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Jones LJ, Singh A, Schilder RJ, López-Uribe MM. Squash bees host high diversity and prevalence of parasites in the northeastern United States. J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 195:107848. [PMID: 36343669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The squash bee Eucera (Peponapis) pruinosa is emerging as a model species to study how stressors impact solitary wild bees in North America. Here, we describe the prevalence of trypanosomes, microsporidians and mollicute bacteria in E. pruinosa and two other species, Bombus impatiens and Apis mellifera, that together comprise over 97% of the pollinator visitors of Cucurbita agroecosystems in Pennsylvania (United States). Our results indicate that all three parasite groups are commonly detected in these bee species, but E. pruinosa often exhibit higher prevalences. We further describe novel trypanosome parasites detected in E. pruinosa, however it is unknown how these parasites impact these bees. We suggest future work investigates parasite replication and infection outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Jones
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Avehi Singh
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Rudolf J Schilder
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Margarita M López-Uribe
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Gao JM, Yi SQ, Geng GQ, Xu ZS, Hide G, Lun ZR, Lai DH. Infection with Trypanosoma lewisi or Trypanosoma musculi may promote the spread of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitology 2021; 148:703-711. [PMID: 33536085 PMCID: PMC11010157 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182021000196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii can infect almost all warm-blooded vertebrates with pathogensis being largely influenced by the host immune status. As important epidemiological hosts, rodents are globally distributed and are also commonly found infected with haemoflagellates, such as those in the genus Trypanosoma. We here address whether and how co-infection with trypanosomes can influence T. gondii infection in laboratory models. Rats of five strains, co-infected with T. lewisi and mice of four strains, co-infected with T. musculi, were found to be more or less susceptible to T. gondii infection, respectively, with corresponding increased or decreased brain cyst burdens. Downregulation of iNOS expression and decreased NO production or reverse were observed in the peritoneal macrophages of rats or mice, infected with trypanosomes, respectively. Trypanosoma lewisi and T. musculi can modulate host immune responses, either by enhancement or suppression and influence the outcome of Toxoplasma infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Mei Gao
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
- Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510260, China
| | - Si-Qi Yi
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
| | - Guo-Qing Geng
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
| | - Zhi-Shen Xu
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
| | - Geoff Hide
- Biomedical Research Centre and Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK
| | - Zhao-Rong Lun
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
- Biomedical Research Centre and Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT, UK
| | - De-Hua Lai
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou510275, China
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Abstract
Today, more than a billion people-one-sixth of the world's population-are suffering from neglected tropical diseases. Human African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis are neglected tropical diseases caused by protozoan parasites belonging to the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania About half a million people living in tropical and subtropical regions of the world are at risk of contracting one of these three infections. Kinetoplastids have complex life cycles with different morphologies and unique physiological requirements at each life cycle stage. This review covers the latest findings on metabolic pathways impacting disease pathogenesis of kinetoplastids within the mammalian host. Nutrient availability is a key factor shaping in vivo parasite metabolism; thus, kinetoplastids display significant metabolic flexibility. Proteomic and transcriptomic profiles show that intracellular trypanosomatids are able to switch to an energy-efficient metabolism within the mammalian host system. Host metabolic changes can also favor parasite persistence, and contribute to symptom development, in a location-specific fashion. Ultimately, targeted and untargeted metabolomics studies have been a valuable approach to elucidate the specific biochemical pathways affected by infection within the host, leading to translational drug development and diagnostic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adwaita R Parab
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Laura-Isobel McCall
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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4
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Kamińska-Gibas T, Szczygieł J, Jurecka P, Irnazarow I. The many faces of transferrin: Does genotype modulate immune response? Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 102:511-518. [PMID: 32417431 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the expression of pro-inflammatory and iron metabolism genes were analysed under Trypanoplasma borreli (T. borreli) challenge in common carp. Three transferrin (Tf) genotypic groups: two homozygous - DD, GG, and heterozygous DG were intraperitoneally infected with a dose of 2.16 × 105/100 μL parasites. Organ and blood samples were collected at weekly intervals. During the infection period, mortality and parasitaemia were assessed along with measurements of blood iron concentrations and antibody levels. Expression of Tf, Fer, IRP1 and 2, TfR 1a and 1b, Hep, TNF α1 and α2, and IL-1 β was measured in the peak of parasitaemia and the week preceding the peak. Study revealed, that changes in iron blood level induced by parasite were not correlated with the activities of iron homeostasis genes. Neither iron content nor the specific antibody response correlated with survival. We demonstrate that challenged carp, display three distinct, Tf genotype dependent activity patterns of iron homeostasis genes expression. The expected, "classical" way of up-regulation represented homozygous DD individuals. In contrast, GG individuals demonstrated downward trend, while gene expressions of heterozygous DG carp could be defined as an intermediate. We speculate, whether this phenomenon is related to the transferrin molecule itself or to Tf-genotypes being markers of other factors, that influence the iron homeostasis genes activities. We discussed the role of alarmins in triggering the immune response. Distinct genes activating patterns of homozygous genotypes DD and GG had no consequences in terms of mortality rates caused by T.borreli. The highest mortality was observed in the heterozygous group DG. In conclusion, this study suggest that transferrin variant, but not iron blood concentration, has a significant impact on carp immune response to blood parasite infection. This research sheds a new light on the inflammation process and interaction between a host and invaders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Kamińska-Gibas
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Gołysz, Zaborze, 43-520, Chybie, Poland
| | - Joanna Szczygieł
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Gołysz, Zaborze, 43-520, Chybie, Poland
| | - Patrycja Jurecka
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Gołysz, Zaborze, 43-520, Chybie, Poland
| | - Ilgiz Irnazarow
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Gołysz, Zaborze, 43-520, Chybie, Poland.
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Macleod OJS, Bart JM, MacGregor P, Peacock L, Savill NJ, Hester S, Ravel S, Sunter JD, Trevor C, Rust S, Vaughan TJ, Minter R, Mohammed S, Gibson W, Taylor MC, Higgins MK, Carrington M. A receptor for the complement regulator factor H increases transmission of trypanosomes to tsetse flies. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1326. [PMID: 32165615 PMCID: PMC7067766 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15125-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent pathogens have evolved to avoid elimination by the mammalian immune system including mechanisms to evade complement. Infections with African trypanosomes can persist for years and cause human and animal disease throughout sub-Saharan Africa. It is not known how trypanosomes limit the action of the alternative complement pathway. Here we identify an African trypanosome receptor for mammalian factor H, a negative regulator of the alternative pathway. Structural studies show how the receptor binds ligand, leaving inhibitory domains of factor H free to inactivate complement C3b deposited on the trypanosome surface. Receptor expression is highest in developmental stages transmitted to the tsetse fly vector and those exposed to blood meals in the tsetse gut. Receptor gene deletion reduced tsetse infection, identifying this receptor as a virulence factor for transmission. This demonstrates how a pathogen evolved a molecular mechanism to increase transmission to an insect vector by exploitation of a mammalian complement regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J S Macleod
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Jean-Mathieu Bart
- Intertryp, IRD, Cirad, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Paula MacGregor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Lori Peacock
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UG, UK
| | - Nicholas J Savill
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Svenja Hester
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Sophie Ravel
- Intertryp, IRD, Cirad, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jack D Sunter
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Camilla Trevor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, AstraZeneca R&D, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Steven Rust
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, AstraZeneca R&D, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Tristan J Vaughan
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, AstraZeneca R&D, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Ralph Minter
- Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, AstraZeneca R&D, Granta Park, Cambridge, CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Wendy Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1UG, UK
| | - Martin C Taylor
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Mark Carrington
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK.
