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Santos EV, Damasceno JD, Obonaga R, Rosales R, Black JA, McCulloch R, Tosi LRO. The dynamic subcellular localisation of Rad1 is cell cycle dependent in Leishmania major. Exp Parasitol 2023; 255:108639. [PMID: 37918502 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
The subcellular localisation of Rad1, a subunit of the Leishmania major 9-1-1 complex, remains unexplored. Herein, we reveal that Rad1 localises predominantly to the nucleus. Upon hydroxyurea treatment, the diffuse nuclear localisation of Rad1 becomes more punctate, suggesting that Rad1 is responsive to replication stress. Moreover, Rad1 localisation correlates with cell cycle progression. In the majority of G1 to early S-phase cells, Rad1 localises predominantly to the nucleus. As cells progress from late-S phase to mitosis, Rad1 relocalizes to both the nucleus and the cytoplasm in ∼90 % of cells. This pattern of distribution is different from Rad9 and Hus1, which remain nuclear throughout the cell cycle, suggesting Leishmania Rad1 may regulate 9-1-1 activities and/or perform relevant functions outside the 9-1-1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine V Santos
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jeziel D Damasceno
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ricardo Obonaga
- Laboratório de Ciclo Celular, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Roberta Rosales
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Jennifer A Black
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil; The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard McCulloch
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Luiz R O Tosi
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Tosi LRO, Denny PW, De Oliveira CI, Damasceno JD. Editorial: Leishmania genome variability: Impacts on parasite evolution, parasitism and leishmaniases control. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1171962. [PMID: 36949811 PMCID: PMC10025553 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1171962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luiz R. O. Tosi
- Department of Celular and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jeziel D. Damasceno
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Silva GLA, Tosi LRO, McCulloch R, Black JA. Unpicking the Roles of DNA Damage Protein Kinases in Trypanosomatids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:636615. [PMID: 34422791 PMCID: PMC8377203 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.636615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To preserve genome integrity when faced with DNA lesions, cells activate and coordinate a multitude of DNA repair pathways to ensure timely error correction or tolerance, collectively called the DNA damage response (DDR). These interconnecting damage response pathways are molecular signal relays, with protein kinases (PKs) at the pinnacle. Focused efforts in model eukaryotes have revealed intricate aspects of DNA repair PK function, including how they direct DDR pathways and how repair reactions connect to wider cellular processes, including DNA replication and transcription. The Kinetoplastidae, including many parasites like Trypanosoma spp. and Leishmania spp. (causative agents of debilitating, neglected tropical infections), exhibit peculiarities in several core biological processes, including the predominance of multigenic transcription and the streamlining or repurposing of DNA repair pathways, such as the loss of non-homologous end joining and novel operation of nucleotide excision repair (NER). Very recent studies have implicated ATR and ATM kinases in the DDR of kinetoplastid parasites, whereas DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs) displays uncertain conservation, questioning what functions it fulfills. The wide range of genetic manipulation approaches in these organisms presents an opportunity to investigate DNA repair kinase roles in kinetoplastids and to ask if further kinases are involved. Furthermore, the availability of kinase inhibitory compounds, targeting numerous eukaryotic PKs, could allow us to test the suitability of DNA repair PKs as novel chemotherapeutic targets. Here, we will review recent advances in the study of trypanosomatid DNA repair kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L A Silva
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Luiz R O Tosi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Richard McCulloch
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Ann Black
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Black JA, Crouch K, Lemgruber L, Lapsley C, Dickens N, Tosi LRO, Mottram JC, McCulloch R. Trypanosoma brucei ATR Links DNA Damage Signaling during Antigenic Variation with Regulation of RNA Polymerase I-Transcribed Surface Antigens. Cell Rep 2021; 30:836-851.e5. [PMID: 31968257 PMCID: PMC6988115 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei evades mammalian immunity by using recombination to switch its surface-expressed variant surface glycoprotein (VSG), while ensuring that only one of many subtelomeric multigene VSG expression sites are transcribed at a time. DNA repair activities have been implicated in the catalysis of VSG switching by recombination, not transcriptional control. How VSG switching is signaled to guide the appropriate reaction or to integrate switching into parasite growth is unknown. Here, we show that the loss of ATR, a DNA damage-signaling protein kinase, is lethal, causing nuclear genome instability and increased VSG switching through VSG-localized damage. Furthermore, ATR loss leads to the increased transcription of silent VSG expression sites and expression of mixed VSGs on the cell surface, effects that are associated with the altered localization of RNA polymerase I and VEX1. This work shows that ATR acts in antigenic variation both through DNA damage signaling and surface antigen expression control. Loss of the repair protein kinase ATR in Trypanosoma brucei is lethal Loss of T. brucei ATR alters VSG coat expression needed for immune evasion Monoallelic RNA polymerase I VSG expression is undermined by ATR loss ATR loss leads to expression of subtelomeric VSGs, indicative of recombination
