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Munjal B, DeBoyace K, Cao F, Krzyzaniak JF, Arora KK, Suryanarayanan R. Excipient-Induced Lattice Disorder in Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient: Implications on Drug Product Continuous Manufacturing. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:5150-5158. [PMID: 39137015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Our previous work (Mol Pharm, 20 (2023) 3427) showed that crystalline excipients, specifically anhydrous dibasic calcium phosphate (DCPA), facilitated the dehydration of carbamazepine dihydrate (CBZDH) and the formation of an amorphous product phase during the mixing stage of continuous tablet manufacturing. Understanding the mechanism of this excipient-induced effect was the object of this study. Blending with DCPA for 15 min caused pronounced lattice disorder in CBZDH. This was evident from the 190% increase in the apparent lattice strain determined by the Williamson-Hall plot. The rapid dehydration was attributed to the increased reactivity of CBZDH caused by this lattice disorder. Lattice disorder in CBZDH was induced by a second method, cryomilling it with DCPA. The dehydration was accelerated in the milled sample. Annealing the cryomilled sample reversed the effect, thus confirming the effect of lattice disorder on the dehydration kinetics. The hardness of DCPA appeared to be responsible for the disordering effect. DCPA exhibited a similar effect in other hydrates, thereby revealing that the effect was not unique to CBZDH. However, its magnitude varied on a case-by-case basis. The high shear powder mixing was necessary for rapid and efficient powder mixing during continuous drug product manufacturing. The mechanical stress imposed on the CBZDH, and exacerbated by DCPA, caused this unexpected destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan Munjal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kevin DeBoyace
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Drug Product Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Fengjuan Cao
- Pfizer World Research & Development, Drug Product Design, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Joseph F Krzyzaniak
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Drug Product Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Kapildev K Arora
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Drug Product Design, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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2
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Di R, Rades T, Grohganz H. Destabilization of Indomethacin-Paracetamol Co-Amorphous Systems by Mechanical Stress. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:67. [PMID: 38258078 PMCID: PMC10818836 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Using co-amorphous systems (CAMS) has shown promise in addressing the challenges associated with poorly water-soluble drugs. Quench-cooling is a commonly used CAMS preparation method, often followed by grinding or milling to achieve a fine powder that is suitable for subsequent characterization or further down-stream manufacturing. However, the impact of mechanical stress applied to CAMS has received little attention. In this study, the influence of mechanical stress on indomethacin-paracetamol CAMS was investigated. The investigation involved thermal analysis and solid-state characterization across various CAMS mixing ratios and levels of mechanical stress. The study revealed a negative effect of mechanical stress on stability, particularly on the excess components in CAMS. Higher levels of mechanical stress were observed to induce phase separation or recrystallization. Notably, samples at the optimal mixing ratio demonstrated greater resistance to the destabilization caused by mechanical stress. These results showed the significance of careful consideration of processing methods during formulation and the significance of optimizing mixing ratios in CAMS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; (R.D.); (H.G.)
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3
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Bookwala M, Wildfong PLD. Re-visitation of Two Models for Predicting Mechanically-Induced Disordering after Cryogenic Impact Milling. Pharm Res 2023; 40:2887-2902. [PMID: 37523015 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-023-03569-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the prediction accuracy of two models used to characterize the complete disordering potential of materials after extensive cryogenic milling. METHODS Elastic shear moduli (μs) were simulated in silico. Comparison with available literature values confirmed that computations were reasonable. Complete disordering potential was predicted using the critical dislocation density (ρcrit) and bivariate empirical models. To compare the prediction accuracy of the models, each material added for dataset expansion was cryomilled for up to 5 hr. Mechanical disordering after comminution was characterized using PXRD and DSC, and pooled with previously published results. RESULTS Simulated μs enabled predictions using the ρcrit model for 29 materials. This model mischaracterized the complete disordering behavior for 13/29 materials, giving an overall prediction accuracy of 55%. The originally published bivariate empirical model classification boundary correctly grouped the disordering potential for 31/32 materials from the expanded dataset. Recalibration of this model retained a 94% prediction accuracy, with only 2 misclassifications. CONCLUSIONS Prediction accuracy of the ρcrit model decreased with dataset expansion, relative to previously published results. Overall, the ρcrit model was considerably less accurate relative to the bivariate empirical model, which retained very high prediction accuracy for the expanded dataset. Although the empirical model does not imply a mechanism, model robustness suggests the importance of glass transition temperature (Tg) and molar volume (Mv) on formation and persistence of amorphous materials following extensive cryomilling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Bookwala
- School of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, 422C Mellon Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA
| | - Peter L D Wildfong
- School of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 600 Forbes Avenue, 422C Mellon Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
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4