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Dieme C, Zmarlak NM, Brito-Fravallo E, Travaillé C, Pain A, Cherrier F, Genève C, Calvo-Alvarez E, Riehle MM, Vernick KD, Rotureau B, Mitri C. Exposure of Anopheles mosquitoes to trypanosomes reduces reproductive fitness and enhances susceptibility to Plasmodium. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008059. [PMID: 32032359 PMCID: PMC7032731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During a blood meal, female Anopheles mosquitoes are potentially exposed to diverse microbes in addition to the malaria parasite, Plasmodium. Human and animal African trypanosomiases are frequently co-endemic with malaria in Africa. It is not known whether exposure of Anopheles to trypanosomes influences their fitness or ability to transmit Plasmodium. Using cell and molecular biology approaches, we found that Trypanosoma brucei brucei parasites survive for at least 48h after infectious blood meal in the midgut of the major malaria vector, Anopheles coluzzii before being cleared. This transient survival of trypanosomes in the midgut is correlated with a dysbiosis, an alteration in the abundance of the enteric bacterial flora in Anopheles coluzzii. Using a developmental biology approach, we found that the presence of live trypanosomes in mosquito midguts also reduces their reproductive fitness, as it impairs the viability of laid eggs by affecting their hatching. Furthermore, we found that Anopheles exposure to trypanosomes enhances their vector competence for Plasmodium, as it increases their infection prevalence. A transcriptomic analysis revealed that expression of only two Anopheles immune genes are modulated during trypanosome exposure and that the increased susceptibility to Plasmodium was microbiome-dependent, while the reproductive fitness cost was dependent only on the presence of live trypanosomes but was microbiome independent. Taken together, these results demonstrate multiple effects upon Anopheles vector competence for Plasmodium caused by eukaryotic microbes interacting with the host and its microbiome, which may in turn have implications for malaria control strategies in co-endemic areas. In nature, females Anopheles mosquitoes that transmit the malaria parasites Plasmodium, take successive blood meals to maximize their offspring. During these blood meals, mosquitoes are exposed to a variety of microbes present in the host blood in addition to Plasmodium, the obligate parasite that causes malaria. The Trypanosoma parasites, causing trypanosomiases, are sympatric with the malaria parasites in numerous African regions, therefore, a single female mosquito could be in contact with both pathogens concurrently or through successive blood meals. In this work, we showed that exposure of females Anopheles mosquitoes to Trypanosoma enhanced their susceptibility to malaria parasites, reduced their reproductive fitness and modulated their bacterial gut flora. While the effect of trypanosomes ingestion on Plasmodium infection is microbiome dependent, the phenotype on the reproductive fitness is microbiome independent. These results highlight the need for considering the effect of eukaryotic microbes on Anopheles biology for malaria control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constentin Dieme
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2000, Paris, France
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Natalia Marta Zmarlak
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2000, Paris, France
- Graduate School of Life Sciences ED515, Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Emma Brito-Fravallo
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2000, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Travaillé
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Pain
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2000, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur–Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub–C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS–Paris, France
| | - Floriane Cherrier
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2000, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Genève
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2000, Paris, France
| | - Estefanía Calvo-Alvarez
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Michelle M. Riehle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D. Vernick
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2000, Paris, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (BR); (CM)
| | - Christian Mitri
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2000, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (BR); (CM)
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Aksoy S. Tsetse peritrophic matrix influences for trypanosome transmission. J Insect Physiol 2019; 118:103919. [PMID: 31425686 PMCID: PMC6853167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies are important vectors of parasitic African trypanosomes, agents of human and animal trypanosomiasis. Easily administrable and effective tools for disease control in the mammalian host are still lacking but reduction of the tsetse vector populations can reduce disease. An alternative approach is to reduce the transmission of trypanosomes in the tsetse vector. The gut peritrophic matrix (PM) has emerged as an important regulator of parasite transmission success in tsetse. Tsetse has a Type II PM that is constitutively produced by cells in the cardia organ. Tsetse PM lines the entire gut and functions as an immunological barrier to prevent the gut epithelia from responding to commensal environmental microbes present in the gut lumen. Tsetse PM also functions as a physical barrier to trypanosome infections that enter into the gut lumen in an infective blood meal. For persistence in the gut, African trypanosomes have developed an adaptive manipulative process to transiently reduce PM efficacy. The process is mediated by mammalian trypanosome surface coat proteins, Variant Surface Glycoproteins (VSGs) which are shed in the gut lumen and taken up by cardia cells. The mechanism of PM reduction involves a tsetse microRNA (miR-275) which acts thru the Wnt signaling pathway. The PM efficacy is once again reduced later in the infection process to enable the gut established parasites to reenter into the gut lumen to colonize the salivary glands, an essential process for transmission. The ability to modulate PM integrity can lead to innovative approaches to reduce disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College St, LEPH 624, New Haven, CT 06520, United States.
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8
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Matetovici I, De Vooght L, Van Den Abbeele J. Innate immunity in the tsetse fly (Glossina), vector of African trypanosomes. Dev Comp Immunol 2019; 98:181-188. [PMID: 31075296 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies (Glossina sp.) are medically and veterinary important vectors of African trypanosomes, protozoan parasites that cause devastating diseases in humans and livestock in sub-Saharan Africa. These flies feed exclusively on vertebrate blood and harbor a limited diversity of obligate and facultative bacterial commensals. They have a well-developed innate immune system that plays a key role in protecting the fly against invading pathogens and in modulating the fly's ability to transmit African trypanosomes. In this review, we briefly summarize our current knowledge on the tsetse fly innate immune system and its interaction with the bacterial commensals and the trypanosome parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Matetovici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Linda De Vooght
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Nationalestraat 155, B-2000, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Kanté ST, Melachio T, Ofon E, Njiokou F, Simo G. Detection of Wolbachia and different trypanosome species in Glossina palpalis palpalis populations from three sleeping sickness foci of southern Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:630. [PMID: 30541614 PMCID: PMC6292098 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3229-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African trypanosomiases are caused by trypanosomes that are cyclically transmitted by tsetse. Investigations aiming to generate knowledge on the bacterial fauna of tsetse have revealed distinct symbiotic microorganisms. Furthermore, studies addressing the tripartite association between trypanosomes-tsetse-symbionts relationship have so far been contradictory. Most studies included Sodalis glossinudius and, consequently, the association involving Wolbachia is poorly understood. Understanding the vectorial competence of tsetse requires decrypting these tripartite associations. In this study, we identified Wolbachia and trypanosomes in Glossina palpalis palpalis from three human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) foci in southern Cameroon. METHODS Tsetse flies were captured with pyramidal traps in the Bipindi, Campo and Fontem HAT foci. After morphological identification, DNA was extracted from whole tsetse flies and Wolbachia and trypanosomes were identified by PCR using different trypanosome-specific primers and two Wolbachia-specific primers (Wolbachia surface protein and 16S rRNA genes). Statistical analyses were performed to compare the trypanosome and Wolbachia infection rates between villages and different foci and to look for an association between these microorganisms. RESULTS From a total of 2122 tsetse flies, 790 G. p. palpalis were analyzed. About 25.32% of flies hosted Wolbachia and 31.84% of non-teneral flies were infected by at least one trypanosome species. There was no significant difference between the global Wolbachia prevalence revealed by the two markers while some differences were observed between HAT foci. From 248 G. p. palpalis with trypanosome infections, 62.90% were with T. vivax, 34.68% with T. congolense forest, 16.13% with T. brucei (s.l.) and 2.42% with T. congolense savannah. Of all trypanosome-infected flies, 29.84% hosted Wolbachia and no association was observed between Wolbachia and trypanosome co-infections. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed differences in the prevalence of Wolbachia and trypanosomes in G. p. palpalis according to HAT foci. The use of only one marker has underestimated the prevalence of Wolbachia, thus more markers in subsequent studies may improve its detection. The presence of Wolbachia seems to have no impact on the establishment of trypanosomes in G. p. palpalis. The tripartite association between tsetse, Wolbachia and trypanosomes varies according to studied areas. Studies aiming to evaluate the genetic polymorphism of Wolbachia and its density in tsetse flies could help to better understand this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sartrien Tagueu Kanté
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit (MPEU), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Trésor Melachio
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Elvis Ofon
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit (MPEU), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gustave Simo
- Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit (MPEU), Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dschang, PO Box 67, Dschang, Cameroon
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Geiger A, Malele I, Abd-Alla AM, Njiokou F. Blood feeding tsetse flies as hosts and vectors of mammals-pre-adapted African Trypanosoma: current and expected research directions. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:162. [PMID: 30470183 PMCID: PMC6251083 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1281-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the zoo-anthropophilic blood feeding tsetse flies' biology conducted, by different teams, in laboratory settings and at the level of the ecosystems- where also co-perpetuate African Trypanosoma- has allowed to unveil and characterize key features of tsetse flies' bacterial symbionts on which rely both (a) the perpetuation of the tsetse fly populations and (b) the completion of the developmental program of the African Trypanosoma. Transcriptomic analyses have already provided much information on tsetse fly genes as well as on genes of the fly symbiotic partners Sodalis glossinidius and Wigglesworthia, which account for the successful onset or not of the African Trypanosoma developmental program. In parallel, identification of the non- symbiotic bacterial communities hosted in the tsetse fly gut has recently been initiated: are briefly introduced those bacteria genera and species common to tsetse flies collected from distinct ecosystems, that could be further studied as potential biologicals preventing the onset of the African Trypanosoma developmental program. Finally, future work will need to concentrate on how to render tsetse flies refractory, and the best means to disseminate them in the field in order to establish an overall refractory fly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Geiger
- INTERTRYP, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Imna Malele
- Vector and Vector Borne Diseases Institute, Majani Mapana, Off Korogwe Road, Box, 1026 Tanga, Tanzania
| | - Adly M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna, Austria
| | - Flobert Njiokou
- Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé I, P.O. Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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Peacock L, Kay C, Bailey M, Gibson W. Shape-shifting trypanosomes: Flagellar shortening followed by asymmetric division in Trypanosoma congolense from the tsetse proventriculus. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007043. [PMID: 29772025 PMCID: PMC5957336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatids such as Leishmania and Trypanosoma are digenetic, single-celled, parasitic flagellates that undergo complex life cycles involving morphological and metabolic changes to fit them for survival in different environments within their mammalian and insect hosts. According to current consensus, asymmetric division enables trypanosomatids to achieve the major morphological rearrangements associated with transition between developmental stages. Contrary to this view, here we show that the African trypanosome Trypanosoma congolense, an important livestock pathogen, undergoes extensive cell remodelling, involving shortening of the cell body and flagellum, during its transition from free-swimming proventricular forms to attached epimastigotes in vitro. Shortening of the flagellum was associated with accumulation of PFR1, a major constituent of the paraflagellar rod, in the mid-region of the flagellum where it was attached to the substrate. However, the PFR1 depot was not essential for attachment, as it accumulated several hours after initial attachment of proventricular trypanosomes. Detergent and CaCl2 treatment failed to dislodge attached parasites, demonstrating the robust nature of flagellar attachment to the substrate; the PFR1 depot was also unaffected by these treatments. Division of the remodelled proventricular trypanosome was asymmetric, producing a small daughter cell. Each mother cell went on to produce at least one more daughter cell, while the daughter trypanosomes also proliferated, eventually resulting in a dense culture of epimastigotes. Here, by observing the synchronous development of the homogeneous population of trypanosomes in the tsetse proventriculus, we have been able to examine the transition from proventricular forms to attached epimastigotes in detail in T. congolense. This transition is difficult to observe in vivo as it happens inside the mouthparts of the tsetse fly. In T. brucei, this transition is achieved by asymmetric division of long trypomastigotes in the proventriculus, yielding short epimastigotes, which go on to colonise the salivary glands. Thus, despite their close evolutionary relationship and shared developmental route within the vector, T. brucei and T. congolense have evolved different ways of accomplishing the same developmental transition from proventricular form to attached epimastigote. Tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes are parasitic protists that cause severe human and livestock diseases in tropical Africa. During their developmental cycle in the tsetse fly, these trypanosomes undergo complex cycles of differentiation and proliferation. Here we have investigated part of the developmental cycle of the major livestock pathogen Trypanosoma congolense as it moves from the fly midgut via the foregut to the mouthparts, where it reacquires infectivity to mammalian hosts. This transition is difficult to observe in vivo because of the small numbers of migratory trypanosomes and their inaccessibility in the fly. However, prior to migration, trypanosomes accumulate in the proventriculus, the valve that separates the foregut from the midgut, and we were able to observe the behaviour of these cells in vitro. On release from the proventriculus, these trypanosomes readily attach to a glass microscope slide and then undergo drastic remodelling to become short, stout cells, before each produces a small daughter cell. Each mother cell goes on to produce at least one further daughter trypanosome in the same way, while the daughter cells also proliferate as attached cells. We assume that these events would normally happen in vivo inside the tsetse proboscis. In T. brucei the equivalent developmental transition takes place in the proventriculus or foregut in free-swimming rather than attached cells, and is achieved via an asymmetric division. Thus, despite their close evolutionary relationship, these two trypanosome species have evolved different ways of accomplishing what is essentially the same developmental transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Peacock
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Kay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mick Bailey
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy Gibson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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12
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Percoma L, Sow A, Pagabeleguem S, Dicko AH, Serdebéogo O, Ouédraogo M, Rayaissé JB, Bouyer J, Belem AMG, Sidibé I. Impact of an integrated control campaign on tsetse populations in Burkina Faso. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:270. [PMID: 29703229 PMCID: PMC5923030 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2609-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse flies are the sole vectors of human and animal trypanosomosis. In Burkina Faso, a project aiming to create zones free of tsetse flies and trypanosomosis was executed from June 2006 to December 2013. After the determination of tsetse distribution in the intervention area from December 2007 to November 2008, the control campaign was launched in November 2009 and ended in December 2013. The goal was to eliminate tsetse flies from 40,000 km2 of area, through an integrated control campaign including insecticide targets, traps and cattle, sequential aerial treatment (SAT) and the mass treatment of livestock using trypanocides. The campaign involved assistance of the beneficiary communities at all the steps of the control strategy with insecticide impregnated targets. METHODS This study was carried out to assess the impact of the control project on tsetse apparent density per trap per day (ADT). To evaluate the effectiveness of tsetse control, 201 sites were selected based on the baseline survey results carried out from December 2007 to November 2008. These sites were monitored bi-monthly from January 2010 to November 2012. At the end-of-study in 2013 a generalized entomological survey was carried out in 401 infested sites found during the longitudinal survey done before the control. Barrier and tsetse persistence areas were treated by ground spraying and evaluated. Controls were also done before and after aerial spraying. RESULTS In the insecticide-impregnated target area, the control showed that ADT of tsetse flies declined from 10.73 (SD 13.27) to 0.43 (SD 2.51) fly/trap/day from the third month of campaign onwards (P < 0.0001) and remained low thereafter. At the end of the campaign in 2013, an 83% reduction of ADT was observed for Glossina palpalis gambiensis and a 92% reduction for G. tachinoides. Tsetse flies were captured only in 29% of the sites found infested in 2008. CONCLUSIONS Tsetse flies could be suppressed efficiently but their elimination from the targeted area may require the use integrated methods including the Sterile Insect Technique, which is programmed through the development of the Pan African Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Eradication Campaign (PATTEC Burkina) insectarium. The challenge will remain the sustainability of the achievement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lassané Percoma
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d’Eradication des Tsé-tsé et Trypanosomoses (IBD-CETT), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, BP 1087 Burkina Faso
| | - Adama Sow
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d’Eradication des Tsé-tsé et Trypanosomoses (IBD-CETT), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, BP 1087 Burkina Faso
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, 01 BP. 454 Burkina Faso
- Ecole Inter-Etats des Sciences et Médecine Vétérinaires (EISMV), Laboratoire d’Endocrinologie et de Radio-Immunologie, BP. 5077 Dakar Fann, Senegal
| | - Soumaïla Pagabeleguem
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d’Eradication des Tsé-tsé et Trypanosomoses (IBD-CETT), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, BP 1087 Burkina Faso
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE CIRAD-INRA « AnimalS, health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems », Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier cedex 05, France
| | - Ahmadou H. Dicko
- Humanitarian Data Exchange (HDX) - humdata.org, OCHA ROWCA regional office. VDN Sacre Coeur III, Villa 9364 BP 16 922, Fann Dakar, Senegal
| | - Oumarou Serdebéogo
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d’Eradication des Tsé-tsé et Trypanosomoses (IBD-CETT), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, BP 1087 Burkina Faso
| | - Mariam Ouédraogo
- Laboratoire Régional d’Elevage de Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, 01 BP 345 Burkina Faso
| | - Jean-Baptiste Rayaissé
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, 01 BP. 454 Burkina Faso
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE CIRAD-INRA « AnimalS, health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems », Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier cedex 05, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Adrien M. G. Belem
- Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Issa Sidibé
- Insectarium de Bobo-Dioulasso – Campagne d’Eradication des Tsé-tsé et Trypanosomoses (IBD-CETT), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, BP 1087 Burkina Faso
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Elevage en Zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, 01 BP. 454 Burkina Faso
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Ebhodaghe F, Billah MK, Adabie-Gomez D, Yahaya A. Morphometric diagnosis of Glossina palpalis (Diptera: Glossinidae) population structure in Ghana. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:778. [PMID: 29284545 PMCID: PMC5746955 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-3113-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify isolated population(s) of Glossina palpalis in Ghana using geometric morphometrics to evaluate variations in wing-shape and size between populations of the fly from three regions. RESULTS Wing shape of G. palpalis tsetse flies from the Northern, Western and Eastern Regions varied significantly between each other. Populations from the Northern and Western Regions varied the most (Mahalanobis Distance = 54.20). The least variation was noticed between populations from the Western and Eastern Regions (MD = 1.99). On morphospace, the Northern population clearly separated from the Eastern and Western populations both of which overlapped. Wing centroid size also significantly varied among populations. Reclassification scores were satisfactory reaching 100% for the Northern population. The Northern population of G. palpalis is possibly isolated from the Western and Eastern Region populations. Meanwhile, a panmictic relationship could be on-going between the Western and Eastern populations. We speculate that geographical distance and subspecific difference between populations are among factors responsible for observed pattern of wing shape variations among the studied populations. The implications of results regarding choice of control strategy and limitations of the study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith Ebhodaghe
- African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science, West-African Sub-Regional Centre, University of Ghana Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Maxwell Kelvin Billah
- African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science, West-African Sub-Regional Centre, University of Ghana Legon, Accra, Ghana
- Department of Animal Biology and Conservation Science, University of Ghana Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Delphina Adabie-Gomez
- African Regional Postgraduate Programme in Insect Science, West-African Sub-Regional Centre, University of Ghana Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Adam Yahaya
- Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis Control Unit/PATTEC, Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Pong-Tamale, Ghana
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Gürtler RE, Fernández MDP, Cecere MC, Cohen JE. Body size and hosts of Triatoma infestans populations affect the size of bloodmeal contents and female fecundity in rural northwestern Argentina. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006097. [PMID: 29211791 PMCID: PMC5734792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Human sleeping quarters (domiciles) and chicken coops are key source habitats of Triatoma infestans—the principal vector of the infection that causes Chagas disease—in rural communities in northern Argentina. Here we investigated the links among individual bug bloodmeal contents (BMC, mg), female fecundity, body length (L, mm), host blood sources and habitats. We tested whether L, habitat and host blood conferred relative fitness advantages using generalized linear mixed-effects models and a multimodel inference approach with model averaging. The data analyzed include 769 late-stage triatomines collected in 120 sites from six habitats in 87 houses in Figueroa, Santiago del Estero, during austral spring. L correlated positively with other body-size surrogates and was modified by habitat type, bug stage and recent feeding. Bugs from chicken coops were significantly larger than pig-corral and kitchen bugs. The best-fitting model of log BMC included habitat, a recent feeding, bug stage, log Lc (mean-centered log L) and all two-way interactions including log Lc. Human- and chicken-fed bugs had significantly larger BMC than bugs fed on other hosts whereas goat-fed bugs ranked last, in consistency with average blood-feeding rates. Fecundity was maximal in chicken-fed bugs from chicken coops, submaximal in human- and pig-fed bugs, and minimal in goat-fed bugs. This study is the first to reveal the allometric effects of body-size surrogates on BMC and female fecundity in a large set of triatomine populations occupying multiple habitats, and discloses the links between body size, microsite temperatures and various fitness components that affect the risks of transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. The few bug species of Triatominae that have become domesticated are the most important vectors of human Trypanosoma cruzi infection, which causes Chagas disease. Evolutionary theory predicts that the fitness of hematophagous species closely adapted to human habitations should increase with feeding on human hosts and insect body length (L). Testing these hypotheses is important for a better understanding of triatomine population dynamics, identifying key productive habitats, modeling parasite transmission and designing innovative vector control strategies. This study is the first to describe the distributions of L and total individual bloodmeal contents (BMC) of triatomines over bug stages and habitats in rural villages where Chagas disease is endemic, and provides a direct link between individual BMC and female fecundity, host-feeding choices and L. L positively and significantly correlated with other body-size surrogates and was modified by habitat and host associations. Feeding on humans was associated with larger BMC and maximal female fecundity in domestic triatomine populations. Human- and chicken-fed bugs had significantly larger BMC than bugs fed on other hosts. Goat-fed bugs ranked last over all habitats, in agreement with other evidence. This study demonstrates that identifiable habitat-host associations provide nearly optimal resources and conditions for T. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo E. Gürtler
