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Tani S, Tettey PA, Maruta R, Kodama A, Saito H, Kawai K. Host range differences between two species of freshwater horsehair worm (Nematomorpha: Chordiidae) Chordodes japonensis and C. formosanus in Japan. Parasitol Int 2024; 99:102847. [PMID: 38142815 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Horsehair worms (Nematomorpha: Gordioidea) are endoparasites of terrestrial arthropods, of which two species, Chordodes japonensis and C. formosanus, may have been historically confused due to their morphological similarity. In this study, we conducted field surveys and laboratory parasite inoculation experiments to clarify the characteristics and differences in host range and specificity between the two species. The field surveys revealed that the host ranges of the two species are markedly different. C. formosanus parasitized diverse mantids, while C. japonensis infected only species in the genus Tenodera, as predicted in previous studies. However, the two species had one mantid host, T. angustipennis in common. Parasite inoculation experiments using three species of mantids, revealed parasitism in each of the host-parasite combinations same as in the field study. These results suggest that the observed differences in host patterns are due to physiological factors between the host and parasite. Furthermore, cross-testing conducted on the shared host T. angustipennis showed that the two species coexisted within the same host in some cases, suggesting that the competitive exclusivity of the two species is low. This study also presents a tentative list of host ranges for the two species, comparing and integrating information from this and previous studies. However, the possibility remains that the host ranges of both species may be more diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Tani
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
| | - Pamela Afi Tettey
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Rion Maruta
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Atsuya Kodama
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Saito
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Koichiro Kawai
- Department of Bioresource Science, Graduate School of Integrated Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
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Floccari VA, Dragoš A. Host control by SPβ phage regulatory switch as potential manipulation strategy. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 71:102260. [PMID: 36580707 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2022.102260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between temperate phages and their bacterial hosts has always been one of the most controversial in nature. As genetic parasites, phages need their hosts to propagate, while the host may take advantage of the genetic arsenal carried in the phage genome. This intriguing host-parasite interplay with an evident mutualistic implication could be challenged by recent discoveries of alternative phage lifestyles and regulatory systems that seem to support a manipulative strategy pursued by the phage. Through two fascinating novel mechanisms concerning the active lysogeny and a phage-encoded quorum sensing system, referred as 'Arbitrium', employed by SPβ-like phages of Bacilli, we propose the parasite manipulation as ecological relationship between certain temperate phages and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina A Floccari
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anna Dragoš
- Department of Microbiology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Gagne RB, Crooks KR, Craft ME, Chiu ES, Fountain-Jones NM, Malmberg JL, Carver S, Funk WC, VandeWoude S. Parasites as conservation tools. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2022; 36:e13719. [PMID: 33586245 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Parasite success typically depends on a close relationship with one or more hosts; therefore, attributes of parasitic infection have the potential to provide indirect details of host natural history and are biologically relevant to animal conservation. Characterization of parasite infections has been useful in delineating host populations and has served as a proxy for assessment of environmental quality. In other cases, the utility of parasites is just being explored, for example, as indicators of host connectivity. Innovative studies of parasite biology can provide information to manage major conservation threats by using parasite assemblage, prevalence, or genetic data to provide insights into the host. Overexploitation, habitat loss and fragmentation, invasive species, and climate change are major threats to animal conservation, and all of these can be informed by parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick B Gagne
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kevin R Crooks
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Meggan E Craft
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Elliott S Chiu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Jennifer L Malmberg
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Wyoming State Veterinary Laboratory, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - W Chris Funk
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sue VandeWoude
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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The Adaptiveness of Host Behavioural Manipulation Assessed Using Tinbergen's Four Questions. Trends Parasitol 2021; 37:597-609. [PMID: 33568325 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Host organisms show altered phenotypic reactions when parasitised, some of which result from adaptive host manipulation, a phenomenon that has long been debated. Here, we provide an overview and discuss the rationale in distinguishing adaptive versus nonadaptive host behavioural manipulation. We discuss Poulin's criteria of adaptive host behavioural manipulation within the context of Tinbergen's four questions of ethology, while highlighting the importance of both the proximate and evolutionary explanations of such traits. We also provide guidelines for future studies exploring the adaptiveness of host behavioural manipulation. Through this article, we seek to encourage researchers to consider both the proximate and ultimate causes of host behavioural manipulation to infer on the adaptiveness of such traits.
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Preston DL, Layden TJ, Segui LM, Falke LP, Brant SV, Novak M. Trematode parasites exceed aquatic insect biomass in Oregon stream food webs. J Anim Ecol 2020; 90:766-775. [PMID: 33368227 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although parasites are increasingly recognized for their ecosystem roles, it is often assumed that free-living organisms dominate animal biomass in most ecosystems and therefore provide the primary pathways for energy transfer. To examine the contributions of parasites to ecosystem energetics in freshwater streams, we quantified the standing biomass of trematodes and free-living organisms at nine sites in three streams in western Oregon, USA. We then compared the rates of biomass flow from snails Juga plicifera into trematode parasites relative to aquatic vertebrate predators (sculpin, cutthroat trout and Pacific giant salamanders). The trematode parasite community had the fifth highest dry biomass density among stream organisms (0.40 g/m2 ) and exceeded the combined biomass of aquatic insects. Only host snails (3.88 g/m2 ), sculpin (1.11 g/m2 ), trout (0.73 g/m2 ) and crayfish (0.43 g/m2 ) had a greater biomass. The parasite 'extended phenotype', consisting of trematode plus castrated host biomass, exceeded the individual biomass of every taxonomic group other than snails. The substantial parasite biomass stemmed from the high snail density and infection prevalence, and the large proportional mass of infected hosts that consisted of trematode tissue (M = 31% per snail). Estimates of yearly biomass transfer from snails into trematodes were slightly higher than the combined estimate of snail biomass transfer into the three vertebrate predators. Pacific giant salamanders accounted for 90% of the snail biomass consumed by predators. These results demonstrate that trematode parasites play underappreciated roles in the ecosystem energetics of some freshwater streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Preston
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Leah M Segui
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Landon P Falke
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Sara V Brant
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, Division of Parasites, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Mark Novak
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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