1
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Xie R, Hu Y, Lee SL. A Paradigm Shift from 2D to 3D: Surface Supramolecular Assemblies and Their Electronic Properties Explored by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300413. [PMID: 36922729 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exploring supramolecular architectures at surfaces plays an increasingly important role in contemporary science, especially for molecular electronics. A paradigm of research interest in this context is shifting from 2D to 3D that is expanding from monolayer, bilayers, to multilayers. Taking advantage of its high-resolution insight into monolayers and a few layers, scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy (STM/STS) turns out a powerful tool for analyzing such thin films on a solid surface. This review summarizes the representative efforts of STM/STS studies of layered supramolecular assemblies and their unique electronic properties, especially at the liquid-solid interface. The superiority of the 3D molecular networks at surfaces is elucidated and an outlook on the challenges that still lie ahead is provided. This review not only highlights the profound progress in 3D supramolecular assemblies but also provides researchers with unusual concepts to design surface supramolecular structures with increasing complexity and desired functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Xie
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yi Hu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Shern-Long Lee
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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2
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Möllers PV, Ulku S, Jayarathna D, Tassinari F, Nürenberg D, Naaman R, Achim C, Zacharias H. Spin-selective electron transmission through self-assembled monolayers of double-stranded peptide nucleic acid. Chirality 2021; 33:93-102. [PMID: 33400337 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Monolayers of chiral molecules can preferentially transmit electrons with a specific spin orientation, introducing chiral molecules as efficient spin filters. This phenomenon is established as chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) and was demonstrated directly for the first time in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)1 . Here, we discuss SAMs of double-stranded peptide nucleic acid (dsPNA) as a system which allows for systematic investigations of the influence of various molecular properties on CISS. In photoemission studies, SAMs of chiral, γ-modified PNA show significant spin filtering of up to P = (24.4 ± 4.3)% spin polarization. The polarization values found in PNA lacking chiral monomers are considerably lower at about P = 12%. The results confirm that the preferred spin orientation is directly linked to the molecular handedness and indicate that the spin filtering capacity of the dsPNA helices might be enhanced by introduction of chiral centers in the constituting peptide monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Valerian Möllers
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Selma Ulku
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dilhara Jayarathna
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Francesco Tassinari
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Daniel Nürenberg
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Catalina Achim
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Helmut Zacharias
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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3
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Fang Y, Lindner BD, Destoop I, Tsuji T, Zhang Z, Khaliullin RZ, Perepichka DF, Tahara K, Feyter SD, Tobe Y. Stereospecific Epitaxial Growth of Bilayered Porous Molecular Networks. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:8662-8671. [PMID: 32306725 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stereocontrolled multilayer growth of supramolecular porous networks at the interface between graphite and a solution was investigated. For this study, we designed a chiral dehydrobenzo[12]annulene (DBA) building block bearing alkoxy chains substituted at the 2 position with hydroxy groups, which enable van der Waals stabilization in a layer and potential hydrogen-bonding interactions between the layers. Bias voltage-dependent scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments revealed the diastereospecificity of the bilayer with respect to both the intrinsic chirality of the building blocks and the supramolecular chirality of the self-assembled networks. Top and bottom layers within the same crystalline domain were composed of the same enantiomers but displayed opposite supramolecular chiralities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium.,Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Benjamin D Lindner
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Iris Destoop
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Zhenzhe Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Rustam Z Khaliullin
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Québec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven B-3001, Belgium
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.,The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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4
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Seibel J, Parschau M, Ernst KH. Double layer crystallization of heptahelicene on noble metal surfaces. Chirality 2020; 32:975-980. [PMID: 32343874 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Resolution of enantiomers of chiral compounds via crystallization is the dominant method in chemical industry, but chiral recognition at the molecular level during this process is still poorly understood. Using single metal surfaces in ultrahigh vacuum as model system, the enantio-related transition from the monolayer structure into a double layer of the racemic mixture of heptahelicene has been studied with scanning tunneling microscopy. Submolecular resolution reveals enantiopure second layers on Ag(111) and almost enantiopure second layers on Au(111). In analogy to previous results on Cu(111), it is concluded that transition from the 2D first layer racemate into a layered racemate occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Seibel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Parschau
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Nanosurf Lab, Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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5