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| | - María del Pilar Fernández
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Carla Cecere
- Laboratorio de Eco-Epidemiología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Joel E. Cohen
- Laboratory of Populations, Rockefeller and Columbia Universities, New York, New York, United States of America
- Earth Institute and Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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15
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Dario MA, Lisboa CV, Costa LM, Moratelli R, Nascimento MP, Costa LP, Leite YLR, Llewellyn MS, Xavier SCDC, Roque ALR, Jansen AM. High Trypanosoma spp. diversity is maintained by bats and triatomines in Espírito Santo state, Brazil. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188412. [PMID: 29176770 PMCID: PMC5703495 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to reevaluate the ecology of an area in the Atlantic Forest, southeast Brazil, where Chagas disease (CD) has been found to occur. In a previous study, immediately after the occurrence of a CD case, we did not observe any sylvatic small mammals or dogs with Trypanosoma cruzi cruzi infections, but Triatoma vitticeps presented high T. c. cruzi infection rates. In this study, we investigated bats together with non-volant mammals, dogs, and triatomines to explore other possible T. c. cruzi reservoirs/hosts in the area. Seventy-three non-volant mammals and 186 bats were captured at three sites within the Guarapari municipality, Espírito Santo state. Rio da Prata and Amarelos sites exhibited greater richness in terms of non-volant mammals and bats species, respectively. The marsupial Metachirus nudicaudatus, the rodent Trinomys paratus, and the bats Artibeus lituratus and Carollia perspicillata were the most frequently captured species. As determined by positive hemocultures, only two non-volant mammals were found to be infected by Trypanosoma species: Monodelphis americana, which was infected by T. cascavelli, T. dionisii and Trypanosoma sp., and Callithrix geoffroyi, which was infected by T. minasense. Bats presented T. c. cruzi TcI and TcIII/V, T. c. marinkellei, T. dionisii, T. rangeli B and D, and Trypanosoma sp. infections. Seven dogs were infected with T. cruzi based only on serological exams. The triatomines T. vitticeps and Panstrongylus geniculatus were found to be infected by trypanosomes via microscopy. According to molecular characterization, T. vitticeps specimens were infected with T. c. cruzi TcI, TcII, TcIII/V, and TcIV, T. c. marinkellei and T. dionisii. We observed high trypanosome diversity in a small and fragmented region of the Atlantic Forest. This diversity was primarily maintained by bats and T. vitticeps. Our findings show that the host specificity of the Trypanosoma genus should be thoroughly reviewed. In addition, our data show that CD cases can occur without an enzootic cycle near residential areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augusta Dario
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Varella Lisboa
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciana M. Costa
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Moratelli
- Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Monique Pereira Nascimento
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória/ES, Brazil
| | - Leonora Pires Costa
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória/ES, Brazil
| | - Yuri Luiz Reis Leite
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Centro de Ciências Humanas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória/ES, Brazil
| | - Martin S. Llewellyn
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Rout
- The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Samson O. Obado
- The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Mark C. Field
- Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
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17
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Wheeler RJ. Use of chiral cell shape to ensure highly directional swimming in trypanosomes. PLoS Comput Biol 2017; 13:e1005353. [PMID: 28141804 PMCID: PMC5308837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Swimming cells typically move along a helical path or undergo longitudinal rotation as they swim, arising from chiral asymmetry in hydrodynamic drag or propulsion bending the swimming path into a helix. Helical paths are beneficial for some forms of chemotaxis, but why asymmetric shape is so prevalent when a symmetric shape would also allow highly directional swimming is unclear. Here, I analyse the swimming of the insect life cycle stages of two human parasites; Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania mexicana. This showed quantitatively how chirality in T. brucei cell shape confers highly directional swimming. High speed videomicrographs showed that T. brucei, L. mexicana and a T. brucei RNAi morphology mutant have a range of shape asymmetries, from wild-type T. brucei (highly chiral) to L. mexicana (near-axial symmetry). The chiral cells underwent longitudinal rotation while swimming, with more rapid longitudinal rotation correlating with swimming path directionality. Simulation indicated hydrodynamic drag on the chiral cell shape caused rotation, and the predicted geometry of the resulting swimming path matched the directionality of the observed swimming paths. This simulation of swimming path geometry showed that highly chiral cell shape is a robust mechanism through which microscale swimmers can achieve highly directional swimming at low Reynolds number. It is insensitive to random variation in shape or propulsion (biological noise). Highly symmetric cell shape can give highly directional swimming but is at risk of giving futile circular swimming paths in the presence of biological noise. This suggests the chiral T. brucei cell shape (associated with the lateral attachment of the flagellum) may be an adaptation associated with the bloodstream-inhabiting lifestyle of this parasite for robust highly directional swimming. It also provides a plausible general explanation for why swimming cells tend to have strong asymmetries in cell shape or propulsion. Swimming cells often follow a helical swimming path, however the advantage of helical paths over a simple straight line path is not clear. To analyse this phenomenon, I analysed the swimming of the human parasites Trypanosoma brucei (which causes sleeping sickness/trypanosomiasis) and Leishmania mexicana (which causes leishmaniasis). Using new computational methods to determine the three dimensional shape of swimming cells I showed that T. brucei have a helical shape which causes rotation as the cell swims, and the geometry of the resulting swimming path makes the cell movement highly directional. In contrast, L. mexicana are symmetrical, do not rotate, and their swimming paths are curved and have low directionality. Using a T. brucei mutant I showed that the cell structure responsible for the helical shape while swimming is the flagellum attachment zone. This explains a key function of this structure. Finally, simulations showed the phenomenon of rotation while swimming is a way cells can ensure highly directional swimming along a controlled helical path, overcoming random variation in cell shape or propulsion. This provides a general explanation for why swimming cells are often asymmetric and tend to follow helical paths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard John Wheeler
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Rock KS, Torr SJ, Lumbala C, Keeling MJ. Predicting the Impact of Intervention Strategies for Sleeping Sickness in Two High-Endemicity Health Zones of the Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005162. [PMID: 28056016 PMCID: PMC5215767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Two goals have been set for Gambian human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), the first is to achieve elimination as a public health problem in 90% of foci by 2020, and the second is to achieve zero transmission globally by 2030. It remains unclear if certain HAT hotspots could achieve elimination as a public health problem by 2020 and, of greater concern, it appears that current interventions to control HAT in these areas may not be sufficient to achieve zero transmission by 2030. A mathematical model of disease dynamics was used to assess the potential impact of changing the intervention strategy in two high-endemicity health zones of Kwilu province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Six key strategies and twelve variations were considered which covered a range of recruitment strategies for screening and vector control. It was found that effectiveness of HAT screening could be improved by increasing effort to recruit high-risk groups for screening. Furthermore, seven proposed strategies which included vector control were predicted to be sufficient to achieve an incidence of less than 1 reported case per 10,000 people by 2020 in the study region. All vector control strategies simulated reduced transmission enough to meet the 2030 goal, even if vector control was only moderately effective (60% tsetse population reduction). At this level of control the full elimination threshold was expected to be met within six years following the start of the change in strategy and over 6000 additional cases would be averted between 2017 and 2030 compared to current screening alone. It is recommended that a two-pronged strategy including both enhanced active screening and tsetse control is implemented in this region and in other persistent HAT foci to ensure the success of the control programme and meet the 2030 elimination goal for HAT. Gambian sleeping sickness is a tsetse-transmitted disease which, without treatment, usually results in death. Unfortunately no medical prophylaxis exists to prevent infection in humans but curative medicines and vector control options are available. Recently there has been a push to reduce disease burden and a target incidence of 1 reported case per 10,000 people per year is hoped to be achieved in 90% of regions by 2020. Subsequently there is a goal of zero transmission by 2030. Using mathematical modelling, we assessed how different intervention strategies such as improving screening and treatment or introducing vector control can help in achieving these goals in a high endemicity setting. Following model simulation, we predict that improving current screening can reduce the time taken until the elimination targets are met. However it is very unlikely that the reported case target will by achieved by 2020 without additional vector control. We found that vector control has great potential to reduce transmission and, even if it is less effective at reducing tsetse numbers as in other regions, the full elimination goal could still be achieved by 2030. We recommend that control programmes use a combined medical and vector control strategy to help combat sleeping sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kat S. Rock
- Warwick Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (WIDER), The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- * E-mail:
| | - Steve J. Torr
- Warwick Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (WIDER), The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Crispin Lumbala
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Matt J. Keeling
- Warwick Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (WIDER), The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Mathematics Institute, The University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hashimi
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Alena Zíková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Czech Republic
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
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20
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Frolov AO, Malysheva MN, Kostygov AY. [TRANSFORMATIONS OF LIFE CYCLES IN THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF TRYPANOSOMATIDS. ENDOTRANSFORMATIONS AND ABERRATIONS]. Parazitologiia 2016; 50:97-113. [PMID: 28777525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Endotransformations and aberrations of the life cycle in the evolutionary history of trypanosomatids (Kinetoplastea: Trypanosomatidae) are analyzed. We treat the term "endotransformations" as evolutionarily fixed changes of phases and/or developmental stages of parasites. By contrast, we treat aberrations as evolutionary unstable, periodically arising deformations of developmental phases of trypanosomatids, never leading to life cycle changes. Various examples of life cycle endotransformations and aberrations in representatives of the family Trypanosomatidae are discussed.
