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Stewart RK, Nguyen P, Laederach A, Volkan PC, Sawyer JK, Fox DT. Orb2 enables rare-codon-enriched mRNA expression during Drosophila neuron differentiation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5270. [PMID: 38902233 PMCID: PMC11190236 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulation of codon optimality is an increasingly appreciated layer of cell- and tissue-specific protein expression control. Here, we use codon-modified reporters to show that differentiation of Drosophila neural stem cells into neurons enables protein expression from rare-codon-enriched genes. From a candidate screen, we identify the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding (CPEB) protein Orb2 as a positive regulator of rare-codon-dependent mRNA stability in neurons. Using RNA sequencing, we reveal that Orb2-upregulated mRNAs in the brain with abundant Orb2 binding sites have a rare-codon bias. From these Orb2-regulated mRNAs, we demonstrate that rare-codon enrichment is important for mRNA stability and social behavior function of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR). Our findings reveal a molecular mechanism by which neural stem cell differentiation shifts genetic code regulation to enable critical mRNA stability and protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeccah K Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Patrick Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Alain Laederach
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Jessica K Sawyer
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Donald T Fox
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
- Duke Regeneration Center, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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Gallon ME, Silva-Junior EA, Gobbo-Neto L. GC-MS-based Metabolomics Unravels Metabolites across Larval Development and Diapause of a Specialist Insect. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202301779. [PMID: 38426669 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202301779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Plant-insect interactions are a driving force into ecosystem evolution and community dynamics. Many insect herbivores enter diapause, a developmental arrest stage in anticipation of adverse conditions, to survive and thrive through seasonal changes. Herein, we investigated the roles of medium- to non-polar metabolites during larval development and diapause in a specialist insect herbivore, Chlosyne lacinia, reared on Aldama robusta leaves. Varying metabolites were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics. Sesquiterpenes and steroids were the main metabolites putatively identified in A. robusta leaves, whereas C. lacinia caterpillars were characterized by triterpenes, steroids, fatty acids, and long-chain alkanes. We found out that C. lacinia caterpillars biosynthesized most of the identified steroids and fatty acids from plant-derived ingested metabolites, as well as all triterpenes and long-chain alkanes. Steroids, fatty acids, and long-chain alkanes were detected across all C. lacinia instars and in diapausing caterpillars. Sesquiterpenes and triterpenes were also detected across larval development, yet they were not detected in diapausing caterpillars, which suggested that these metabolites were converted to other molecules prior to the diapause stage. Our findings shed light on the chemical content variation across C. lacinia development and diapause, providing insights into the roles of metabolites in plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Elias Gallon
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Gobbo-Neto
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
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3
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Curcio R, Frattaruolo L, Marra F, Pesole G, Vozza A, Cappello AR, Fiorillo M, Lauria G, Ahmed A, Fiermonte G, Capobianco L, Dolce V. Two functionally different mitochondrial phosphate carriers support Drosophila melanogaster OXPHOS throughout distinct developmental stages. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119615. [PMID: 37898376 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosita Curcio
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Luca Frattaruolo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Federica Marra
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Graziano Pesole
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Vozza
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Cappello
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Marco Fiorillo
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Graziantonio Lauria
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Amer Ahmed
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiermonte
- Department of Bioscience, Biotechnology and Environment, University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - Loredana Capobianco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy.
| | - Vincenza Dolce
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.