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Tuca E, Paci I. Structural analysis of helicene molecules adsorbed on symmetric surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9189-9199. [PMID: 30949648 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00284g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Helicenes are chiral polyaromatic hydrocarbon molecules which self-assemble into ordered monolayers on solid substrates, and are of current interest in the study of supramolecular systems and the development of smart materials. In this work we investigate the geometry of helicene monomers and stacked dimers on (111) facets of coinage metals. The geometry of the adsorbed molecules is shaped by the coupling of intermolecular dispersive forces, intramolecular steric repulsion between end rings and surface-molecule interactions. Thus, binding and stereospecificity outcomes vary broadly depending on the identity of molecule/surface pair. Overall, homochiral interactions are found to be more effective than heterochiral stacking, due to a better fit between the helical structures in like dimers. On a surface, this effect is enhanced by the flattening of surface-proximal molecular rings. However, our results show that the "sandwich" effect of the second molecular layer increases molecular footprints in the first layer, with potentially large implications in monolayer organization and surface commensuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilian Tuca
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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6
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Parschau M, Ernst KH. Disappearing Enantiomorphs: Single Handedness in Racemate Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201507590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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7
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Parschau M, Ernst KH. Disappearing Enantiomorphs: Single Handedness in Racemate Crystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14422-6. [PMID: 26440779 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201507590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Although crystallization is the most important method for the separation of enantiomers of chiral molecules in the chemical industry, the chiral recognition involved in this process is poorly understood at the molecular level. We report on the initial steps in the formation of layered racemate crystals from a racemic mixture, as observed by STM at submolecular resolution. Grown on a copper single-crystal surface, the chiral hydrocarbon heptahelicene formed chiral racemic lattice structures within the first layer. In the second layer, enantiomerically pure domains were observed, underneath which the first layer contained exclusively the other enantiomer. Hence, the system changed from a 2D racemate into a 3D racemate with enantiomerically pure layers after exceeding monolayer-saturation coverage. A chiral bias in form of a small enantiomeric excess suppressed the crystallization of one double-layer enantiomorph so that the pure minor enantiomer crystallized only in the second layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Parschau
- Nanoscale Materials Science Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf (Switzerland)
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Nanoscale Materials Science Laboratory, Empa, Swiss Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf (Switzerland). .,Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich (Switzerland).
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8
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Seibel J, Zoppi L, Ernst KH. 2D conglomerate crystallization of heptahelicene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:8751-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc03574g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional homochiral nucleation and conglomerate crystallization of an unsubstituted all-carbon helicene on a metal surface is observed for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Seibel
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Laura Zoppi
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
- CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology
- CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Zurich
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9
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Ascolani H, van der Meijden MW, Cristina LJ, Gayone JE, Kellogg RM, Fuhr JD, Lingenfelder M. Van der Waals interactions in the self-assembly of 5-amino[6]helicene on Cu(100) and Au(111). Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:13907-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc04338c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
No H bonding for the amino group: van der Waals interactions guide the self-assembly of an aminohelicene on Cu(100) and Au(111).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Magalí Lingenfelder
- Max Planck-EPFL Laboratory for Molecular Nanoscience
- EPFL SB CMNT NL-CMNT
- CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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10
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Seibel J, Allemann O, Siegel JS, Ernst KH. Chiral Conflict among Different Helicenes Suppresses Formation of One Enantiomorph in 2D Crystallization. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:7434-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja402012j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Seibel
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600
Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Allemann
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jay S. Siegel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Ernst
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600
Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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11
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Balandina T, W. van der Meijden M, Ivasenko O, Cornil D, Cornil J, Lazzaroni R, Kellogg RM, De Feyter S. Self-assembly of an asymmetrically functionalized [6]helicene at liquid/solid interfaces. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2207-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc37159j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Iski EV, Tierney HL, Jewell AD, Sykes ECH. Spontaneous Transmission of Chirality through Multiple Length Scales. Chemistry 2011; 17:7205-12. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin V. Iski
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617‐627‐3773
| | - Heather L. Tierney
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617‐627‐3773
| | - April D. Jewell
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617‐627‐3773
| | - E. Charles H. Sykes
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, 62 Talbot Ave., Medford, MA 02155 (USA), Fax: (+1) 617‐627‐3773
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13
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Weissbuch I, Lahav M. Crystalline Architectures as Templates of Relevance to the Origins of Homochirality. Chem Rev 2011; 111:3236-67. [DOI: 10.1021/cr1002479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Weissbuch
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 76100
| | - Meir Lahav
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, 76100
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