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Kovacevic N, Belosevic M. Molecular and functional characterization of goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) Serum Amyloid A. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2015; 47:942-953. [PMID: 26523984 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative expression analysis of goldfish SAA revealed the highest mRNA levels in the kidney, spleen and intestine with lower mRNA levels in muscle and liver. Goldfish SAA was differentially expressed in goldfish immune cells with highest mRNA levels observed in neutrophils. To functionally assess goldfish SAA, recombinant protein (rgSAA) was generated by prokaryotic expression and functionally characterized. Monocytes and macrophages treated with rgSAA exhibited differential gene expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. rgSAA induced gene expression of both pro-inflammatory (TNFα1, TNFα2) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGFβ) in monocytes. rgSAA induced IL-1β1 and SAA gene expression in macrophages. rgSAA was chemotactic to macrophages and neutrophils, but not monocytes. rgSAA did not affect respiratory burst induced by heat-killed Aeromonas salmonicida. rgSAA treatment of macrophages down-regulated their production of nitric oxide. rgSAA exhibited antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli in a concentration dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina Kovacevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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22
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Marliére NP, Latorre-Estivalis JM, Lorenzo MG, Carrasco D, Alves-Silva J, Rodrigues JDO, Ferreira LDL, Lara LDM, Lowenberger C, Guarneri AA. Trypanosomes Modify the Behavior of Their Insect Hosts: Effects on Locomotion and on the Expression of a Related Gene. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003973. [PMID: 26291723 PMCID: PMC4546274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background As a result of evolution, the biology of triatomines must have been significantly adapted to accommodate trypanosome infection in a complex network of vector-vertebrate-parasite interactions. Arthropod-borne parasites have probably developed mechanisms, largely still unknown, to exploit the vector-vertebrate host interactions to ensure their transmission to suitable hosts. Triatomines exhibit a strong negative phototaxis and nocturnal activity, believed to be important for insect survival against its predators. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study we quantified phototaxis and locomotion in starved fifth instar nymphs of Rhodnius prolixus infected with Trypanosoma cruzi or Trypanosoma rangeli. T. cruzi infection did not alter insect phototaxis, but induced an overall 20% decrease in the number of bug locomotory events. Furthermore, the significant differences induced by this parasite were concentrated at the beginning of the scotophase. Conversely, T. rangeli modified both behaviors, as it significantly decreased bug negative phototaxis, while it induced a 23% increase in the number of locomotory events in infected bugs. In this case, the significant effects were observed during the photophase. We also investigated the expression of Rpfor, the triatomine ortholog of the foraging gene known to modulate locomotion in other insects, and found a 4.8 fold increase for T. rangeli infected insects. Conclusions/Significance We demonstrated for the first time that trypanosome infection modulates the locomotory activity of the invertebrate host. T. rangeli infection seems to be more broadly effective, as besides affecting the intensity of locomotion this parasite also diminished negative phototaxis and the expression of a behavior-associated gene in the triatomine vector. The control of Chagas disease, an infection that affects ca. 8 million people in Latin America, is mostly based on vector control activities. Understanding vector biology and how these insects interact with their environment, hosts and pathogens is crucial to improve vector control strategies. The behavior of triatomines has been largely studied, yet few reports have focused on the behavioral effects of the interaction that these insects endure with their natural parasites. Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli are two protozoan parasites found naturally infecting Rhodnius species. In this study, we showed for the first time that the locomotory activity of Rhodnius prolixus, a relevant vector of Chagas disease, is affected by trypanosome infection. T. cruzi was found to decrease bug locomotory activity during night hours, while T. rangeli promoted a generally increased insect locomotion. In addition, we searched for the R. prolixus orthologue (Rpfor) of a gene associated with the modulation of insect activity (foraging gene) and found that Rpfor expression was also affected by trypanosome infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Newmar Pinto Marliére
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Gustavo Lorenzo
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - David Carrasco
- Chemical Ecology Group, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Juliana Alves-Silva
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Luisa de Melo Lara
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carl Lowenberger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alessandra Aparecida Guarneri
- Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Avenida Augusto de Lima, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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23
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Svobodová M, Weidinger K, Peške L, Volf P, Votýpka J, Voříšek P. Trypanosomes and haemosporidia in the buzzard (Buteo buteo) and sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus): factors affecting the prevalence of parasites. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:551-60. [PMID: 25403377 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The prevalences of heteroxenous parasites are influenced by the interplay of three main actors: hosts, vectors, and the parasites themselves. We studied blood protists in the nesting populations of raptors in two different areas of the Czech Republic. Altogether, 788 nestlings and 258 adult Eurasian sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus) and 321 nestlings and 86 adult common buzzards (Buteo buteo) were screened for parasites by the microscopic examination of blood smears and by cultivation. We examined the role of shared vectors and parasite phylogenetic relationships on the occurrence of parasites. In different years and hosts, trypanosome prevalence ranged between 1.9 and 87.2 %, that of Leucocytozoon between 1.9 and 100 %, and Haemoproteus between 0 and 72.7 %. Coinfections with Leucocytozoon and Trypanosoma, phylogenetically distant parasites but both transmitted by blackflies (Simuliidae), were more frequent than coinfections with Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus, phylogenetically closely related parasites transmitted by different vectors (blackflies and biting midges (Ceratopogonidae), respectively). For example, 16.6 % buzzard nestlings were coinfected with Trypanosoma and Leucocytozoon, while only 4.8 % with Leucocytozoon and Haemoproteus and 0.3 % with Trypanosoma and Haemoproteus. Nestlings in the same nest tended to have the same infection status. Furthermore, prevalence increased with the age of nestlings and with Julian date, while brood size had only a weak negative/positive effect on prevalence at the individual/brood level. Prevalences in a particular avian host species also varied between study sites and years. All these factors should thus be considered while comparing prevalences from different studies, the impact of vectors being the most important. We conclude that phylogenetically unrelated parasites that share the same vectors tend to have similar distributions within the host populations of two different raptor species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Svobodová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic,
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Abstract
Tsetse flies are the sole vectors of human African trypanosomiasis throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Both sexes of adult tsetse feed exclusively on blood and contribute to disease transmission. Notable differences between tsetse and other disease vectors include obligate microbial symbioses, viviparous reproduction, and lactation. Here, we describe the sequence and annotation of the 366-megabase Glossina morsitans morsitans genome. Analysis of the genome and the 12,308 predicted protein-encoding genes led to multiple discoveries, including chromosomal integrations of bacterial (Wolbachia) genome sequences, a family of lactation-specific proteins, reduced complement of host pathogen recognition proteins, and reduced olfaction/chemosensory associated genes. These genome data provide a foundation for research into trypanosomiasis prevention and yield important insights with broad implications for multiple aspects of tsetse biology.
