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Di Turo F, Moro G, Artesani A, Albertin F, Bettuzzi M, Cristofori D, Moretto LM, Traviglia A. Chemical analysis and computed tomography of metallic inclusions in Roman glass to unveil ancient coloring methods. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11187. [PMID: 34045535 PMCID: PMC8160351 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the analysis of two near-spherical metallic inclusions partially incorporated within two Roman raw glass slags in order to elucidate the process that induced their formation and to determine whether their presence was related to ancient glass colouring processes. The theory of metallic scraps or powder being used in Roman times for glass-making and colouring purposes is widely accepted by the archaeological scientific community, although the assumption has been mainly based on oral traditions and documented medieval practices of glass processing. The analysis of the two inclusions, carried out by X-ray computed tomography, electrochemical analyses, and scanning electron microscopy, revealed their material composition, corrosion and internal structure. Results indicate that the two metallic bodies originated when, during the melting phase of glass, metal scraps were added to colour the material: the colloidal metal-glass system reached then a supersaturation condition and the latter ultimately induced metal expulsion and agglomeration. According to the authors' knowledge, these two inclusions represent the first documented and studied finds directly associated with the ancient practise of adding metallic agents to colour glass, and their analysis provides clear insights into the use of metallic waste in the glass colouring process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Di Turo
- Center for Cultural Heritage Technology (CCHT), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 30175, Venice, Italy
| | - Giulia Moro
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Alessia Artesani
- Center for Cultural Heritage Technology (CCHT), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 30175, Venice, Italy
| | - Fauzia Albertin
- Historical Museum of Physics and the Enrico Fermi Study and Research Center - CREF, 00184, Rome, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, 40127, Bologna, Italy
- INFN - National Institute of Nuclear Physics, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Bettuzzi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, 40127, Bologna, Italy
- INFN - National Institute of Nuclear Physics, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Davide Cristofori
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, 30172, Venice, Italy
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Centre for Electron Microscopy "Giovanni Stevanato", 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Ligia Maria Moretto
- Center for Cultural Heritage Technology (CCHT), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 30175, Venice, Italy
- Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, 30172, Venice, Italy
| | - Arianna Traviglia
- Center for Cultural Heritage Technology (CCHT), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 30175, Venice, Italy.
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Gonçalves MM, Carneiro J, Justus B, Espinoza JT, Budel JM, Farago PV, Paula JPD. Preparation and characterization of a novel antimicrobial film dressing for wound healing application. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902020000118784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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Water vapor permeability, morphological properties, and optical properties of variably hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol)/linear low-density polyethylene composite films. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-016-0279-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Farris S, Unalan IU, Introzzi L, Fuentes-Alventosa JM, Cozzolino CA. Pullulan-based films and coatings for food packaging: Present applications, emerging opportunities, and future challenges. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Farris
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS); Packaging Division; University of Milan; Via Celoria 2 Milan I- 20133 Italy
| | - Ilke Uysal Unalan
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS); Packaging Division; University of Milan; Via Celoria 2 Milan I- 20133 Italy
| | - Laura Introzzi
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS); Packaging Division; University of Milan; Via Celoria 2 Milan I- 20133 Italy
| | - José Maria Fuentes-Alventosa
- Centro de Investigación y Formación Agraria “Alameda del Obispo,” Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA); Avda. Menéndez Pidal s/n Córdoba 14004 Spain
| | - Carlo A. Cozzolino
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS); Packaging Division; University of Milan; Via Celoria 2 Milan I- 20133 Italy
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Arrieta MP, Peltzer MA, López J, Garrigós MDC, Valente AJ, Jiménez A. Functional properties of sodium and calcium caseinate antimicrobial active films containing carvacrol. J FOOD ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Cozzolino CA, Nilsson F, Iotti M, Sacchi B, Piga A, Farris S. Exploiting the nano-sized features of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) for the development of controlled-release packaging. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 110:208-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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