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Brasiliense V, Audibert JF, Wu T, Tessier G, Berto P, Miomandre F. Local Surface Chemistry Dynamically Monitored by Quantitative Phase Microscopy. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2100737. [PMID: 35041288 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification by photo grafting constitutes an interesting strategy to prepare functional surfaces. Precision applications, however, demand quantitative methods able to monitor and control the amount and distribution of surface modifications, which is hard to achieve, particularly in operando conditions. In this paper, a label-free, cost-effective, all-optical method based on wavefront sensing which is able to quantitatively track the evolution of grafted layers in real-time, is presented. By positioning a simple thin diffuser in the close vicinity of a camera, the thickness of grafted patterns is directly evaluated with sub-nanometric sensitivity and diffraction-limited lateral resolution. By performing an in-depth kinetic analysis of the local modification of an inert substrate (glass cover slips) through photografting of arydiazonium salts, different growth regimes are characterized and several parameters are estimated, such as the grafting efficiency, density and the apparent refractive index distribution of the resulting grafted layers. Both focused and widefield-grafting can be quantitatively monitored in real time, providing valuable guidelines to maximize functionalization efficiency. The association of a well-characterized versatile photografting reaction with the proposed flexible and sensitive monitoring strategy enables functional surfaces to be prepared, and puts surface micro- to submicro-structuration within the reach of most laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Brasiliense
- PPSM, CNRS UMR 5831, ENS Paris-Saclay, 4 avenue des sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Jean-Frédéric Audibert
- PPSM, CNRS UMR 5831, ENS Paris-Saclay, 4 avenue des sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Tengfei Wu
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
- Université de Paris, SPPIN-Saints-Pères Paris Institute for Neurosciences, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Gilles Tessier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Pascal Berto
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
- Université de Paris, SPPIN-Saints-Pères Paris Institute for Neurosciences, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Fabien Miomandre
- PPSM, CNRS UMR 5831, ENS Paris-Saclay, 4 avenue des sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
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2
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Hetemi D, Noël V, Pinson J. Grafting of Diazonium Salts on Surfaces: Application to Biosensors. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10010004. [PMID: 31952195 PMCID: PMC7168266 DOI: 10.3390/bios10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This review is divided into two parts; the first one summarizes the main features of surface modification by diazonium salts with a focus on most recent advances, while the second part deals with diazonium-based biosensors including small molecules of biological interest, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardan Hetemi
- Pharmacy Department, Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina, “Hasan Prishtina”, Rr. “Dëshmorët e Kombit” p.n., 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo;
| | - Vincent Noël
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Jean Pinson
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France;
- Correspondence:
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3
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Schuurman JC, McNeill AR, Martinez-Gazoni RF, Scott JI, Reeves RJ, Allen MW, Downard AJ. The effect of covalently bonded aryl layers on the band bending and electron density of SnO2 surfaces probed by synchrotron X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:17913-17922. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03040a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A downward to upward surface band bending change can be induced by grafted 4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl groups on SnO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel C. Schuurman
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
| | - Alexandra R. McNeill
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
| | - Rodrigo F. Martinez-Gazoni
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
| | - Jonty I. Scott
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
| | - Roger J. Reeves
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
| | - Martin W. Allen
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Wellington 6012
- New Zealand
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Canterbury
| | - Alison J. Downard
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
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4