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ann Black
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davis Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900 SP, Brazil
| | - Kathryn Crouch
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davis Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Leandro Lemgruber
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davis Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Craig Lapsley
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davis Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Nicholas Dickens
- Marine Science Lab, FAU Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, 5600 US 1 North, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, USA
| | - Luiz R O Tosi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900 SP, Brazil
| | - Jeremy C Mottram
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Richard McCulloch
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Sir Graeme Davis Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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Damasceno JD, Reis-Cunha J, Crouch K, Beraldi D, Lapsley C, Tosi LRO, Bartholomeu D, McCulloch R. Conditional knockout of RAD51-related genes in Leishmania major reveals a critical role for homologous recombination during genome replication. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008828. [PMID: 32609721 PMCID: PMC7360064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) has an intimate relationship with genome replication, both during repair of DNA lesions that might prevent DNA synthesis and in tackling stalls to the replication fork. Recent studies led us to ask if HR might have a more central role in replicating the genome of Leishmania, a eukaryotic parasite. Conflicting evidence has emerged regarding whether or not HR genes are essential, and genome-wide mapping has provided evidence for an unorthodox organisation of DNA replication initiation sites, termed origins. To answer this question, we have employed a combined CRISPR/Cas9 and DiCre approach to rapidly generate and assess the effect of conditional ablation of RAD51 and three RAD51-related proteins in Leishmania major. Using this approach, we demonstrate that loss of any of these HR factors is not immediately lethal but in each case growth slows with time and leads to DNA damage and accumulation of cells with aberrant DNA content. Despite these similarities, we show that only loss of RAD51 or RAD51-3 impairs DNA synthesis and causes elevated levels of genome-wide mutation. Furthermore, we show that these two HR factors act in distinct ways, since ablation of RAD51, but not RAD51-3, has a profound effect on DNA replication, causing loss of initiation at the major origins and increased DNA synthesis at subtelomeres. Our work clarifies questions regarding the importance of HR to survival of Leishmania and reveals an unanticipated, central role for RAD51 in the programme of genome replication in a microbial eukaryote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeziel D. Damasceno
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JDD); (RM)
| | - João Reis-Cunha
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Kathryn Crouch
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Dario Beraldi
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Lapsley
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Luiz R. O. Tosi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Daniella Bartholomeu
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Richard McCulloch
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Sir Graeme Davies Building, 120 University Place, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (JDD); (RM)
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Damasceno JD, Obonaga R, Silva GLA, Reis-Cunha JL, Duncan SM, Bartholomeu DC, Mottram JC, McCulloch R, Tosi LRO. Conditional genome engineering reveals canonical and divergent roles for the Hus1 component of the 9-1-1 complex in the maintenance of the plastic genome of Leishmania. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:11835-11846. [PMID: 30380080 PMCID: PMC6294564 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania species are protozoan parasites whose remarkably plastic genome limits the establishment of effective genetic manipulation and leishmaniasis treatment. The strategies used by Leishmania to maintain its genome while allowing variability are not fully understood. Here, we used DiCre-mediated conditional gene deletion to show that HUS1, a component of the 9-1-1 (RAD9-RAD1-HUS1) complex, is essential and is required for a G2/M checkpoint. By analyzing genome-wide instability in HUS1 ablated cells, HUS1 is shown to have a conserved role, by which it preserves genome stability and also a divergent role, by which it promotes genome variability. These roles of HUS1 are related to distinct patterns of formation and resolution of single-stranded DNA and γH2A, throughout the cell cycle. Our findings suggest that Leishmania 9-1-1 subunits have evolved to co-opt canonical genomic maintenance and genomic variation functions. Hence, this study reveals a pivotal function of HUS1 in balancing genome stability and transmission in Leishmania. These findings may be relevant to understanding the evolution of genome maintenance and plasticity in other pathogens and eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeziel D Damasceno