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25
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Wamwiri FN, Ndungu K, Thande PC, Thungu DK, Auma JE, Ngure RM. Infection with the secondary tsetse-endosymbiont Sodalis glossinidius (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae) influences parasitism in Glossina pallidipes (Diptera: Glossinidae). J Insect Sci 2014; 14:ieu134. [PMID: 25527583 PMCID: PMC5657924 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieu134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of infection with three Trypanosoma spp (Gruby) (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), specifically Trypanosoma brucei brucei (Plimmer and Bradford), T. b. rhodesiense (Stephen and Fatham) and T. congolense (Broden) was evaluated in Glossina pallidipes (Austen) (Diptera: Glossinidae) that either harbored or were uninfected by the endosymbiont Sodalis glossinidius (Dale and Maudlin) (Enterobacteriales: Enterobacteriaceae). Temporal variation of co-infection with T. b. rhodesiense and S. glossinidius was also assessed. The results show that both S. glossinidius infection (χ(2)= 1.134, df = 2, P = 0.567) and trypanosome infection rate (χ(2)= 1.85, df = 2, P = 0.397) were comparable across the three infection groups. A significant association was observed between the presence of S. glossinidius and concurrent trypanosome infection with T. b. rhodesiense (P = 0.0009) and T. congolense (P = 0.0074) but not with T. b. brucei (P = 0.5491). The time-series experiment revealed a slight decrease in the incidence of S. glossinidius infection with increasing fly age, which may infer a fitness cost associated with Sodalis infection. The present findings contribute to research on the feasibility of S. glossinidius-based paratransgenic approaches in tsetse and trypanosomiasis control, in particular relating to G. pallidipes control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence N Wamwiri
- KARI - Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, PO Box 362, 00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Kariuki Ndungu
- KARI - Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, PO Box 362, 00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Paul C Thande
- KARI - Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, PO Box 362, 00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Daniel K Thungu
- KARI - Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, PO Box 362, 00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Joanna E Auma
- KARI - Trypanosomiasis Research Institute, PO Box 362, 00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Raphael M Ngure
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Egerton University, PO Box 536, 20115 Njoro, Kenya
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26
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Abstract
Leishmania and Trypanosoma belong to the Trypanosomatidae family and cause important human infections such as leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and sleeping sickness. Leishmaniasis, caused by protozoa belonging to Leishmania, affects about 12 million people worldwide and can present different clinical manifestations, i.e., visceral leishmaniasis (VL), cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL), diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL), and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL). Chagas disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and is mainly prevalent in Latin America but is increasingly occurring in the United States, Canada, and Europe. Sleeping sickness or human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), caused by two sub-species of Trypanosoma brucei (i.e., T. b. rhodesiense and T. b. gambiense), occurs only in sub-Saharan Africa countries. These pathogenic trypanosomatids alternate between invertebrate and vertebrate hosts throughout their lifecycles, and different developmental stages can live inside the host cells and circulate in the bloodstream or in the insect gut. Trypanosomatids have a classical eukaryotic ultrastructural organization with some of the same main organelles found in mammalian host cells, while also containing special structures and organelles that are absent in other eukaryotic organisms. For example, the mitochondrion is ramified and contains a region known as the kinetoplast, which houses the mitochondrial DNA. Also, the glycosomes are specialized peroxisomes containing glycolytic pathway enzymes. Moreover, a layer of subpellicular microtubules confers mechanic rigidity to the cell. Some of these structures have been investigated to determine their function and identify potential enzymes and metabolic pathways that may constitute targets for new chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliany Cola Fernandes Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
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Abbeele JVD, Rotureau B. New insights in the interactions between African trypanosomes and tsetse flies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:63. [PMID: 24137569 PMCID: PMC3797390 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Group ParasitologyAntwerpen, Belgium
- Laboratory of Zoophysiology, Department of Physiology, University of GhentGhent, Belgium
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS URA 2581Paris, France
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28
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Hoppenheit A, Bauer B, Steuber S, Terhalle W, Diall O, Zessin KH, Clausen PH. Multiple host feeding in Glossina palpalis gambiensis and Glossina tachinoides in southeast Mali. Med Vet Entomol 2013; 27:222-225. [PMID: 23002954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2012.01046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Changes in agricultural practices and the resulting extinction of wildlife have led to the reduction or disappearance of savannah tsetse species. Riparian tsetse such as Glossina palpalis gambiensis Vanderplank 1949 and Glossina tachinoides Westwood 1850 (Diptera: Glossinidae) continue to persist in peridomestic sites, transmitting trypanosomiasis. At present, little is known about interspecies differences in feeding behaviour in these two species in southeast Mali, or of the phenomenon of multiple bloodmeals. To study these topics, 279 samples of G. p. gambiensis and G. tachinoides containing host DNA, caught in the Sikasso region between November 2008 and April 2009, were analysed by applying host species-specific primers and sequencing. Human accounted for > 66% of G. p. gambiensis bloodmeals, whereas G. tachinoides contained in equal parts DNA of human, cattle or both, showing a significantly higher proportion of multiple host use. Further, the trypanosome infection rate was found to be three-fold higher in G. tachinoides. Logistic regression analysis revealed double-feeding and infection to be independent of one another, but showed infection to be correlated with engorgement in G. p. gambiensis and female sex in G. tachinoides. Enhanced host-seeking activities paired with the high trypanosome infection rate found in G. tachinoides would indicate that this species has a higher vectorial capacity than G. p. gambiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hoppenheit
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Hagen MO, Garcia-Garcia E, Oladiran A, Karpman M, Mitchell S, El-Din MG, Martin JW, Belosevic M. The acute and sub-chronic exposures of goldfish to naphthenic acids induce different host defense responses. Aquat Toxicol 2012; 109:143-149. [PMID: 22227375 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are believed to be the major toxic component in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) produced by the oil sands mining industry in Northern Alberta, Canada. We recently reported that oral exposure to NAs alters mammalian immune responses, but the effect of OSPW or NAs on the immune mechanisms of aquatic organisms has not been fully elucidated. We analyzed the effects of acute and sub-chronic NAs exposures on goldfish immune responses by measuring the expression of three pro-inflammatory cytokine genes, antimicrobial functions of macrophages, and host defense after challenge with a protozoan pathogen (Trypanosoma carassii). One week after NAs exposure, fish exhibited increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFNγ, IL-1β1, TNF-α2) in the gills, kidney and spleen. Primary macrophages from fish exposed to NAs for one week, exhibited increased production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen intermediates. Goldfish exposed for one week to 20 mg/L NAs were more resistant to infection by T. carassii. In contrast, sub-chronic exposure of goldfish (12 weeks) to NAs resulted in decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the gills, kidney and spleen. The sub-chronic exposure to NAs reduced the ability of goldfish to control the T. carassii infection, exemplified by a drastic increase in fish mortality and increased blood parasite loads. This is the first report analyzing the effects of OSPW contaminants on the immune system of aquatic vertebrates. We believe that the bioassays depicted in this work will be valuable tools for analyzing the efficacy of OSPW remediation techniques and assessment of diverse environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel O Hagen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
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30
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Oladiran A, Beauparlant D, Belosevic M. The expression analysis of inflammatory and antimicrobial genes in the goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) infected with Trypanosoma carassii. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2011; 31:606-613. [PMID: 21782951 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report results of a comprehensive analysis of inflammatory gene expression during the course of infection of Trypanosoma carassii in the goldfish. We observed significant increases in mRNA levels of genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNFα1 and TNFα2; IL-1β-1 and IL-1β-2; IL-12-p35 and IL-12-p40; CCL1; CXCL8, anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGFβ and iNOS A and iNOS B, using quantitative PCR. Expression levels and profiles of these cytokines and iNOS isoforms varied in the different tissues (kidney, spleen, liver) of goldfish during the course of T. carassii infection. The expression of majority of genes that encode pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were up-regulated during the acute phase of infection (days 7-21 post-infection). The mRNA levels of these cytokines returned to normal levels or were down-regulated during the elimination phase of infection (days 28-56), with exception of IL-10 in the spleen and liver of infected fish. A parallel up-regulation of IFN-γ and IL-10 mRNA levels were observed in all tissues of infected fish during the acute phase of the infection. The expression of iNOS genes (iNOS A and B) was significantly delayed (day 14 pi) in the kidney, liver and spleen of infected fish. These results provide insights into the interaction between T. carassii and goldfish, and suggest that Th1/Th2-like responses may be important for controlling T. carassii infection in the goldfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoola Oladiran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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31
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Habila N, Inuwa MH, Aimola IA, Udeh MU, Haruna E. Pathogenic mechanisms of Trypanosoma evansi infections. Res Vet Sci 2011; 93:13-7. [PMID: 21940025 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Insect-borne diseases exact a high public health burden and have a devastating impact on livestock and agriculture. To date, control has proved to be exceedingly difficult. One such disease that has plagued sub-Saharan Africa is caused by the protozoan African trypanosomes (Trypanosoma species) and transmitted by tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae). This presentation describes Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) which causes the disease known as trypanosomosis (Surra) or trypanosomiasis in which several attempts have being made to unravel the clinical pathogenic mechanisms in T. evansi infections, yielding various reports which have implicated hemolysis associated to decrease in life span of erythrocytes and extensive erythrophagocytosis being among those that enjoy prominence. T. evansi generates Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) from glucose catabolism which is required for the parasite motility and survival. Oxidation of the erythrocytes induces oxidative stress due to free radical generation. Lipid peroxidation of the erythrocytes causes membrane injury, osmotic fragility and destruction of the red blood cell (RBC) making anemia a hallmark of the pathology of T. evansi infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Habila
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810001, Nigeria.