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Moseson DE, Taylor LS. Crystallinity: A Complex Critical Quality Attribute of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4802-4825. [PMID: 37699354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Does the performance of an amorphous solid dispersion rely on having 100% amorphous content? What specifications are appropriate for crystalline content within an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) drug product? In this Perspective, the origin and significance of crystallinity within amorphous solid dispersions will be considered. Crystallinity can be found within an ASD from one of two pathways: (1) incomplete amorphization, or (2) crystal creation (nucleation and crystal growth). While nucleation and crystal growth is the more commonly considered pathway, where crystals originate as a physical stability failure upon accelerated or prolonged storage, manufacturing-based origins of crystallinity are possible as well. Detecting trace levels of crystallinity is a significant analytical challenge, and orthogonal methods should be employed to develop a holistic assessment of sample properties. Probing the impact of crystallinity on release performance which may translate to meaningful clinical significance is inherently challenging, requiring optimization of dissolution test variables to address the complexity of ASD formulations, in terms of drug physicochemical properties (e.g., crystallization tendency), level of crystallinity, crystal reference material selection, and formulation characteristics. The complexity of risk presented by crystallinity to product performance will be illuminated through several case studies, highlighting that a one-size-fits-all approach cannot be used to set specification limits, as the risk of crystallinity can vary widely based on a multitude of factors. Risk assessment considerations surrounding drug physicochemical properties, formulation fundamentals, physical stability, dissolution, and crystal micromeritic properties will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Worldwide Research and Development Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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Iyer J, Brunsteiner M, Modhave D, Paudel A. Role of Crystal Disorder and Mechanoactivation in Solid-State Stability of Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1539-1565. [PMID: 36842482 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Common energy-intensive processes applied in oral solid dosage development, such as milling, sieving, blending, compaction, etc. generate particles with surface and bulk crystal disorder. An intriguing aspect of the generated crystal disorder is its evolution and repercussion on the physical- and chemical stabilities of drugs. In this review, we firstly examine the existing literature on crystal disorder and its implications on solid-state stability of pharmaceuticals. Secondly, we discuss the key aspects related to the generation and evolution of crystal disorder, dynamics of the disordered/amorphous phase, analytical techniques to measure/quantify them, and approaches to model the disordering propensity from first principles. The main objective of this compilation is to provide special impetus to predict or model the chemical degradation(s) resulting from processing-induced manifestation in bulk solid manufacturing. Finally, a generic workflow is proposed that can be useful to investigate the relevance of crystal disorder on the degradation of pharmaceuticals during stability studies. The present review will cater to the requirements for developing physically- and chemically stable drugs, thereby enabling early and rational decision-making during candidate screening and in assessing degradation risks associated with formulations and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Iyer
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, Austria
| | | | - Dattatray Modhave
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, Austria; Graz University of Technology, Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz Austria.
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Boldyreva E. Spiers Memorial Lecture: Mechanochemistry, tribochemistry, mechanical alloying - retrospect, achievements and challenges. Faraday Discuss 2023; 241:9-62. [PMID: 36519434 DOI: 10.1039/d2fd00149g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents a view on the achievements, challenges and prospects of mechanochemistry. The extensive reference list can serve as a good entry point to a plethora of mechanochemical literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Boldyreva
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS & Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation.
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Moseson DE, Hiew TN, Su Y, Taylor LS. Formulation and Processing Strategies which Underpin Susceptibility to Matrix Crystallization in Amorphous Solid Dispersions. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:108-122. [PMID: 35367246 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Through matrix crystallization, an amorphous solid may transform directly into its more stable crystalline state, reducing the driving force for dissolution. Herein, the mechanism of matrix crystallization in an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) was probed. ASDs of bicalutamide/copovidone were prepared by solvent evaporation and hot melt extrusion, and sized by mortar and pestle or cryomilling techniques, modulating the level of mechanical activation experienced by the sample. Drug loading (DL) of the binary ASD was varied from 5-50%, and ternary systems were formulated at 30% DL with two surfactants (sodium dodecyl sulfate, Vitamin E TPGS). Imaging of partially dissolved or crystallized compacts by scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and confocal fluorescence microscopy was performed to investigate pathways of hydration, phase separation, and crystallization. Monitoring drug and polymer release of ASD powder under non-sink conditions provided insight into supersaturation and desupersaturation profiles. Systems at the greatest risk of matrix crystallization had high DLs, underwent mechanical activation, and/or contained surfactant. Systems having greatest resistance to matrix crystallization had rapid and congruent drug and polymer release. This study has implications for formulation and process design of ASDs and risk assessment of matrix crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana E Moseson
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Tze Ning Hiew
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yongchao Su
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States; Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.