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Obonaga
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel L A Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - João L Reis-Cunha
- Laboratório de Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brasil
| | - Samuel M Duncan
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Daniella C Bartholomeu
- Laboratório de Genômica de Parasitos, Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brasil
| | - Jeremy C Mottram
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.,Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Richard McCulloch
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Luiz R O Tosi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
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7
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Abstract
Induction of gene expression is a valuable approach for functional studies since it allows for the assessment of phenotypes without the need for clonal selection. Inducible expression can find a wide range of applications, from the study of essential genes to the characterization of overexpression of genes of interest. Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the use of the DiCre-based inducible gene expression system in Leishmania parasites. This is a tightly regulated induction system that allows for time- and dose-controlled expression of gene products, as rapidly as within 12 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeziel D Damasceno
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Luiz R O Tosi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Renato E R S Santos
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Jeremy C Mottram
- Department of Biology, York Biomedical Research Institute, University of York, York, UK
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8
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Santos RERS, Silva GLA, Santos EV, Duncan SM, Mottram JC, Damasceno JD, Tosi LRO. A DiCre recombinase-based system for inducible expression in Leishmania major. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017. [PMID: 28629935 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Here we present the establishment of an inducible system based on the dimerizable Cre recombinase (DiCre) for controlled gene expression in the protozoan parasite Leishmania. Rapamycin-induced DiCre activation promoted efficient flipping and expression of gene products in a time and dose-dependent manner. The DiCre flipping activity induced the expression of target genes from both integrated and episomal contexts broadening the applicability of the system. We validated the system by inducing the expression of both full length and truncated forms of the checkpoint protein Rad9, which revealed that the highly divergent C-terminal domain of Rad9 is necessary for proper subcellular localization. Thus, by establishing the DiCre-based inducible system we have created and validated a robust new tool for assessing gene function in Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato E R S Santos
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel L A Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine V Santos
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Samuel M Duncan
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy C Mottram
- Wellcome Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Jeziel D Damasceno
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luiz R O Tosi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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Damasceno JD, Obonaga R, Santos EV, Scott A, McCulloch R, Tosi LRO. Functional compartmentalization of Rad9 and Hus1 reveals diverse assembly of the 9-1-1 complex components during the DNA damage response in Leishmania. Mol Microbiol 2016; 101:1054-68. [PMID: 27301589 PMCID: PMC5453112 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The Rad9‐Rad1‐Hus1 (9‐1‐1) complex is a key component in the coordination of DNA damage sensing, cell cycle progression and DNA repair pathways in eukaryotic cells. This PCNA‐related trimer is loaded onto RPA‐coated single stranded DNA and interacts with ATR kinase to mediate effective checkpoint signaling to halt the cell cycle and to promote DNA repair. Beyond these core activities, mounting evidence suggests that a broader range of functions can be provided by 9‐1‐1 structural diversification. The protozoan parasite Leishmania is an early‐branching eukaryote with a remarkably plastic genome, which hints at peculiar genome maintenance mechanisms. Here, we investigated the existence of homologs of the 9‐1‐1 complex subunits in L. major and found that LmRad9 and LmRad1 associate with chromatin in response to replication stress and form a complex in vivo with LmHus1. Similar to LmHus1, LmRad9 participates in telomere homeostasis and in the response to both replication stress and double strand breaks. However, LmRad9 and LmHus1‐deficient cells present markedly opposite phenotypes, which suggest their functional compartmentalization. We show that some of the cellular pool of LmRad9 forms an alternative complex and that some of LmHus1 exists as a monomer. We propose that the diverse assembly of the Leishmania 9‐1‐1 subunits mediates functional compartmentalization, which has a direct impact on the response to genotoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeziel D Damasceno
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Obonaga
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Elaine V Santos
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Alan Scott