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Xu X, An H, Wu C, Sang R, Wu L, Lou Y, Yang X, Xi Y. HR repair pathway plays a crucial role in maintaining neural stem cell fate under irradiation stress. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201802. [PMID: 37197982 PMCID: PMC10192720 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental stress can cause mutation or genomic instability in stem cells which, in some cases, leads to tumorigenesis. Mechanisms to monitor and eliminate these mutant stem cells remain elusive. Here, using the Drosophila larval brain as a model, we show that X-ray irradiation (IR) at the early larval stage leads to accumulation of nuclear Prospero (Pros), resulting in premature differentiation of neural stem cells (neuroblasts, NBs). Through NB-specific RNAi screenings, we determined that it is the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 complex and the homologous recombination (HR) repair pathway, rather than non-homologous end-joining pathway that plays, a dominant role in the maintenance of NBs under IR stress. The DNA damage sensor ATR/mei-41 is shown to act to prevent IR-induced nuclear Pros in a WRNexo-dependent manner. The accumulation of nuclear Pros in NBs under IR stress, leads to NB cell fate termination, rather than resulting in mutant cell proliferation. Our study reveals an emerging mechanism for the HR repair pathway in maintaining neural stem cell fate under irradiation stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- The Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Development Disorders, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huanping An
- The Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Development Disorders, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Molecular Biology of Hanzhong City, Hanzhong Vocational and Technique College, Hanzhong, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- The Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Development Disorders, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Sang
- The Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Development Disorders, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Litao Wu
- The Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Development Disorders, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Lou
- The Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Development Disorders, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohang Yang
- The Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Development Disorders, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Joint Institute of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Between Zhejiang University and University of Toronto, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongmei Xi
- The Women's Hospital, Institute of Genetics, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Genetic & Development Disorders, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Stewart RK, Nguyen P, Laederach A, Volkan PC, Sawyer JK, Fox DT. Orb2 enables rare-codon-enriched mRNA expression during Drosophila neuron differentiation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.26.550700. [PMID: 37546801 PMCID: PMC10402044 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.26.550700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of codon optimality is an increasingly appreciated layer of cell- and tissue-specific protein expression control. Here, we use codon-modified reporters to show that differentiation of Drosophila neural stem cells into neurons enables protein expression from rare-codon-enriched genes. From a candidate screen, we identify the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding (CPEB) protein Orb2 as a positive regulator of rare-codon-dependent expression in neurons. Using RNA sequencing, we reveal that Orb2-upregulated mRNAs in the brain with abundant Orb2 binding sites have a rare-codon bias. From these Orb2-regulated mRNAs, we demonstrate that rare-codon enrichment is important for expression control and social behavior function of the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR). Our findings reveal a molecular mechanism by which neural stem cell differentiation shifts genetic code regulation to enable critical mRNA and protein expression.
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Hamid A, Gutierrez A, Munroe J, Syed MH. The Drivers of Diversity: Integrated genetic and hormonal cues regulate neural diversity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2023; 142:23-35. [PMID: 35915026 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Proper functioning of the nervous system relies not only on the generation of a vast repertoire of distinct neural cell types but also on the precise neural circuitry within them. How the generation of highly diverse neural populations is regulated during development remains a topic of interest. Landmark studies in Drosophila have identified the genetic and temporal cues regulating neural diversity and thus have provided valuable insights into our understanding of temporal patterning of the central nervous system. The development of the Drosophila central complex, which is mostly derived from type II neural stem cell (NSC) lineages, showcases how a small pool of NSCs can give rise to vast and distinct progeny. Similar to the human outer subventricular zone (OSVZ) neural progenitors, type II NSCs generate intermediate neural progenitors (INPs) to expand and diversify lineages that populate higher brain centers. Each type II NSC has a distinct spatial identity and timely regulated expression of many transcription factors and mRNA binding proteins. Additionally, INPs derived from them show differential expression of genes depending on their birth order. Together type II NSCs and INPs display a combinatorial temporal patterning that expands neural diversity of the central brain lineages. We cover advances in current understanding of type II NSC temporal patterning and discuss similarities and differences in temporal patterning mechanisms of various NSCs with a focus on how cell-intrinsic and extrinsic hormonal cues regulate temporal transitions in NSCs during larval development. Cell extrinsic ligands activate conserved signaling pathways and extrinsic hormonal cues act as a temporal switch that regulate temporal progression of the NSCs. We conclude by elaborating on how a progenitor's temporal code regulates the fate specification and identity of distinct neural types. At the end, we also discuss open questions in linking developmental cues to neural identity, circuits, and underlying behaviors in the adult fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Hamid
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87113, USA
| | - Andrew Gutierrez
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87113, USA
| | - Jordan Munroe
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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Abstract
Endocrine signaling networks control diverse biological processes and life history traits across metazoans. In both invertebrate and vertebrate taxa, steroid hormones regulate immune system function in response to intrinsic and environmental stimuli, such as microbial infection. The mechanisms of this endocrine-immune regulation are complex and constitute an ongoing research endeavor facilitated by genetically tractable animal models. The 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) is the major steroid hormone in arthropods, primarily studied for its essential role in mediating developmental transitions and metamorphosis; 20E also modulates innate immunity in a variety of insect taxa. This review provides an overview of our current understanding of 20E-mediated innate immune responses. The prevalence of correlations between 20E-driven developmental transitions and innate immune activation are summarized across a range of holometabolous insects. Subsequent discussion focuses on studies conducted using the extensive genetic resources available in Drosophila that have begun to reveal the mechanisms underlying 20E regulation of immunity in the contexts of both development and bacterial infection. Lastly, I propose directions for future research into 20E regulation of immunity that will advance our knowledge of how interactive endocrine networks coordinate animals' physiological responses to environmental microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A. Keith
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Gillette CM, Tennessen JM, Reis T. Balancing energy expenditure and storage with growth and biosynthesis during Drosophila development. Dev Biol 2021; 475:234-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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