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8
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Dandignac M, Lacerda SP, Chamayou A, Galet L. Comparison study of physicochemical and biopharmaceutics properties of hydrophobic drugs ground by two dry milling processes. Pharm Dev Technol 2022; 27:816-828. [PMID: 36062973 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2022.2121408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
1. AbstractThis study focuses on the dry milling of BCS (Biopharmaceutical Classification System) class II molecules. These molecules have a limited bioavailability because of their low aqueous solubility, poor water wettability and low dissolution rate. In order to improve these properties, indomethacin (IND) and niflumic acid (NIF) were milled using two different types of equipment: Pulverisette 0® and CryoMill®. Milled samples were characterized and compared to commercial molecules. IND shows a modified solid state, like surface crystallinity reduction and an increase in water vapor adsorption from to 2 up to 5-fold due to milling processes. The obtained solubility data resulted in an improvement in solubility up to 1.2-fold and an increase in initial dissolution kinetics: 2% of dissolved drug for original crystals against 25% for milled samples. For NIF no crystallinity reduction, no change of surface properties and no solubility improvement after milling were noticed. In addition, milled particles seemed more agglomerated resulting in no changes in dissolution rate compared to the original drug. IND solubility and dissolution enhancement can be attributed to the modification of surface area, drug crystallinity reduction and water sorption increase due to specific behaviour related to the drug crystal disorder induced by milling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dandignac
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, Albi Cedex 09 F-81013, France
| | - S P Lacerda
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, Albi Cedex 09 F-81013, France
| | - A Chamayou
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, Albi Cedex 09 F-81013, France
| | - L Galet
- Université de Toulouse, IMT Mines Albi, UMR CNRS 5302, Centre RAPSODEE, Campus Jarlard, Albi Cedex 09 F-81013, France
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9
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Liu T, Kaur N, Chen B, Phillips B, Chang SY, Yang F, Bi V, Durig T, Zhang F. Physicochemical Changes and Chemical Degradation of Gliclazide during Twin-Screw Melt Granulation. Int J Pharm 2022; 619:121702. [PMID: 35341908 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Using a miscible model formulation consisting of 80% gliclazide (GLZ) and 20% hydroxypropyl cellulose, we investigate how the twin-screw melt granulation process affects the chemical stability and process-induced physicochemical changes of the drug. No degradation was observed in the conveying section that leads to kneading element. Approximately 1/3 of the GLZ degradant was generated at the kneading section, while the remaining 2/3 was generated in the conveying section post-kneading and during cooling outside the barrel. A strong correlation was observed between the overall degradation and the temperature of the granules at the barrel exit. In the kneading section, the degradant content correlates best with the specific mechanical energy. With higher specific mechanical energies, the size of the GLZ crystals was reduced further, resulting in more surface defects. In the section post-kneading element, GLZ degradation correlates best with the granule temperature measured at the kneading section. This knowledge of drug degradation during twin-screw melt granulation can be used to develop processing strategies to maintain drug stability during and post processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongzhou Liu
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Navpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Beibei Chen
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Brian Phillips
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Wilmington, DE
| | - Shao-Yu Chang
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Wilmington, DE
| | - Fengyuan Yang
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Wilmington, DE
| | - Vivian Bi
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Wilmington, DE
| | - Thomas Durig
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Ashland Specialty Ingredients, Wilmington, DE
| | - Feng Zhang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX.
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10
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Photoinstability in active pharmaceutical ingredients: Crystal engineering as a mitigating measure. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C: PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2021.100455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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11
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Kaur N, Haugstad G, Suryanarayanan R. Use of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to monitor surface crystallization in caffeine-oxalic acid (CAFOXA) cocrystal compacts. Int J Pharm 2021; 609:121196. [PMID: 34662647 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to monitor the surface crystallization in disordered caffeine-oxalic acid (CAFOXA) cocrystals following exposure to elevated water vapor pressure. This was accomplished using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Disorder was induced in the cocrystal particles by the common pharmaceutical unit operations of milling and compaction. The 'activated' solid, upon exposure to elevated water vapor pressure, had a high propensity to sorb water. This led to a rise in molecular mobility and the surface underwent rapid crystallization to form needle shaped crystals of CAFOXA. Using AFM height and phase imaging, we were able to directly visualize phase transformations on the compact surface. The milled compacts exhibited higher processing induced disorder than the unmilled compacts, thereby accelerating the surface recrystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Greg Haugstad
- CSE Characterization Facility, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Lamivudine (3TC) and zidovudine (AZT) are antiretroviral agents used to manage HIV/AIDS infection. A wet media milling top-down approach was used to develop and produce nano co-crystals of 3TC and AZT. Micro co-crystals were prepared by solvent evaporation and subsequently milled in the presence of two surfactants, viz., sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate 1000 (TPGS 1000). Optimisation was undertaken using design of experiments (DoE) and response surface methodology (RSM) to establish and identify parameters that may affect the manufacturing of nano co-crystals. The impact of SLS and TPGS 1000 concentration, milling time, and number of units of milling medium on the manufacturing of nano co-crystals, was investigated. The critical quality attributes (CQA) monitored were particle size (PS), Zeta potential (ZP), and polydispersity index (PDI). Powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy scanning electron microscopy, and cytotoxicity assays were used for additional characterization of the optimised nano co-crystal. The mean PS, PDI, and ZP of the optimised top-down nanocrystal were 271.0 ± 92.0 nm, 0.467 ± 0.073, and −41.9 ± 3.94 mV, respectively. In conclusion, a simple, inexpensive, rapid, and precise method of nano co-crystal manufacturing was developed, validated, and optimised using DoE and RSM, and the final product exhibited the target CQA.