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow; 120 University Place, Glasgow, G128TA, UK
| | - Richard McCulloch
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow; 120 University Place, Glasgow, G128TA, UK
| | - Luiz R O Tosi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
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10
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Damasceno JD, Beverley SM, Tosi LRO. A transposon-based tool for transformation and mutagenesis in trypanosomatid protozoa. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1201:235-245. [PMID: 25388118 PMCID: PMC4287265 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1438-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability of transposable elements to mobilize across genomes and affect the expression of genes makes them exceptional tools for genetic manipulation methodologies. Several transposon-based systems have been modified and incorporated into shuttle mutagenesis approaches in a variety of organisms. We have found that the Mos1 element, a DNA transposon from Drosophila mauritiana, is suitable and readily adaptable to a variety of strategies to the study of trypanosomatid parasitic protozoa. Trypanosomatids are the causative agents of a wide range of neglected diseases in underdeveloped regions of the globe. In this chapter we describe the basic elements and the available protocols for the in vitro use of Mos1 derivatives in the protozoan parasite Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeziel D Damasceno
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
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11
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Damasceno JD, Nunes VS, Tosi LRO. LmHus1 is required for the DNA damage response inLeishmania majorand forms a complex with an unusual Rad9 homologue. Mol Microbiol 2013; 90:1074-87. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeziel D. Damasceno
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos; Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Vinicius S. Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos; Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
| | - Luiz R. O. Tosi
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos; Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto; Universidade de São Paulo; Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto SP Brasil
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Damasceno JD, Beverley SM, Tosi LRO. A transposon toolkit for gene transfer and mutagenesis in protozoan parasites. Genetica 2009; 138:301-11. [PMID: 19763844 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-009-9406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Protozoan parasites affect millions of people around the world. Treatment and control of these diseases are complicated partly due to the intricate biology of these organisms. The interactions of species of Plasmodium, Leishmania and trypanosomes with their hosts are mediated by an unusual control of gene expression that is not fully understood. The availability of the genome sequence of these protozoa sets the stage for using more comprehensive, genome-wide strategies to study gene function. Transposons are effective tools for the systematic introduction of genetic alterations and different transposition systems have been adapted to study gene function in these human pathogens. A mariner transposon toolkit for use in vivo or in vitro in Leishmania parasites has been developed and can be used in a variety of applications. These modified mariner elements not only permit the inactivation of genes, but also mediate the rescue of translational gene fusions, bringing a major contribution to the investigation of Leishmania gene function. The piggyBac and Tn5 transposons have also been shown to mobilize across Plasmodium spp. genomes circumventing the current limitations in the genetic manipulation of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeziel D Damasceno
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Peacock CS, Seeger K, Harris D, Murphy L, Ruiz JC, Quail MA, Peters N, Adlem E, Tivey A, Aslett M, Kerhornou A, Ivens A, Fraser A, Rajandream MA, Carver T, Norbertczak H, Chillingworth T, Hance Z, Jagels K, Moule S, Ormond D, Rutter S, Squares R, Whitehead S, Rabbinowitsch E, Arrowsmith C, White B, Thurston S, Bringaud F, Baldauf SL, Faulconbridge A, Jeffares D, Depledge DP, Oyola SO, Hilley JD, Brito LO, Tosi LRO, Barrell B, Cruz AK, Mottram JC, Smith DF, Berriman M. Comparative genomic analysis of three Leishmania species that cause diverse human disease. Nat Genet 2007; 39:839-47. [PMID: 17572675 PMCID: PMC2592530 DOI: 10.1038/ng2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites cause a broad spectrum of clinical disease. Here we report the sequencing of the genomes of two species of Leishmania: Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis. The comparison of these sequences with the published genome of Leishmania major reveals marked conservation of synteny and identifies only approximately 200 genes with a differential distribution between the three species. L. braziliensis, contrary to Leishmania species examined so far, possesses components of a putative RNA-mediated interference pathway, telomere-associated transposable elements and spliced leader-associated SLACS retrotransposons. We show that pseudogene formation and gene loss are the principal forces shaping the different genomes. Genes that are differentially distributed between the species encode proteins implicated in host-pathogen interactions and parasite survival in the macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Peacock
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK.
