which rely both (a) the perpetuation of the tsetse fly populations and (b) the completion of the developmental program of the African Trypanosoma. Transcriptomic analyses have already provided much information on tsetse fly genes as well as on genes of the fly symbiotic partners Sodalis glossinidius and Wigglesworthia, which account for the successful onset or not of the African Trypanosoma developmental program. In parallel, identification of the non- symbiotic bacterial communities hosted in the tsetse fly gut has recently been initiated: are briefly introduced those bacteria genera and species common to tsetse flies collected from distinct ecosystems, that could be further studied as potential biologicals preventing the onset of the African Trypanosoma developmental program. Finally, future work will need to concentrate on how to render tsetse flies refractory, and the best means to disseminate them in the field in order to establish an overall refractory fly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Geiger
- INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Imna Malele
- Vector and Vector Borne Diseases Institute, Majani Mapana, Off Korogwe Road, Box, 1026 Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Adly M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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17
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Weeks EN, Machtinger ET, Leemon D, Geden CJ. 12. Biological control of livestock pests: entomopathogens. ECOLOGY AND CONTROL OF VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/978-90-8686-863-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma N.I. Weeks
- University of Florida, Entomology and Nematology Dept., 970 Natural Area Drive, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA
| | - Erika T. Machtinger
- Penn State University, Department of Entomology, 501 ASI Building, University Park, State College, PA 16082, USA
| | - Diana Leemon
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries (Queensland), Agri-Science Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia
| | - Christopher J. Geden
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
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18
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Wennmann JT, Keilwagen J, Jehle JA. Baculovirus Kimura two-parameter species demarcation criterion is confirmed by the distances of 38 core gene nucleotide sequences. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:1307-1320. [PMID: 30045782 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kimura two-parameter nucleotide distance comparisons based on polyhedrin/granulin (polh/gran), late expression factor 8 (lef-8) and late expression factor 9 (lef-9) are a widely applied method for species demarcation for lepidopteran-specific baculoviruses. Baculoviruses are considered to belong to the same species when a pairwise distance threshold of 0.015 is not exceeded and are considered as possibly belonging to the same species with a distance of up to 0.050. In the present work this method was revised and extended for 172 entirely sequenced lepidopteran, hymenopteran and dipteran baculovirus genomes by applying the nucleotide sequences of all 38 known baculovirus core genes for pairwise distance calculations. On the basis of this large dataset, the previously established standard thresholds for baculovirus species demarcation were adjusted for pairwise nucleotide distances estimated from the alignments of all 38 core genes. With the newly applied thresholds for the 38 core-gene dataset, a more sophisticated Kimura two-parameter method was established, avoiding the possible influence of the chimerical polh gene of the Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus. Based on the new dataset, the present classification of baculovirus species was confirmed. Thereby the Kimura two-parameter method for baculovirus demarcation was extended to include the information from all 38 Baculoviridae core genes, which represent the established standard information for baculovirus phylogeny to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg T Wennmann
- 1Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstrasse 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jens Keilwagen
- 2Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biosafety and Plant Biotechnology, Erwin-Bauer-Strasse 27, 06484 Quedlinburg, Germany
| | - Johannes A Jehle
- 1Julius Kühn Institute, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Biological Control, Heinrichstrasse 243, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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19
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Schaler J, Stoffolano J, Fausto AM, Gambellini G, Burand J. Effect of Diet on Adult House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Injected With the Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus (MdSGHV). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2018; 18:4994297. [PMID: 29750419 PMCID: PMC5941155 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Research to date on the salivary gland hypertrophy virus (SGHV) in three species of flies has focused on adult flies having access to and taking a proteinaceous diet. Since many studies have shown that diet affects viral infection in numerous organisms, this study examined the effect of a protein-free diet on the effect of the SGHV virus in adult house flies, Musca domestica. L. Adults infected with the virus, and maintained on a sugar diet only, showed salivary glands with a blue rather than a grayish color and mild hypertrophy compared with protein-fed flies. It was possible to retrieve the virus from these glands and successfully infect noninfected flies. When injected at various ages, female flies fed only sugar showed that regardless of age, sugar-fed flies still became infected and showed the pathology of the glands. In addition, electron microscope studies revealed at the ultrastructural level that there was no difference between viral replication in cells from salivary glands of adults fed a proteinaceous-free diet and those feeding on protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schaler
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, MA
| | - John Stoffolano
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, MA
| | - Anna Maria Fausto
- Dipartimento per la Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Gabriella Gambellini
- Grandi Attrezzature (CGA), Sezione di Microscopia Elettronica Università degli Studi della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - John Burand
- Microbiology Department, College of Natural Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, MA
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20
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Demirbas-Uzel G, Kariithi HM, Parker AG, Vreysen MJB, Mach RL, Abd-Alla AMM. Susceptibility of Tsetse Species to Glossina pallidipes Salivary Gland Hypertrophy Virus (GpSGHV). Front Microbiol 2018; 9:701. [PMID: 29686664 PMCID: PMC5901070 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland hytrosaviruses (SGHVs, family Hytrosaviridae) are non-occluded dsDNA viruses that are pathogenic to some dipterans. SGHVs primarily replicate in salivary glands (SG), thereby inducing overt salivary gland hypertrophy (SGH) symptoms in their adult hosts. SGHV infection of non-SG tissues results in distinct pathobiologies, including reproductive dysfunctions in tsetse fly, Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae) and house fly. Infection with the G. pallidipes virus (GpSGHV) resulted in the collapse of several laboratory colonies, which hindered the implementation of area wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programs that had a sterile insect technique (SIT) component. Although the impact of GpSGHV infection has been studied in some detail in G. pallidipes, the impact of the virus infection on other tsetse species remains largely unknown. In the current study, we assessed the susceptibility of six Glossina species (G. pallidipes, G. brevipalpis, G. m. morsitans, G. m. centralis, G. f. fuscipes, and G. p. gambiensis) to GpSGHV infections, and the impact of the viral infection on the fly pupation rate, adult emergence, and virus replication and transmission from the larval to adult stages. We also evaluated the ability of the virus to infect conspecific Glossina species through serial passages. The results indicate that the susceptibility of Glossina to GpSGHV varied widely amongst the tested species, with G. pallidipes and G. brevipalpis being the most susceptible and most refractory to the virus, respectively. Further, virus injection into the hemocoel of teneral flies led to increased viral copy number over time, while virus injection into the third instar larvae delayed adult eclosion. Except in G. pallidipes, virus injection either into the larvae or teneral adults did not induce any detectable SGH symptoms, although virus infections were PCR-detectable in the fly carcasses. Taken together, our results indicate that although GpSGHV may only cause minor damage in the mass-rearing of tsetse species other than G. pallidipes, preventive control measures are required to avoid viral contamination and transmission in the fly colonies, particularly in the facilities where multiple tsetse species are reared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Güler Demirbas-Uzel
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henry M. Kariithi
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Andrew G. Parker
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marc J. B. Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert L. Mach
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological Engineering, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adly M. M. Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria
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