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13
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Experimental synthesis and characterization of rough particles for colloidal and granular rheology. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Modhave D, Laggner P, Brunsteiner M, Paudel A. Solid-State Reactivity of Mechano-Activated Simvastatin: Atypical Relation to Powder Crystallinity. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:3272-3280. [PMID: 31173762 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the impact of solid-state disorders generated during milling on the chemical reactivity of simvastatin. An amorphous and a partially crystalline simvastatin powders were generated via cryomilling simvastatin crystals for either 90 or 10 min, respectively. The thoroughly characterized milled powders were stored at 40°C/75% RH, in open and closed containers. The effect of milling and storage conditions on physical stability was investigated using simultaneous small and wide-angle X-ray scattering and differential scanning calorimetry. The chemical degradation was evaluated using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Compared with the fully amorphous state, the partially crystalline simvastatin crystallized to a lower extent in the expense of higher chemical degradation on open storage. The closely stored samples degraded to a lower extent and crystallized to a higher extent than the openly stored ones. However, the trends of the total crystallinity and degradation between amorphous and partially crystalline powders were similar. Small-angle X-ray scattering revealed that the partially crystalline simvastatin comprised a higher extent of nanoscale density heterogeneity than the fully amorphous powder. The overall results pointed toward the role of the remaining amorphous content and the nanoscale and mesoscale density heterogeneity on the chemical reactivity in the disordered simvastatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dattatray Modhave
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Laggner
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, Austria
| | | | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz, Austria; University of Technology, Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Graz Austria.
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15
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Kaur N, Duggirala NK, Thakral S, Suryanarayanan R. Role of Lattice Disorder in Water-Mediated Dissociation of Pharmaceutical Cocrystal Systems. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:3167-3177. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Navpreet Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Naga Kiran Duggirala
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Seema Thakral
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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16
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Nakach M, Authelin JR, Perrin MA, Lakkireddy HR. Comparison of high pressure homogenization and stirred bead milling for the production of nano-crystalline suspensions. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Fontana F, Figueiredo P, Zhang P, Hirvonen JT, Liu D, Santos HA. Production of pure drug nanocrystals and nano co-crystals by confinement methods. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 131:3-21. [PMID: 29738786 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of drug nanocrystals in the drug formulation is increasing due to the large number of poorly water-soluble drug compounds synthetized and due to the advantages brought by the nanonization process. The downsizing processes are done using a top-down approach (milling and homogenization currently employed at the industrial level), while the crystallization process is performed by bottom-up techniques (e.g., antisolvent precipitation, use of supercritical fluids or spray and freeze drying). In addition, the production of nanocrystals in confined environment can be achieved within microfluidics channels. This review analyzes the processes for the preparation of nanocrystals and co-crystals, divided by top-down and bottom-up approaches, together with their combinations. The combination of both strategies merges the favorable features of each process and avoids the disadvantages of single processes. Overall, the applicability of drug nanocrystals is highlighted by the widespread research on the production processes at the engineering, pharmaceutical, and nanotechnology level.