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14
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Laurentino EC, Ruiz JC, Brito LO, Fiandt M, Nicoletti LM, Jamur MC, Oliver C, Tosi LRO, Cruz AK. The use of Tn5 transposable elements in a gene trapping strategy for the protozoan Leishmania. Int J Parasitol 2007; 37:735-42. [PMID: 17362967 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2006.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 12/17/2006] [Accepted: 12/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of transposable elements as a gene-trapping strategy is a powerful tool for gene discovery. Herein we describe the development of a transposable system, based on the bacterial Tn5 transposon, which has been used successfully in Leishmania braziliensis. The transposon carries the neomycin phosphotransferase gene, which is expressed only when inserted in-frame with a Leishmania gene present in the target DNA. Four cosmid clones from a L. braziliensis genomic library were used as targets in transposition reactions and four insertional libraries were constructed and transfected in L. braziliensis. Clones resistant to G418 were selected and analysed by immunofluorescence in order to identify the subcellular localisation of the protein coded by the trapped gene. A definitive subcellular localisation for neomycin phosphotransferase/targeted protein fusion was not obtained in any of the four Leishmania clones investigated. However, the constructed transposable element is highly efficient considering the frequency of insertion in large targets and is therefore a useful tool for functional genetic studies in Leishmania. Our data confirm the utility of the Tn5 transposon system for insertion of sequencing priming sites into target DNA. Furthermore, the high frequency of insertion and even distribution are important in studying genomic regions bearing long and polymorphic repetitive sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane C Laurentino
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Bandeirantes, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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15
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Dias FC, Ruiz JC, Lopes WCZ, Squina FM, Renzi A, Cruz AK, Tosi LRO. Organization of H locus conserved repeats in Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis correlates with lack of gene amplification and drug resistance. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:667-76. [PMID: 17393181 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to antimonials is a major problem when treating visceral leishmaniasis in India and has already been described for New World parasites. Clinical response to meglumine antimoniate in patients infected with parasites of the Viannia sub-genus can be widely variable, suggesting the presence of mechanisms of drug resistance. In this work, we have compared L. major and L. braziliensis mutants selected in different drugs. The cross-resistance profiles of some cell lines resembled those of mutants bearing H locus amplicons. However, amplified episomal molecules were exclusively detected in L. major mutants. The analysis of the L. braziliensis H region revealed a strong conservation of gene synteny. The typical intergenic repeats that are believed to mediate the amplification of the H locus in species of the Leishmania sub-genus are partially conserved in the Viannia species. The conservation of these non-coding elements in equivalent positions in both species is indicative of their relevance within this locus. The absence of amplicons in L. braziliensis suggests that this species may not favour extra-chromosomal gene amplification as a source of phenotypic heterogeneity and fitness maintenance in changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio C Dias
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Squina FM, Pedrosa AL, Nunes VS, Cruz AK, Tosi LRO. Shuttle mutagenesis and targeted disruption of a telomere-located essential gene of Leishmania. Parasitology 2006; 134:511-22. [PMID: 17169165 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182006001892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania mutants have contributed greatly to extend our knowledge of this parasite's biology. Here we report the use of the mariner in vitro transposition system as a source of reagents for shuttle mutagenesis and targeted disruption of Leishmania genes. The locus-specific integration was achieved by the disruption of the subtelomeric gene encoding a DNA-directed RNA polymerase III subunit (RPC2). Further inactivation of RPC2 alleles required the complementation of the intact gene, which was transfected in an episomal context. However, attempts to generate a RPC2 chromosomal null mutant resulted in genomic rearrangements that maintained copies of the intact locus in the genome. The maintenance of the RPC2 chromosomal locus in complemented mutants was not mediated by an increase in the number of copies and did not involve chromosomal translocations, which are the typical characteristics of the genomic plasticity of this parasite. Unlike the endogenous locus, the selectable marker used to disrupt RPC2 did not display a tendency to remain in its chromosomal location but was targeted into supernumerary episomal molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Squina
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil
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17