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32
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Paris Z, Hashimi H, Lun S, Alfonzo JD, Lukeš J. Futile import of tRNAs and proteins into the mitochondrion of Trypanosoma brucei evansi. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2011; 176:116-20. [PMID: 21195112 PMCID: PMC3042029 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei brucei has two distinct developmental stages, the procyclic stage in the insect and the bloodstream stage in the mammalian host. The significance of each developmental stage is punctuated by specific changes in metabolism. In the insect, T. b. brucei is strictly dependent on mitochondrial function and thus respiration to generate the bulk of its ATP, whereas in the mammalian host it relies heavily on glycolysis. These observations have raised questions about the importance of mitochondrial function in the bloodstream stage. Peculiarly, akinetoplastic strains of Trypanosoma brucei evansi that lack mitochondrial DNA do exist in the wild and are developmentally locked in the glycolysis-dependent bloodstream stage. Using RNAi we show that two mitochondrion-imported proteins, mitochondrial RNA polymerase and guide RNA associated protein 1, are still imported into the nucleic acids-lacking organelle of T. b. evansi, making the need for these proteins futile. We also show that, like in the T. b. brucei procyclic stage, the mitochondria of both bloodstream stage of T. b. brucei and T. b. evansi import various tRNAs, including those that undergo thiolation. However, we were unable to detect mitochondrial thiolation in the akinetoplastic organelle. Taken together, these data suggest a lack of connection between nuclear and mitochondrial communication in strains of T. b. evansi that lost mitochondrial genome and that do not required an insect vector for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenĕk Paris
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Hassan Hashimi
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Sijia Lun
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Juan D. Alfonzo
- Department of Microbiology and OSU Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210 Ohio, USA
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
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Abstract
The section of habitat used by particular bloodsucking insects when seeking bloodmeals may influence the spectrum of hosts to which they have access and consequently the diseases they transmit. The vertical distribution of ornithophilic bloodsucking Diptera (Culicidae, Simuliidae and Ceratopogonidae) was studied using bird-baited traps set at both ground and tree canopy levels. In total, 1240 mosquito females of eight species, 1201 biting midge females of 11 species, and 218 blackfly females of two species were captured during 2003-2005. Culex pipiens (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) was found to prefer ground-level habitats, whereas Anopheles plumbeus (Stephens) (Diptera: Culicidae), biting midges [Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)] and Eusimulium angustipes (Edwards) (Diptera: Simuliidae) preferred the canopy. The results of this study with regard to Cx. pipiens behaviour differ from those of most previous studies and may indicate different spatial feeding preferences in geographically separate populations. The occurrence of E. angustipes in the canopy is concordant with its role in the transmission of avian trypanosomes. These findings may be important for surveillance programmes focusing on ornithophilic Diptera which transmit various pathogenic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Cerný
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Schnaufer A. Evolution of dyskinetoplastic trypanosomes: how, and how often? Trends Parasitol 2011; 26:557-8. [PMID: 20801716 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2010.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Attademo AM, Cabagna-Zenklusen M, Lajmanovich RC, Peltzer PM, Junges C, Bassó A. B-esterase activities and blood cell morphology in the frog Leptodactylus chaquensis (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) on rice agroecosystems from Santa Fe Province (Argentina). Ecotoxicology 2011; 20:274-282. [PMID: 21113795 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-010-0579-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Activity of B-esterases (BChE: butyrylcholinesterase and CbE: carboxylesterase using two model substrates: α-naphthyl acetate and 4-nitrophenyl valerate) in a native frog, Leptodactylus chaquensis from rice fields (RF1: methamidophos and RF2: cypermethrin and endosulfan sprayed by aircraft) and non-contaminated area (pristine forest) was measured. The ability of pyridine-2-aldoxime methochloride (2-PAM) to reactivate BChE levels was also explored. In addition, changes in blood cell morphology and parasite infection were determined. Mean values of plasma BChE activities were lower in samples from the two rice fields than in those from the reference site. CbE (4-nitrophenyl valerate) levels varied in the three sites studied, being highest in RF1. Frog plasma from RF1 showed positive reactivation of BChE activity after incubation with 2-PAM. Blood parameters of frogs from RF2 revealed morphological alterations (anisochromasia and immature erythrocytes frequency). Moreover, a major infection of protozoan Trypanosoma sp. in individuals from the two rice fields was detected. We suggest that integrated use of several biomarkers (BChE and CBEs, chemical reactivation of plasma with 2-PAM, and blood cell parameters) may be a promising procedure for use in biomonitoring programmes to diagnose pesticide exposure of wild populations of this frog and other native anuran species in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés M Attademo
- Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Faculty of Biochemistry and Biological Sciences (ESS-FBCB-UNL), Pje. El Pozo S/N., 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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Kipper M, Da Silva AS, Oliveira CB, Andretta I, Paim FC, da Silva CB, Leon R, Corrêa K, Stainki DR, Lopes STA, Monteiro SG. Relationship between splenic sequestration and thrombocytopenia in Trypanosoma evansi infection in rats. Res Vet Sci 2010; 91:240-2. [PMID: 21185577 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi infections in domestic animals are characterized by anemia and thrombocytopenia. The cause of the platelets decrease is unknown, but researchers suggest that thrombocytopenia may result from damage of the bone marrow, reduced survival of platelets, auto-immune thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation and splenic sequestration. Some of these causes have already been tested by our research group and found to be unrelated. Therefore, this study has the objective of testing the hypothesis that splenic sequestration might be responsible for thrombocytopenia in T. evansi-infected rats. A total of 28 rats assigned to four groups were used in the experiment. Group A rats were splenectomized and infected with T. evansi, group B rats were infected with T. evansi, group C rats were splenectomized, but not infected and group D rats were normal controls. Five days post-infection all rats were anesthetized and blood was collected in order to measure the number of circulating platelets, fibrinogen levels, prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). The spleens of groups B and D were weighed at necropsy. The infected animals (groups A and B) showed a significant reduction in platelets and increased PT and aPTT when compared to negative control groups (groups C and D). Animals from group A showed increased levels of fibrinogen. The mean weight of spleen differed between group B (2.62g) and group D (0.55g). It was concluded that there is no relationship between thrombocytopenia and splenic sequestration in infection by T. evansi.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kipper
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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37
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Holzgrabe U. [Trypanosomes in focus]. Pharm Unserer Zeit 2010; 39:261-262. [PMID: 20589793 DOI: 10.1002/pauz.201090051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Damasceno JD, Beverley SM, Tosi LRO. A transposon toolkit for gene transfer and mutagenesis in protozoan parasites. Genetica 2009; 138:301-11. [PMID: 19763844 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-009-9406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites affect millions of people around the world. Treatment and control of these diseases are complicated partly due to the intricate biology of these organisms. The interactions of species of Plasmodium, Leishmania and trypanosomes with their hosts are mediated by an unusual control of gene expression that is not fully understood. The availability of the genome sequence of these protozoa sets the stage for using more comprehensive, genome-wide strategies to study gene function. Transposons are effective tools for the systematic introduction of genetic alterations and different transposition systems have been adapted to study gene function in these human pathogens. A mariner transposon toolkit for use in vivo or in vitro in Leishmania parasites has been developed and can be used in a variety of applications. These modified mariner elements not only permit the inactivation of genes, but also mediate the rescue of translational gene fusions, bringing a major contribution to the investigation of Leishmania gene function. The piggyBac and Tn5 transposons have also been shown to mobilize across Plasmodium spp. genomes circumventing the current limitations in the genetic manipulation of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeziel D Damasceno
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Reverse genetic studies based on RNA interference (RNAi) have revolutionized analysis of gene function in most insects. However the necessity of injecting double stranded RNA (dsRNA) inevitably compromises many investigations particularly those on immunity. Additionally, injection of tsetse flies often causes significant mortality. We demonstrate, at transcript and protein level, that delivering dsRNA in the bloodmeal to Glossina morsitans morsitans is as effective as injection in knockdown of the immunoresponsive midgut-expressed gene TsetseEP. However, feeding dsRNA fails to knockdown the fat body expressed transferrin gene, 2A192, previously shown to be silenced by dsRNA injection. Mortality rates of the dsRNA fed flies were significantly reduced compared to injected flies 14 days after treatment (Fed: 10.1%+/- 1.8%; injected: 37.9% +/- 3.6% (Mean +/- SEM)). This is the first demonstration in Diptera of gene knockdown by feeding and the first example of knockdown in a blood-sucking insect by including dsRNA in the bloodmeal.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Walshe
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L3 5QA
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Figueiredo MB, Genta FA, Garcia ES, Azambuja P. Lipid mediators and vector infection: Trypanosoma rangeli inhibits Rhodnius prolixus hemocyte phagocytosis by modulation of phospholipase A2 and PAF-acetylhydrolase activities. J Insect Physiol 2008; 54:1528-1537. [PMID: 18835273 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2008.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 08/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work we investigated the effects of Trypanosoma rangeli infection through a blood meal on the hemocyte phagocytosis in experiments using the 5th instar larvae of Rhodnius prolixus. Hemocyte phagocytic activity was strongly blocked by oral infection with the parasites. In contrast, hemocyte phagocytosis inhibition caused by T. rangeli infection was rescued by exogenous arachidonic acid (20 microg/insect) or platelet activating factor (PAF; 1 microg/insect) applied by hemocelic injection. Following the oral infection with the protozoan we observed significant attenuation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activities in R. prolixus hemocytes (cytosolic PLA2: cPLA2, secreted PLA2: sPLA2 and Ca+2-independent PLA2: iPLA2) and enhancement of sPLA2 activities in cell-free hemolymph. At the same time, the PAF-acetyl hydrolase (PAF-AH) activity in the cell-free hemolymph increased considerably. Our results suggest that T. rangeli infection depresses eicosanoid and insect PAF analogous (iPAF) pathways giving support to the role of PLA2 in the regulation of arachidonic acid and iPAF biosynthesis and of PAF-AH by reducing the concentration of iPAF in R. prolixus. This illustrates the ability of T. rangeli to modulate the immune responses of R. prolixus to favor its own multiplication in the hemolymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela B Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia de Insetos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Rio de Janeiro 21045-900, RJ, Brazil