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18
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Pazesh S, Persson AS, Berggren J, Alderborn G. Effect of milling on the plastic and the elastic stiffness of lactose particles. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 114:138-145. [PMID: 29217203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of degree of disorder of a series of α-lactose monohydrate powders, prepared by milling for different time periods, on the plastic and the elastic stiffness of the particles. As references, a series of physical mixtures consisting of original crystalline particles and amorphous particles obtained by spray-drying was used. In addition, the effect of powder pre-storage humidity on the mechanical properties was investigated. For milled particles of a low degree of disorder, a decreased particle size increased the particle plastic stiffness. For milled particles of constant particle size, the plastic stiffness decreased with an increased degree of disorder while the elastic stiffness seemed nearly independent of the degree of disorder. The presence of moisture caused a recrystallisation of milled particles with low degree of disorder which increased their plastic stiffness. For the physical mixtures of crystalline and amorphous particles, similar relationships between plastic stiffness and amorphous content as for the milled powders were obtained. A reasonable explanation is that the nature of the milled particles is represented by a two-state system with crystalline and amorphous domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Pazesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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19
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Brunaugh A, Smyth HDC. Process optimization and particle engineering of micronized drug powders via milling. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2017; 8:1740-1750. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-017-0444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Hasa D, Jones W. Screening for new pharmaceutical solid forms using mechanochemistry: A practical guide. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 117:147-161. [PMID: 28478084 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Within the pharmaceutical industry, and elsewhere, the screening for new solid forms is a mandatory exercise for both existing and new chemical entities. This contribution focuses on mechanochemistry as a versatile approach for discovering new and alternative solid forms. Whilst a series of recently published extensive reviews exist which focus on mechanistic aspects and potential areas of development, in this review we focus on particular practical aspects of mechanochemistry in order to allow full optimisation of the approach in searches for new solid forms including polymorphs, salts and cocrystals as well as their solvated/hydrated analogues. As a consequence of the apparent experimental simplicity of the method (compared to more traditional protocols e.g. solvent-based methods), the high efficiency and range of conditions available in a mechanochemical screen, mechanochemistry should not be considered simply as an alternative method when other screening methods are not successful, but rather as a key strategy in any fully effective solid form screen providing reduced effort and time as well as the potential of requiring reduced amounts of material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dritan Hasa
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, The Gateway, LE1 9BH Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - William Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, CB2 1EW Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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21
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Schammé B, Monnier X, Couvrat N, Delbreilh L, Dupray V, Dargent É, Coquerel G. Insights on the Physical State Reached by an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient upon High-Energy Milling. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:5142-5150. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Schammé
- Normandie
Univ,
UNIROUEN, Sciences et Méthodes Séparatives, 76000, Rouen, France
- Normandie Univ,
UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Xavier Monnier
- Normandie Univ,
UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Nicolas Couvrat
- Normandie
Univ,
UNIROUEN, Sciences et Méthodes Séparatives, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Laurent Delbreilh
- Normandie Univ,
UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Valérie Dupray
- Normandie
Univ,
UNIROUEN, Sciences et Méthodes Séparatives, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Éric Dargent
- Normandie Univ,
UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Gérard Coquerel
- Normandie
Univ,
UNIROUEN, Sciences et Méthodes Séparatives, 76000, Rouen, France
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22
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Moldovan AA, Rosbottom I, Ramachandran V, Pask CM, Olomukhoro O, Roberts KJ. Crystallographic Structure, Intermolecular Packing Energetics, Crystal Morphology and Surface Chemistry of Salmeterol Xinafoate (Form I). J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:882-891. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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23
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Influence of particle properties on powder bulk behaviour and processability. Int J Pharm 2017; 518:138-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Pazesh S, Lazorova L, Berggren J, Alderborn G, Gråsjö J. Considerations on the quantitative analysis of apparent amorphicity of milled lactose by Raman spectroscopy. Int J Pharm 2016; 511:488-504. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Comparison of amorphous states prepared by melt-quenching and cryomilling polymorphs of carbamazepine. Int J Pharm 2016; 509:305-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Nanomilling of Drugs for Bioavailability Enhancement: A Holistic Formulation-Process Perspective. Pharmaceutics 2016; 8:pharmaceutics8020017. [PMID: 27213434 PMCID: PMC4932480 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics8020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparation of drug nanoparticles via wet media milling (nanomilling) is a very versatile drug delivery platform and is suitable for oral, injectable, inhalable, and buccal applications. Wet media milling followed by various drying processes has become a well-established and proven formulation approach especially for bioavailability enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs. It has several advantages such as organic solvent-free processing, tunable and relatively high drug loading, and applicability to a multitude of poorly water-soluble drugs. Although the physical stability of the wet-milled suspensions (nanosuspensions) has attracted a lot of attention, fundamental understanding of the process has been lacking until recently. The objective of this review paper is to present fundamental insights from available published literature while summarizing the recent advances and highlighting the gap areas that have not received adequate attention. First, stabilization by conventionally used polymers/surfactants and novel stabilizers is reviewed. Then, a fundamental understanding of the process parameters, with a focus on wet stirred media milling, is revealed based on microhydrodynamic models. This review is expected to bring a holistic formulation-process perspective to the nanomilling process and pave the way for robust process development scale-up. Finally, challenges are indicated with a view to shedding light on future opportunities.