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Augusto MJ, Squina FM, Marchini JFM, Dias FC, Tosi LRO. Specificity of modified Drosophila mariner transposons in the identification of Leishmania genes. Exp Parasitol 2004; 108:109-13. [PMID: 15582507 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2004.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2004] [Revised: 07/02/2004] [Accepted: 08/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Genetic manipulation of the protozoan Leishmania has led to a better understanding of the survival and development of these pathogens within their hosts. The association of the Leishmania genome sequencing information with the ability of transposons to introduce or destroy phenotypes allows a global perspective on the role and importance of genes in cellular pathways. Herein we report the construction and testing of mariner transposable elements carrying the neomycin phosphotransferase, green fluorescent protein, or beta-glucuronidase genes as reporters for translational fusion events. We demonstrate that the expression of the reporter genes will occur only when the genes are inserted in-frame within predicted genes. Our results not only add to the mariner toolkit for gene manipulation but also strengthen the evidence that the mariner system is a reliable means for the study of gene expression in Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlei J Augusto
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo. Av. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
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18
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Marchi Alves LM, Tosi LRO, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Cárnio EC. Is there a link between salt-intake and atrial natriuretic peptide system during hypertension induced by nitric oxide blockade? Regulatory Peptides 2004; 120:127-32. [PMID: 15177930 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2003] [Revised: 02/19/2004] [Accepted: 02/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Long-term nitric oxide (NO) blockade is known to induce a severe and progressive hypertension. The influence of the salt-intake on atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) system in this hypertension model is unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate ANP plasma levels, content and mRNA in atria of male Wistar rats chronically treated with oral Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) after 4 weeks of high-salt diet. The high-salt diet induced an increase (P < 0.05) in ANP plasma levels in normotensive rats and no significant changes in hypertensive animals. We observed a significant increase in the ANP content in the left and right atria of hypertensive rats (P < 0.001) when compared to normotensive ones. However, no significant changes were observed during high-salt diet in normotensive and hypertensive animals. Northern blot analysis revealed that ANP gene expression is higher in the right and left atria of hypertensive rats when compared to normotensive rats. However, we found no significant changes in ANP mRNA of rats treated with high-salt diet in normotensive and hypertensive rats when compared to low-salt diet. The present observations indicate no interaction between salt-intake and activation of the ANP system during chronic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila M Marchi Alves
- Departamento de Enfermagem Geral e Especializada, Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-902, SP, Brazil
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Coelho AC, Tosi LRO, Cotrim PC. Mapping of a Leishmania major gene/locus that confers pentamidine resistance by deletion and insertion of transposable element. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2004; 46:109-12. [PMID: 15141283 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652004000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pentamidine (PEN) is an alternative compound to treat antimony-resistant leishmaniasis patients, which cellular target remains unclear. One approach to the identification of prospective targets is to identify genes able to mediate PEN resistance following overexpression. Starting from a genomic library of transfected parasites bearing a multicopy episomal cosmid vector containing wild-type Leishmania major DNA, we isolated one locus capable to render PEN resistance to wild type cells after DNA transfection. In order to map this Leishmania locus, cosmid insert was deleted by two successive sets of partial digestion with restriction enzymes, followed by transfection into wild type cells, overexpression, induction and functional tests in the presence of PEN. To determine the Leishmania gene related to PEN resistance, nucleotide sequencing experiments were done through insertion of the transposon Mariner element of Drosophila melanogaster (mosK) into the deleted insert to work as primer island. Using general molecular techniques, we described here this method that permits a quickly identification of a functional gene facilitating nucleotide sequence experiments from large DNA fragments. Followed experiments revealed the presence of a P-Glycoprotein gene in this locus which role in Leishmania metabolism has now been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano C Coelho
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio F M Marchini
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Molecular e Bioagentes Patogênicos, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ave. Bandeirantes 3900, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
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