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Sandomierski M, Buchwald T, Strzemiecka B, Voelkel A. Modification of Ti6Al4V surface by diazonium compounds. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 191:27-35. [PMID: 28982066 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ti6Al4V alloy is the most commonly used in orthopedic industry as an endoprosthesis. Ti6Al4V exhibits good mechanical properties, except the abrasion resistance. Surface modification of Ti6Al4V in order to obtain organic layer, and then the attachment of the polymer, can allow for overcoming this problem. The aim of the work was the modification of Ti6Al4V surface by diazonium compounds: salt or cation generated in situ and examine the influence of the reducing agent - ascorbic acid, and the temperature of reaction on modification process. Moreover, the simulated body fluid was used for the assessment of the organic layer stability on Ti6Al4V surface. The evaluation of the modification was carried out using the following methods: Raman microspectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Higher temperature of modification by 4-hydroxymethylbenzenediazonium cation, provides the largest amount of organic layer on the Ti6Al4V alloy. In the case of the Ti6Al4V modified by Variamine Blue B salt, the amount of organic layer is not dependent on the reaction condition. Moreover, the ascorbic acid and the presence of TiO2 does not effect on the modification. The modified surface is completely coated with the organic layer which is stable in simulated body fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Sandomierski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznań University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Buchwald
- Institute of Materials Research and Quantum Engineering, Poznań University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Beata Strzemiecka
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznań University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Adam Voelkel
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznań University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
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Marshall N, Rodriguez A, Crittenden S. Diazonium-functionalized thin films from the spontaneous reaction of p-phenylenebis(diazonium) salts. RSC Adv 2018; 8:6690-6698. [PMID: 35540433 PMCID: PMC9078370 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00792f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Salts of the diazonium coupling agent p-phenylenebis(diazonium) form diazonium-terminated conjugated thin films on a variety of conductive and nonconductive surfaces by spontaneous reaction of the coupling agent with the surface. The resulting diazonium-bearing surface can be reacted with various organic and inorganic nucleophiles to form a functionalized surface. These surfaces have been characterized with voltammetry, XPS, infrared and Raman spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Substrates that can be conveniently and quickly modified with this process include ordinary glass, gold, and an intact, fully assembled commercial screen-printed carbon electrode. The scope and convenience of this process make it promising for practical surface modification. We present a surface functionalization procedure based on diazonium-functionalized thin films produced by spontaneous surface grafting of p-phenylene-bis(diazonium) cation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Marshall
- Dept. of Chemistry and Physics
- University of South Carolina Aiken
- Aiken
- USA
| | - Andres Rodriguez
- Dept. of Chemistry and Physics
- University of South Carolina Aiken
- Aiken
- USA
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Zaitseva N, Alekseev S, Zaitsev V, Raks V. Solid-Phase Spectrophotometric Analysis of 1-Naphthol Using Silica Functionalized with m-Diazophenylarsonic Acid. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:149. [PMID: 26979727 PMCID: PMC4792830 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1356-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The m-aminophenylarsonic acid (m-APAA) was immobilized onto the silica gel surface with covalently grafted quaternary ammonium groups via ion exchange. The diazotization of ion-bonded m-APAA resulted in a new solid-phase spectrophotometric reagent for detection of 1-naphtol in environmental water samples. The procedure of solid-phase spectrophotometric analysis is characterized by 20 μg L(-1) limit of detection (LOD) of 1-naphtol, up to 2000 concentration factor, and insensitivity to the presence of natural water components as well as to 30-fold excess of phenol, resorcinol, and catechol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Zaitseva
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street, 64/13, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Sergei Alekseev
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street, 64/13, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Vladimir Zaitsev
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street, 64/13, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
| | - Viktoria Raks
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street, 64/13, Kyiv, 01601 Ukraine
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7
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Sandomierski M, Strzemiecka B, Chehimi MM, Voelkel A. Reactive Diazonium-Modified Silica Fillers for High-Performance Polymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:11646-11654. [PMID: 27726385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b02891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a simple way of modification of three silica-based fillers with in situ generated 4-hydroxymethylbenzenediazonium salt (+N2-C6H4-CH2OH). The rationale for using a hydroxyl-functionalized diazonium salt is that it provides surface-functionalized fillers that can react with phenolic resins. The modification of silica by diazonium salts was assessed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). FTIR spectroscopy permitted the tracking of benzene ring breathing and C-C. The absence of the characteristic N≡N stretching vibration in the 2200-2300 cm-1 range indicates the loss of the diazonium group. XPS results indicate a higher C/Si atomic ratio after the diazonium modification of fillers and the presence of π-π* C1s satellite peaks characteristic of the surface-tethered aromatic species. Adhesion of aryl layers to the silicas is excellent because they withstand harsh thermal and organic solvent treatments. Phenolic resins (used, for example, as binders in abrasive products) were filled with diazonium-modified silicas at 