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27
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Descamps M, Willart JF. Perspectives on the amorphisation/milling relationship in pharmaceutical materials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 100:51-66. [PMID: 26826439 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents an overview of recent advances in understanding the role of the amorphous state in the physical and chemical transformations of pharmaceutical materials induced by mechanical milling. The following points are addressed: (1) Is milling really able to amorphise crystals?, (2) Conditions for obtaining an amorphisation, (3) Milling of hydrates, (4) Producing amorphous state without changing the chemical nature, (5) Milling induced crystal to crystal transformations: mediation by an amorphous state, (6) Nature of the amorphous state obtained by milling, (7) Milling of amorphous compounds: accelerated aging or rejuvenation, (8) Specific recrystallisation behaviour, and (9) Toward a rationalisation and conceptual framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Descamps
- UMET, Unité Matériaux et Transformations, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F 59 000 Lille, France
| | - J F Willart
- UMET, Unité Matériaux et Transformations, CNRS, Univ. Lille, F 59 000 Lille, France.
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28
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Effect of milling temperatures on surface area, surface energy and cohesion of pharmaceutical powders. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:234-240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Cares-Pacheco M, Calvet R, Vaca-Medina G, Rouilly A, Espitalier F. Inverse gas chromatography a tool to follow physicochemical modifications of pharmaceutical solids: Crystal habit and particles size surface effects. Int J Pharm 2015; 494:113-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Understanding pharmaceutical polymorphic transformations I: influence of process variables and storage conditions. Ther Deliv 2015; 5:1123-42. [PMID: 25418270 DOI: 10.4155/tde.14.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) of a dosage form is affected by number of mechanical and environmental factors which have a tendency to alter its crystalline state. Polymorphic transitions have been observed to occur during various unit operations like granulation, milling and compression. Forces of pressure, shear and temperature have an ability to induce alterations in crystal habit. A conversion in polymorphic form during a unit operation is very likely to affect the handling of API in the subsequent unit operation. Transitions have also been observed during storage of formulations where the relative humidity and temperature play a major role. An increase in temperature during storage can dehydrate or desolvate the crystal and hence produce crystal defects, whilst, high humidity conditions produce higher molecular mobility leading to either crystallization of API or alteration of its crystalline form.
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31
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Tuomela A, Laaksonen T, Laru J, Antikainen O, Kiesvaara J, Ilkka J, Oksala O, Rönkkö S, Järvinen K, Hirvonen J, Peltonen L. Solid formulations by a nanocrystal approach: critical process parameters regarding scale-ability of nanocrystals for tableting applications. Int J Pharm 2015; 485:77-86. [PMID: 25746735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nanocrystallization is among the foremost drug delivery platform approaches for the commercial development of poorly soluble drugs. There exists an urge to enable a universal shift of the production of the solid nanocrystal formulations from laboratory scale to industrially feasible scale. The success of any formulation development depends on its transferability to large scale manufacture. The objectives of the study were to increase the nanocrystallization batch size and to screen and optimize parameters for industrially feasible itraconazole (ITC) and indomethacin (IND) nanocrystal composition for tablet formulation. Thus, ITC and IND were transformed into nanocrystal suspensions, using an increased batch size of a wet milling process, freeze-dried, and further developed into both direct compression (DC) and granulated (G) tableting masses. According to the investigated powder and tablet properties (true density, flowability, dose uniformity, maximum upper punch force, crushing strength, dissolution and disintegration) and stability testings, it was clear that the amount of the nanocrystals in the solid tablet formulation is critical in order to fully utilize the benefits of the nanocrystals, i.e., fast dissolution, and to produce high-quality tablets. The DC designs of both the model drugs with compositions including 40% of freeze-dried nanocrystalline drug powder outperformed the corresponding granulated tablets in all parameters after the stability surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Tuomela
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Laru
- Orion Pharma R&D, Formulation Research, Espoo, Finland
| | - Osmo Antikainen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Seppo Rönkkö
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina Järvinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jouni Hirvonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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32
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Jones DS, Margetson DN, McAllister MS, Yu T, Shu L, McCoy CP, Andrews GP. Thermodynamically stable amorphous drug dispersions in amorphous hydrophilic polymers engineered by hot melt extrusion. Chem Eng Res Des 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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A new and improved method for the preparation of drug nanosuspension formulations using acoustic mixing technology. Int J Pharm 2014; 473:10-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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34
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Mohammadi-Jam S, Waters K. Inverse gas chromatography applications: a review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 212:21-44. [PMID: 25092057 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) is a versatile, powerful, sensitive and relatively fast technique for characterizing the physicochemical properties of materials. Due to its applicability in determining surface properties of solids in any form such as films, fibres and powders of both crystalline and amorphous structures, IGC became a popular technique for surface characterization, used extensively soon after its development. One of the most appealing features of IGC that led to its popularity among analytical scientists in early years was its similarity in principle to analytical gas chromatography (GC). The main aspect which distinguishes IGC experiments from conventional GC is the role of mobile and stationary phases. Contrary to conventional GC, the material under investigation is placed in the chromatographic column and a known probe vapour is used to provide information on the surface. In this review, information concerning the history, instrumentation and applications is discussed. Examples of the many experiments developed for IGC method are selected and described. Materials that have been analysed include polymers, pharmaceuticals, minerals, surfactants, and nanomaterials. The properties that can be determined using the IGC technique include enthalpy and entropy of sorption, surface energy (dispersive and specific components), work of co/adhesion, miscibility and solubility parameters, surface heterogeneity, glass transition temperature, and specific surface area.