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Opinel A. Reconstructing an epistemological itinerary: environmental theories of variation in Roubaud's experiments on Glossina flies and Anopheles, 1900-1938. Parassitologia 2008; 50:255-265. [PMID: 20055235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper addresses the theories and debates concerning the influence of environment on vectors and species variation. In particular, it focuses on theories about how climate and domesticated animals affected vectors that transmitted sleeping sickness and malaria. Emile Roubaud (1882-1962), a Pasteurian entomologist, worked on the adaptation and variation of Glossina fly races in order to elaborate environmental interventions for sleeping sickness campaigns in Africa. He then developed the theory concerning Glossina flies' biting preferences for livestock, and the implications of such preferences for human protection against sleeping sickness transmission. Subsequently, he extended this theory about insect biting preferences to malaria in Europe. He thus used one disease model, the sleeping sickness complex, and extended it to another, the malaria complex. He subsequently became interested into zoophilic races of Anopheles maculipennis and advocated the hypothesis that the zoophilic Anophelines' maxillary index was a decisive feature in malaria transmission, for it could help preventing humans from the bite of the Anopheles vector. The paper also analyzes how these theories were received and debated at the time of their publication in scientific journals and proceedings.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Opinel
- Centre de recherches historiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Thomas ME, Rasweiler Iv JJ, D'Alessandro A. Experimental transmission of the parasitic flagellates Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli between triatomine bugs or mice and captive neotropical bats. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 102:559-65. [PMID: 17710299 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762007005000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli-like trypanosomes have been found in a variety of neotropical bat species. In this study, bats (Artibeus lituratus, Carollia perspicillata, Desmodus rotundus, Glossophaga soricina, Molossus molossus, Phyllostomus hastatus) were maintained under controlled conditions, and experiments were conducted to determine how they might become infected naturally with trypanosomes. All bats were first screened for existing infections by hemoculture and the examination of blood smears, and only apparently uninfected animals were then used in the experiments. Proof was obtained that the triatomine bug Rhodnius prolixus would readily feed upon some of the bats, and two species became infected after being bitten by bugs infected with T. rangeli. Some bats also became infected by ingesting R. prolixus carrying T. cruzi, or following subcutaneous or intragastic inoculation with fecal suspensions of R. prolixus containing T. cruzi. P. hastatus became infected after ingesting mice carrying T. cruzi. All of the bats studied inhabit roosts that may be occupied by triatomine bugs and, with the exception of D. rotundus, all also feed to at least some extent upon insects. These findings provide further evidence of how bats may play significant roles in the epidemiology of T. cruzi and T. rangeli in the New World tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice E Thomas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Downstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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Abstract
Trypanosomes evade antibody-mediated lysis via antigenic variation and rapid antibody removal from their cell surface. Recently, in Cell, Engstler et al. (2007) have discovered the mechanism for antibody clearance. Hydrodynamic forces generated by trypanosome swimming create a current, causing surface-bound antibodies to act as "molecular sails." Consequently, they are swept to the cell posterior, internalized via the flagellar-pocket, and degraded. Hydrodynamic sorting is a novel biological process, possibly applicable in other contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Dean
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, University of Edinburgh, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
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Callejas S, Melville S. Comparative genomics and drug discovery in trypanosomatids. SEB Exp Biol Ser 2007; 58:1-24. [PMID: 17608235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
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46
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Vallejo GA, Guhl F, Carranza JC, Triana O, Pérez G, Ortiz PA, Marín DH, Villa LM, Suárez J, Sánchez IP, Pulido X, Rodríguez IB, Lozano LE, Urrea DA, Rivera FA, Cuba-Cuba C, Clavijo JA. [Trypanosoma rangeli parasite-vector-vertebrate interactions and their relationship to the systematics and epidemiology of American trypanosomiasis]. Biomedica 2007; 27 Suppl 1:110-118. [PMID: 18154251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Trypanosoma rangeli is a species of trypanosome second to T. cruzi, that is infective to humans in Latin America. Variability in the biological, biochemical and molecular characteristics between different isolates isolates of this parasite have been recorded. OBJECTIVE Morphological and molecular characteristics were recorded from strains of T. rangeli that were isolated from different species of Rhodnius and maintained in different vertebrate species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nineteen strains of T. rangeli were isolated from R. prolixus, R. pallescens and R. colombiensis in Colombia, R. ecuadoriensis in Peru and R. pallescens in Panama. Polymorphism of blood trypomastigotes in ICR mice was evaluated and pleomorphism of P53 strain of T. rangeli KP1(-) inoculated in mouse, marsupial and canine was studied. RAPD analysis (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis) of 12 strains isolated from four species of Rhodnius was performed. RESULT Based on the total length of blood trypomastigotes, three discrete groups were observed. The P53 strain showed significant differences in the size of blood trypomastigotes in mouse, marsupial and canine. RAPD analysis showed that the strains segregated into two branches corresponding to strains of T. rangeli KP1(+) and T. rangeli KP1(-). All strains of T. rangeli KP1(-) clustered according to the species of Rhodnius from which they were isolated. CONCLUSION These data reveal, for the first time, a close association amongst T. rangeli strains and Rhodnius species, confirming that each species of Rhodnius transmits to vertebrate hosts a parasite population with clear phenotypic and genotypic differences. This is further evidence that supports the concept of clonal evolution of these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Adolfo Vallejo
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones en Parasitología Tropical, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué, Colombia.
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Pelloux H, Aznar C, Bouteille B. [Trypanosomiases]. Rev Prat 2006; 56:2209-16. [PMID: 17352316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosomiases are imported and rare parasitosis on the French metropolitan territory. They are re-emerging in some endemic areas, and their mode of transmission can lead to an increase of imported cases in a near future. They can be responsible for serious disease. In this paper, we describe the basic data concerning epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of sleeping sickness (Africa) and Chagas disease (Latin America).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Pelloux
- Services de parasitologie-mycologie, CHU Albert-Michallon, BP 217, 38043 Grenoble.
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Oberholzer M, Bregy P, Marti G, Minca M, Peier M, Seebeck T. Trypanosomes and mammalian sperm: one of a kind? Trends Parasitol 2006; 23:71-7. [PMID: 17174157 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2006.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Flagellar-mediated motility is an indispensable function for cell types as evolutionarily distant as mammalian sperm and kinetoplastid parasites, a large group of flagellated protozoa that includes several important human pathogens. Despite the obvious importance of flagellar motility, little is known about the signalling processes that direct the frequency and wave shape of the flagellar beat, or those that provide the motile cell with the necessary environmental cues that enable it to aim its movement. Similarly, the energetics of the flagellar beat and the problem of a sufficient ATP supply along the entire length of the beating flagellum remain to be explored. Recent proteome projects studying the flagella of mammalian sperm and kinetoplastid parasites have provided important information and have indicated a surprising degree of similarities between the flagella of these two cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oberholzer
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Duszenko M, Figarella K, Macleod ET, Welburn SC. Death of a trypanosome: a selfish altruism. Trends Parasitol 2006; 22:536-42. [PMID: 16942915 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2006.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2006] [Revised: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
African trypanosomes and some related parasitic protozoa are affected by a form of programmed cell death (PCD) that shows typical hallmarks of apoptosis. Although it has been speculated that PCD has a function in life-cycle progression and the struggle for survival of these parasites, no satisfactory model has yet been proposed for the molecular mechanism(s) of PCD in protozoa, raising questions about its physiological relevance in these organisms. As we discuss here, the most important point that needs to be addressed is whether a single-celled organism can undertake a process that is considered altruistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Duszenko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Tubingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 4, 72076 Tubingen, Germany.
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Chaudhuri M, Ott RD, Hill GC. Trypanosome alternative oxidase: from molecule to function. Trends Parasitol 2006; 22:484-91. [PMID: 16920028 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosome alternative oxidase (TAO) is the cytochrome-independent terminal oxidase of the mitochondrial electron transport chain. TAO is a diiron protein that transfers electrons from ubiquinol to oxygen, reducing the oxygen to water. The mammalian bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei depend solely on TAO for respiration. The inhibition of TAO by salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) or ascofuranone is trypanocidal. TAO is present at a reduced level in the procyclic form of T. brucei, where it is engaged in respiration and is also needed for developmental processes. Alternative oxidases similar to TAO have been found in a wide variety of organisms but not in mammals, thus rendering TAO an important chemotherapeutic target for African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minu Chaudhuri
- Division of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immune Response, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA.
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