10-25 wt %. The reactivity of the fillers toward phenolic resins was evaluated by the determination of the flow distance. After annealing at 180 °C, the diazonium-modified silica/phenolic resin composites were mechanically tested using the three-point flexural method. The flexural strength was found to be up to 35% higher than that of the composites prepared without any diazonium salts. Diazonium-modified silica with surface-bound -CH2-OH groups is thus ideal reactive filler for phenolic resins. Such filler ensures interfacial chemical reactions with the matrix and imparts robust mechanical properties to the final composites. This specialty diazonium-modified silica will find potential application as fillers in the composites for the abrasive industry. More generally, aryl diazonium salts are a unique new series of compounds for tailoring the surface properties of fillers and tuning the physicochemical and mechanical properties of polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Sandomierski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology , Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Beata Strzemiecka
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology , Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Mohamed M Chehimi
- Université Paris Est, ICMPE (UMR 7182), CNRS, UPEC , 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, Thiais 94320, France
| | - Adam Voelkel
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Poznan University of Technology , Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
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8
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Salmi-Mani H, Ait-Touchente Z, Lamouri A, Carbonnier B, Caron JF, Benzarti K, Chehimi MM. Diazonium salt-based photoiniferter as a new efficient pathway to clay–polymer nanocomposites. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14713e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diazonium salts were used to prepare clay–polymer nanocomposites by living free radical photopolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate. The resulting intercalated nanocomposites have an organic mass loading of ∼41 wt% and a polymer-rich surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aazdine Lamouri
- Univ Paris Diderot
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- ITODYS
- UMR 7086 CNRS
- 75013 Paris
| | | | | | - Karim Benzarti
- Univ Paris-Est
- IFSTTAR
- MAST
- F-77447 Marne la Vallée, Cedex 2
- France
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9
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Berisha A, Chehimi M, Pinson J, Podvorica F. Electrode Surface Modification Using Diazonium Salts. ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: A SERIES OF ADVANCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1201/b19196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Mohamed AA, Salmi Z, Dahoumane SA, Mekki A, Carbonnier B, Chehimi MM. Functionalization of nanomaterials with aryldiazonium salts. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 225:16-36. [PMID: 26299313 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the surface modification strategies of a wide range of nanomaterials using aryldiazonium salts. After a brief history of diazonium salts since their discovery by Peter Griess in 1858, we will tackle the surface chemistry using these compounds since the first trials in the 1950s. We will then focus on the modern surface chemistry of aryldiazonium salts for the modification of materials, particularly metallic, semiconductors, metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon-based nanostructures, diamond and clays. The successful modification of sp(2) carbon materials and metals by aryldiazonium salts paved the way to innovative strategies for the attachment of aryl layers to metal oxide nanoparticles and nanodiamonds, and intercalation of clays. Interestingly, diazotized surfaces can easily trap nanoparticles and nanotubes while diazotized nanoparticles can be (electro)chemically reduced on electrode/materials surfaces as molecular compounds. Both strategies provided organized 2D surface assembled nanoparticles. In this review, aryldiazonium salts are highlighted as efficient coupling agents for many types of molecular, macromolecular and nanoparticulate species, therefore ensuring stability to colloids on the one hand, and the construction of composite materials and hybrid systems with robust and durable interfaces/interphases, on the other hand. The last section is dedicated to a selection of patents and industrial products based on aryldiazonium-modified nanomaterials. After nearly 160 years of organic chemistry, diazonium salts have entered a new, long and thriving era for the benefit of materials, colloids, and surface scientists. This tempts us to introduce the terminology of "diazonics" we define as the science and technology of aryldiazonium salt-derived materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Chemistry, Delaware State University, 1200 N. DuPont Highway, Dover 19901, DE, USA
| | - Zakaria Salmi
- Université Paris-Est, ICMPE UMR 7182 CNRS - UPEC, SPC, PoPI team: Polymers & Particles @ Interfaces, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Si Amar Dahoumane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Ahmed Mekki
- Ecole Militaire Polytechnique, BP 17, Bordj El Bahri 16111, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Benjamin Carbonnier
- Université Paris-Est, ICMPE UMR 7182 CNRS - UPEC, SPC, PoPI team: Polymers & Particles @ Interfaces, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Mohamed M Chehimi
- Université Paris-Est, ICMPE UMR 7182 CNRS - UPEC, SPC, PoPI team: Polymers & Particles @ Interfaces, 2-8 rue Henri Dunant, 94320 Thiais, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, ITODYS, UMR CNRS 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France.