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35
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Kumar S, Burgess DJ. Wet milling induced physical and chemical instabilities of naproxen nano-crystalline suspensions. Int J Pharm 2014; 466:223-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Sarnes A, Kovalainen M, Häkkinen MR, Laaksonen T, Laru J, Kiesvaara J, Ilkka J, Oksala O, Rönkkö S, Järvinen K, Hirvonen J, Peltonen L. Nanocrystal-based per-oral itraconazole delivery: superior in vitro dissolution enhancement versus Sporanox® is not realized in in vivo drug absorption. J Control Release 2014; 180:109-16. [PMID: 24566254 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscience holds true promise in enabling efficient formulation development and in vivo delivery of poorly water soluble drugs. The objective of this study was to formulate solid oral nanocrystal delivery systems of itraconazole, and thus enhance the oral bioavailability of the very poorly soluble drug. Nanocrystal suspensions were prepared by a rapid wet milling technique, after which the suspensions were transformed into solid dosage forms by both freeze drying and granulating. Finally, the obtained nanocrystalline powders were capsule-packed as well as compacted to tablets. After in vitro analysis, the formulations (nanocrystal suspension (NPs), freeze dried NPs, granulated NPs) were tested in vivo in a rat model, and compared with commercial itraconazole formulation (Sporanox). Importantly, the results indicated rapid dissolution of the nanocrystalline itraconazole with enhanced bioavailability compared to physical mixture. Drug dissolution in vitro was immediate from NPs and freeze dried powder, and differed significantly from the marketed product (P=0.004 and 0.002, correspondingly) until 30min. Freeze drying was detected to be especially advantageous for the solid dosage forms. It is possible to maintain the original character of the nanocrystals, e.g. rapid dissolution, even after tableting of the nanocrystalline powders. Interestingly, the marketed product out-performed the nanocrystalline formulations in vivo, even though the nanocrystals provided reasonable bioavailability of itraconazole absorption as well. The efficient in vitro dissolution enhancement of the nanocrystalline formulations compared to Sporanox® was not realized in in vivo drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Sarnes
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Miia Kovalainen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Merja R Häkkinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Laru
- Orion Pharma R&D, Formulation Research, Espoo, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Seppo Rönkkö
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina Järvinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jouni Hirvonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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37
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Mah PT, Laaksonen T, Rades T, Aaltonen J, Peltonen L, Strachan CJ. Unravelling the Relationship between Degree of Disorder and the Dissolution Behavior of Milled Glibenclamide. Mol Pharm 2013; 11:234-42. [DOI: 10.1021/mp4004145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei T. Mah
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of
Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Laaksonen
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of
Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jaakko Aaltonen
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of
Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of
Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Clare J. Strachan
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of
Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Finland
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38
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Sarnes A, Østergaard J, Jensen SS, Aaltonen J, Rantanen J, Hirvonen J, Peltonen L. Dissolution study of nanocrystal powders of a poorly soluble drug by UV imaging and channel flow methods. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 50:511-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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39
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Harter A, Schenck L, Lee I, Cote A. High-Shear Rotor–Stator Wet Milling for Drug Substances: Expanding Capability with Improved Scalability. Org Process Res Dev 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/op4001143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allison Harter
- Merck & Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19846, United States
| | - Luke Schenck
- Chemical Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co. Inc., 126 East Lincoln Highway, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ivan Lee
- Chemical Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co. Inc., 126 East Lincoln Highway, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Aaron Cote
- Chemical Process Development and Commercialization, Merck & Co. Inc., 126 East Lincoln Highway, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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40
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Chakravarty P, Bates S, Thomas L. Identification of a Potential Conformationally Disordered Mesophase in a Small Molecule: Experimental and Computational Approaches. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2809-22. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300558m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paroma Chakravarty
- Small Molecules Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA way, South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Simon Bates
- Triclinic Laboratories, Inc., 1201 Cumberland Avenue, West Lafayette, Indiana
47906, United States
| | - Leonard Thomas
- DSC Solutions LLC, 27 E. Braeburn Drive, Smyrna, Delaware
19977, United States
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41
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Lim RTY, Ng WK, Widjaja E, Tan RB. Comparison of the physical stability and physicochemical properties of amorphous indomethacin prepared by co-milling and supercritical anti-solvent co-precipitation. J Supercrit Fluids 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2013.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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42
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Investigating the applicability of inverse gas chromatography to binary powdered systems: An application of surface heterogeneity profiles to understanding preferential probe-surface interactions. Int J Pharm 2013; 445:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Mahieu A, Willart JF, Dudognon E, Eddleston MD, Jones W, Danède F, Descamps M. On the Polymorphism of Griseofulvin: Identification of Two Additional Polymorphs. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:462-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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44
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Hu Y, Macfhionnghaile P, Caron V, Tajber L, Healy AM, Erxleben A, McArdle P. Formation, Physical Stability, and Quantification of Process-Induced Disorder in Cryomilled Samples of a Model Polymorphic Drug. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:93-103. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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Burnett DJ, Khoo J, Naderi M, Heng JYY, Wang GD, Thielmann F. Effect of processing route on the surface properties of amorphous indomethacin measured by inverse gas chromatography. AAPS PharmSciTech 2012; 13:1511-7. [PMID: 23135965 PMCID: PMC3513430 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-012-9881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of processing route (i.e., quench cooling and ball milling) on the surface energy heterogeneity and surface chemistry of indomethacin (IMC). Recently developed inverse gas chromatography (IGC) methodology at finite concentrations was employed to determine the surface energy distributions of crystalline, quench cooled and milled IMC samples. Surface properties of crystalline and processed IMC were measurably different as determined by the IGC and other conventional characterization techniques: differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffraction. Quench cooled IMC was in fully amorphous form. Milled IMC showed no amorphous character by calorimetric or X-ray diffraction studies. It was demonstrated that both processed IMC samples were energetically more active than the crystalline IMC. In particular, milled IMC exhibited a relatively higher dispersive surface energy and higher surface basicity (electron donor capability). This may be attributed to the creation of surface defect sites or exposure of higher energy crystal facets during the milling process. This study confirms that processing route has notable influence on the surface energy distribution and surface acid-base character. IGC was demonstrated as a powerful technique for investigating surface properties of real-world, heterogeneous pharmaceutical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Burnett
- Surface Measurement Systems, Ltd, 2125 28th Street SW, Suite 1, Allentown, Pennsylvania 18103, USA.
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46
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Luisi BS, Medek A, Liu Z, Mudunuri P, Moulton B. Milling-Induced Disorder of Pharmaceuticals: One-Phase or Two-Phase System? J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1475-85. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian S Luisi
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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Willart JF, Carpentier L, Danède F, Descamps M. Solid-state vitrification of crystalline griseofulvin by mechanical milling. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1570-7. [PMID: 22252982 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The thermodynamic, dynamic, and structural changes of crystalline griseofulvin upon high-energy ball milling at room temperature have been studied. The investigations have been performed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dielectric relaxation spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that this compound undergoes a direct crystal-to-glass transformation upon milling, whereas no glass transition can be clearly detected upon heating because of the exceptional sub-glass transition temperature (T(g) ) recrystallization of the milled sample. This intrinsic difficulty for characterizing the glassy state has been overcome using three independent strategies: (i) comparison of the evolutions upon milling of both the crystalline powder and the quenched liquid, (ii) use of fast DSC to delay the recrystallization event, and (iii) search for dielectric β relaxations typical of glasses in the milled compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Willart
- Université Lille Nord de France, USTL Unité Matériaux et Transformations, UMR CNRS 8207, F-59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
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Otte A, Zhang Y, Carvajal MT, Pinal R. Milling induces disorder in crystalline griseofulvin and order in its amorphous counterpart. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce06365d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Surface energy analysis as a tool to probe the surface energy characteristics of micronized materials—A comparison with inverse gas chromatography. Int J Pharm 2012; 422:238-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Origin of Two Modes of Non-isothermal Crystallization of Glasses Produced by Milling. Pharm Res 2011; 29:1020-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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