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11
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Ahmad R, Félidj N, Boubekeur-Lecaque L, Lau-Truong S, Gam-Derouich S, Decorse P, Lamouri A, Mangeney C. Water-soluble plasmonic nanosensors with synthetic receptors for label-free detection of folic acid. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:9678-81. [PMID: 25977946 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01489a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We describe an original approach to graft molecularly imprinted polymers around gold nanorods by combining the diazonium salt chemistry and the iniferter method. This chemical strategy enables fine control of the imprinting process at the nanometer scale and provides water-soluble plasmonic nanosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Ahmad
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cite, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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12
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Li Q, Wang J, Yang L, Gao X, Chen H, Zhao X, Bian L, Zheng X. Estimation of interaction between oriented immobilized green fluorescent protein and its antibody by high performance affinity chromatography and molecular docking. J Mol Recognit 2015; 28:438-46. [DOI: 10.1002/jmr.2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Lingjian Yang
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Xiaokang Gao
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Hongwei Chen
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Xinfeng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Liujiao Bian
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Sciences; Northwest University; Xi'an 710069 China
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13
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Ahmad R, Mocaer A, Gam-Derouich S, Lamouri A, Lecoq H, Decorse P, Brunet P, Mangeney C. Grafting of polymeric platforms on gold by combining the diazonium salt chemistry and the photoiniferter method. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Small LJ, Hibbs MR, Wheeler DR. Spontaneous aryldiazonium film formation on 440C stainless steel in nonaqueous environments. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:14212-14218. [PMID: 25379686 DOI: 10.1021/la503630f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability of three aryldiazonium salts to spontaneously assemble onto the surface of type 440C stainless steel is investigated in acetonitrile (ACN) and the model hydraulic fluids tributyl phosphate (TBP) and hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS). Competition between native oxide formation and organic film growth at different diazonium salt concentrations is monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. At 1 mM diazonium salt, 70% of total assembly is complete within 10 min, though total surface coverage by organics is limited to ≈0.15 monolayers. Adding HCl to the electrolyte renders native oxide formation unfavorable, yet the diazonium molecules are still unable to the increase surface coverage over 1 M-10 μM HCl in solution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirms preferential bonding of organic molecules to iron over chromium, while secondary ion mass spectroscopy reveals the ability of these films to self-heal when mechanically removed or damaged. Aging the diazonium salts in these nonaqueous environments demonstrates that up to 90% of the original diazonium salt concentration remains after 21 days at room temperature, while increasing the temperature beyond 50 °C results in complete decomposition within 24 h, regardless of solvent-salt combination. It is concluded that the investigated diazonium molecules will not spontaneously form a continuous monolayer on 440C stainless steel immersed in ACN, TBP, or HMDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo J Small
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
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15
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Jlassi K, Mekki A, Benna-Zayani M, Singh A, Aswal DK, Chehimi MM. Exfoliated clay/polyaniline nanocomposites through tandem diazonium cation exchange reactions and in situ oxidative polymerization of aniline. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10329g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exfoliated, conductive clay/polyaniline nanocomposites were prepared by polymerization of aniline in the presence of diazonium cation exchanged bentonite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khouloud Jlassi
- Université de Carthage
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte (FSB)
- LACReSNE
- Bizerte, Tunisia
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences et Technologies de l'Environnement (ISSTE)
| | - Ahmed Mekki
- Univ Paris Diderot
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- ITODYS
- , France
- Ecole Militaire Polytechnique
| | - Mémia Benna-Zayani
- Université de Carthage
- Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte (FSB)
- LACReSNE
- Bizerte, Tunisia
- Institut Supérieur des Sciences et Technologies de l'Environnement (ISSTE)
| | - Ajay Singh
- Technical Physics Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
- Mumbai 400085, India
| | - Dinesh K. Aswal
- Technical Physics Division
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
- Mumbai 400085, India
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